DGP MONDAY NOTES
(Parts of Speech)
NOUN
PRONOUN
ADVERB
ADJECTIVE PREPOSITIONS
CONJUNCTION
VERB
VERBAL
1) NOUNS are a person, place, thing, idea...
Common: begins with lower case letter
(city)
Proper: begins with capital letter
(Memphis)
Possessive: shows ownership
(girl’s)
2) PRONOUNS take the place of a noun…hence the word…proNOUN
6 Types of pronouns:
*personal
*reflexive
*relative
*indefinite
*interrogative
*demonstrative
Personal PRONOUN
1st person…pronouns having to do with “me”
2nd person…pronouns having to do with “you”
3rd person…pronouns having to do with everyone else
Singular nominative…I, you, he, she, it
Plural nominative…we, you, they
Singular objective…me, you, him, her, it
Plural objective…us, you, them
Singular possessive…my, your, his, her, its, mine, yours
Plural possessive…our, your, their, ours, yours, theirs
Reflexive PRONOUN reflects back to “self”
Myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves
NOTE: hisself, ourself, thierselves DO NOT exist in the English language…
Relative PRONOUN starts dependent clauses.
that
which
who
whom
whose
Indefinite PRONOUN does not refer to a definite person or thing
each, either, neither, some, all, most, several, few, many, none, one, someone, no one,
everyone, anyone, somebody, nobody, everybody, anybody, more, much, another, both
any, other, etc.
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DGP MONDAY NOTES
(Parts of Speech) continued
Interrogative PRONOUN asks a question.
Which?
Whose?
What?
Whom?
Who?
Demonstrative PRONOUN demonstrates which one.
this
that
these
those
3) ADVERBS modify:
adjectives
really cute
verbs
carefully planned
other adverbs very easily
ADVERBS tell… How? When? Where? To what extent?
NOT is ALWAYS an adverb.
4) ADJECTIVES modify:
nouns
I have a green pen.
pronouns
They are happy.
ADJECTIVES tell… Which one?
How many?
What kind?
Articles… a, an, and the are Adjectives
5) PREPOSITIONS show the relationship between a noun or pronoun and some other
word in the sentence.
Think about a squirrel and the tree or a spider and its’ web, they can… across, after,
against, around, at, before, below, between, by, during, except, for, from, in, of, off, on,
over, since, through, to, under, until, with, according to, because of, instead of, etc.
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DGP MONDAY NOTES
(Parts of Speech) continued
6) CONJUNCTIONS join words, phrases, and clauses
3 Types of CONJUNCTIONS
*Coordinating
*Subordinating
*Correlative
Coordinating CONJUNCTION
F
for
A
and
N
nor
B
but
O
or
Y
yet
S
so
Subordinating CONJUNCTIONS start dependent clauses (and therefore must be
followed by the subject and verb)
after, since, before, while, because, although, so that, if, when, whenever, as, even
though, until, unless, as if, etc.
Correlative CONJUNCTION
not only/but also
neither/nor
either/or
both/and
7) VERBS show the action or helps to make a statement.
3 types of VERBS
*Action
*Linking
*Helping
Action VERBS shows action
She wrote a note.
Linking VERBS link two words together
is, be, am, are, was, were, been, being, appear, become, feel, grow, look, remain, seem,
smell, sound, stay, taste
English is fun (English = fun)
The game is on Saturday. (action)
The flower smells pretty. (flower = pretty)
The dog smells the flower. (action)
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DGP MONDAY NOTES
(Parts of Speech) continued
Helping VERBS do just as the name implies…help out the main verb in a sentence. Any
time you see a verb ending in “ing”, a helping verb usually accompanies it. They all fall
into one of two groups: primary helping verbs and modal helping verbs.
The primary helping verbs are be, do, and have.
The term “be verbs” is a little deceiving because they include more than the word “be.”
Here is a list of “be” verb forms: am, is, are, was, were, been, being, be.
The helping verb have is used to make perfect tenses. The perfect tense shows action that
is already completed. I have finished washing the dishes.
The verb “do” can perform a variety of functions:
To make negatives: I do not care for broccoli.
To ask questions: Do you like broccoli?
To show emphasis: I do you want you to eat your broccoli.
To stand for a main verb: Sam like broccoli more than Carmen does.
Modal helping verbs help “modify” the main verb so that is changes the meaning
somewhat. They help express possibility or necessity. They are can, could, may, might,
will, would, shall, should, must.
The bus may arrive on time this morning.
It might be full of rowdy passengers, though.
VERB tenses
Present…happening now (jump, talk, eat, falling, is falling, am falling)
Past…happened previously (jumped, talked, ate, fell, was falling)
Future…will happen in the future (will jump, shall talk, will be eating)
Present perfect…have or has plus past participle (have jumped, has talked, have been
eating, has been falling)
Past perfect…had plus the past participle (had jumped, had talked, had been eating)
Future perfect…will have or shall have plus past participle (will have jumped, shall have
talked, will have been eating)
8) VERBALS are verbs that do not behave as a verb.
Gerunds are verbs that act like a noun and end in “-ing”…Reading is fun. (subj.) I hate
shopping. (D.O.) Use pencils for drawing. (O.P)
Participles are verbs that act like an adjective and end in “-ing” or “-ed” (or other past
tense ending)…I have running shoes. Frightened, I ran down the street. It’s an unspoken
rule.
Infinitive is to + verb and can act like a noun (I like to eat.), adjective (It’s the best place
to eat.), or adverb (I need a pen to write a letter.)
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