Key questions
Look at these questions. Recite your answers aloud. Check yourself by going back to your answers in this reading
guide and/or go back and reread your textbook. Make sure you can answer these questions.
Chapter 11: Motivation
#1: From what perspectives do psychologists view motivated behavior?
#2: What physiological factors produce hunger?
#3: What psychological and cultural factors influence hunger?
#4: How do anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder demonstrate the influence of psychological
forces on physiologically motivated behaviors?
#5: What factors predispose some people to become and remain obese?
#6: What evidence points to our human need to belong?
Chapter 12: Emotion & Stress
#1: What are the components of an emotion?
#2: What is the link between emotional arousal and the autonomic nervous system?
#3: Do different emotions activate different physiological and brain-pattern responses?
#4: To experience emotions, must we consciously interpret and label them?
#5: How do we communicate nonverbally?
#6: Are nonverbal expressions of emotion universally understood?
#7: Do our facial expressions influence our feelings?
#8: What is the function of fear, and how do we learn fear?
#9: What are the causes & consequences of anger?
#10: What are the causes and consequences of happiness?
#11: What is stress?
#12: What events provoke stress responses?
#13: Why are some of us more prone than others to coronary heart disease?
#14: How does stress make us more vulnerable to disease?
#15: What factors affect our ability to cope with stress?
#16: What tactics can we sue to manage stress and reduce stress-related ailments?
Chapter 13: Personality
#1: What was Freud’s view of personality and its development?
#2: How did Freud think people defended themselves against anxiety?
#3: Which of Freud’s ideas did his followers accept or reject?
#4: What are projective tests, and how are they used?
#5: How do contemporary psychologists view Freud and the unconscious?
#6: How did humanistic psychologists view personality, and what was their goal in studying personality?
#7: How did humanistic psychologists assess a person’s sense of self?
#8: How has the humanistic perspective influence psychology?
#9: How do psychologists use traits to describe personality?
#10: What are personality inventories, and what are their strengths and weaknesses as trait assessment tools?
#11: Which traits seem to provide the most useful information about personality variation?
#12: Does research support the consistency of personality traits over time and across situations?
#13: In the view of social-cognitive psychologists, what mutual influences shape an individual’s personality?
#14: What are the causes and consequences of personal control?
#15: What underlying principle guides social-cognitive psychologists in their assessment of people’s behavior and
beliefs?
#16: What has the social-cognitive perspective contributed to the study of personality, and what criticisms have it
faced?
#17: Are we helped or hindered by high self-esteem?
Key concepts
Do you recognize these key terms? Put a star (*) by the ones you don’t recognize. Go back to your reading guide or
the textbook and make sure you can identify & explain them.
Chapter 11: Motivation
Motivation
Instinct theory
Evolutionary psychology
Drive-reduction theory
Homeostasis
Incentive theory
Optimum arousal
Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (know order)
Glucose
Lateral & ventromedial hypothalamus
Set point
Basal metabolic rate
Anorexia nervosa
Bulimia nervosa
Binge-eating disorder
Need to belong
Chapter 12: Emotion & Stress
Components of emotion
James-Lange theory
Cannon-Bard theory
Schachter-Singer (two-factor) theory
Opponent-process theory (check your class notes)
Autonomic nervous system/ sympathetic & parasympathetic nervous system
Epinephrine/adrenaline; nonrepinephrine/noradrenaline
Robert Zajonc
Richard Lazarus
Paul Ekman
Display rules
Facial feedback effect
Carroll Izard
Fear; conditioning & the limbic system
Anger; catharsis, behavior feedback
Happiness; feel-good, do-good phenomenon, subjective well-being, adaption-level phenomenon, relative deprivation
Behavioral medicine; Health psychology
Stress
Hans Seyle’s General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
Type A, Type B
Psychophysiological illnesses; Body defenses (immune system)
Coping mechanisms (problem & emotion-focused)
Perceived control & health
Tactics to manage stress
Chapter 13: Personality
Personality
Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic perspective
Sigmund Freud
psychoanalysis
Free association
Unconscious mind/Preconscious mind/Conscious mind
Id/Ego/Superego
Pleasure principle/Reality principle/Morality principle
Latent vs. manifest content
Psychosexual stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital)
Defense mechanisms (identification, repression, regression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization,
displacement, denial)
Neo-Freudians: Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, Carl Jung
Projective tests
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT); Henry Murray
Rorschach inkblot test
Contemporary views of Freudian theory
Humanism
Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (self-actualization, self-transcendence)
Carl Roger: unconditional positive regard, genuine, accepting, empathic, +, - self-concept
Humanism: questionnaires & interviews as assessment techniques
Evaluate humanistic theory
Trait
Gordon Allport
MBTI
Factor analysis
Eysenck’s 2 personality dimensions
Personality inventories
MMPI
Empirically derived
Projective vs. objective tests
Big Five personality factors
Evaluating trait theory (person-situation controversy)
Social-cognitive perspective
Albert Bandura
Reciprocal determinism
Personal control
Julian Rotter
Internal vs. external locus of control
Martin Seligman (Positive Psychology)
Learned helplessness
Optimistic explanatory style
Negative explanatory style
Impacts of optimism on self
Assessment techniques in social-cognitive perspective
Evaluation of social-cognitive perspective
Self
Markus’ possible selves
Spotlight effect
Self-esteem (positive & negative…impacts)
Self-serving bias
Defensive self-esteem
Secure self-esteem