MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS: LOBSTERS
1. Dorsal rostral spines: absent (0); present (1).
2. Carapace shape: subcylindrical (0); flattened (1); depressed, elongate (2); box-like, elongate
(3); depressed, short (4).
3. Rostral development: obsolete or absent (0); minute (1); well-developed, slender (2); welldeveloped, flat (3).
4. Rostrum distal form: simple (0); distally trifid (1).
5. Rostrum median carina: present (0); absent (1).
6. Rostrum lateral margins: unarmed (0); serrated (1); single spine (2); two or more lateral
spines (3).
7. Carapace frontal margin: multidenticulate (0); not multidenticulate (1) (Holthuis 1991; Patek
and Oakley 2003).
8. Carapace dorsal orbit: broad simple incision (0); complete (1); reduced (2); absent (3)
(Ahyong 2009).
9. Carapace outerorbital spine: absent (0); present (1) (Ahyong 2009).
10. Carapace lateral orbit: absent (0); present (1) (Ahyong 2009).
11. Carapace lateral margins: not defined (0); well-defined, cristate (1); wide flat wing-like
expansions (2).
12. Carapace postcervical incision: absent (0); indistinct (1); distinct (2) (Holthuis 1985, 2002)
13. Carapace cervical incision: absent (0); indistinct (1); deep (2).
14. Carapace clavicular incision: absent (0); present (1) (Tshudy and Babcock 1997; Ahyong
2006).
15. Carapace cephalic midline ornamentation: absent (0); carina (1); groove (2) (Tshudy and
Babcock 1997; Ahyong 2006).
16. Carapace thoracic midline ornamentation: absent (0); carina with single row (1); carina with
double row (2); groove (3) (Tshudy and Babcock 1997; Ahyong 2006).
17. Carapace paired row of submedian spines: absent (0); present (1) (Tshudy and Babcock
1997; Ahyong 2006).
18. Carapace gastric tubercle: absent (0); present (1) (Tshudy and Babcock 1997; Ahyong 2006).
19. Carapace branchiostegal spine: absent (0); present (1) (Tshudy and Babcock 1997; Ahyong
2006).
20. Carapace supraorbital ornamentation: absent (0); weakly-developed carina (1); carina, with
or without anterior spine (2); spine, with short base (3); strong upright horns (4) (Tshudy and
Babcock 1997; Ahyong 2006).
21. Carapace postorbital spine: absent (0); present (1) (Holthuis 1985, 2002; Ahyong 2006).
22. Carapace postorbital carina: absent (0); present (1) (Holthuis 1985, 2002; Ahyong 2009).
23. Carapace pregastric tooth: indistinct or absent (0); distinct (1) (Holthuis 1985, 2002).
24. Carapace gastric tooth: absent or indistinct or absent (0); distinct (1) (Holthuis 1985, 2002).
25. Carapace cardiac tooth: absent or indistinct (0); distinct (1) (Holthuis 1985, 2002).
26. Carapace gastrolateral spine: absent (0); present (1) (Tshudy and Babcock 1997; Ahyong
2006).
27. Carapace cervical spine: absent (0); present (1) (Tshudy and Babcock 1997; Ahyong 2006).
28. Carapace intermediate spine: absent (0); present (1) (Tshudy and Babcock 1997; Ahyong
2006).
29. Carapace postcervical spine: absent (0); present (1) (Tshudy and Babcock 1997; Ahyong
2006).
30. Carapace hepatic spine: absent (0); present (1) (Tshudy and Babcock 1997; Ahyong 2006).
31. Carapace antennal carina: absent (0); short (1); long (2) (Tshudy and Babcock 1997; Ahyong
2006).
32. Carapace lateral carina: absent (0); present (1) (Tshudy and Babcock 1997; Ahyong 2006).
33. Carapace branchial carina: absent (0); present (1) (Tshudy and Babcock 1997; Ahyong 2006).
34. Carapace intermediate carina: absent (0); present (1) (Tshudy and Babcock 1997; Ahyong
2006).
35. Carapace subdorsal carina: absent (0); short (1); elongated (2) (Tshudy and Babcock 1997;
Ahyong 2006).
36. Carapace antennal groove: absent (0); present (1) (Tshudy and Babcock 1997; Ahyong
2006).
37. Carapace hepatic groove: absent (0); present (1) (Tshudy and Babcock 1997; Ahyong 2006).
38. Carapace cervical groove: extending to dorsomedian (0); short, not extending to
dorsomedian (1); indistinct (2); absent (3) (Tshudy and Babcock 1997; Ahyong 2006).
39. Carapace postcervical groove position: originating near dorsomedian (0); originating on
dorsomedian (1); absent (2) (Tshudy and Babcock 1997; Ahyong 2006).
40. Carapace postcervical groove extent: not reaching cervical groove (0); reaching cervical
groove (1); reaching hepatic groove (2) (Tshudy and Babcock 1997; Ahyong 2006).
41. Carapace postcervical groove: indistinct (0); distinct (1) (Tshudy and Babcock 1997; Ahyong
2006).
42. Carapace sellar groove: absent (0); present (1) (Tshudy and Babcock 1997; Ahyong 2006).
43. Carapace urogastric groove: absent (0); partial (1); complete (2) (Tshudy and Babcock 1997;
Ahyong 2006).
44. Carapace parabranchial groove: absent (0); present (1) (Tshudy and Babcock 1997; Ahyong
2006).
45. Carapace inferior groove: absent (0); present, not under mandibular insertion (1); present,
under mandibular insertion (2) (Tshudy and Babcock 1997; Ahyong 2006).
46. Carapace branchiocardiac groove: absent (0); present (1).
47. Carapace branchiocardiac groove anterolateral extension: absent (0); present (1). An
anterolateral extension of the branchiocardiac groove, which runs close to the postcervical
groove is present in several genera of freshwater crayfish (Hobbs 1974, 1987, 1991).
48. Carapace branchiocardiac grooves proximity to midline: widely separated along midline (0);
meeting or almost meeting along midline (1). In several species of cambarid freshwater
crayfish, the branchiocardiac grooves meet or almost meet along the midline of the carapace.
49. Carapace branchiocardiac groove proximity to postcervical groove: close to postcervical
groove (0) widely separate from postcervical groove (1).
50. Carapace lineae: absent (0); present (1) (Ahyong and O’Meally 2004).
51. Carapace linea form: flexible (0); hard suture (1). In anomurans, gebiideans and axiideans,
the linea are uncalcified allowing the corresponding parts of the carapace to flex.
52. Carapace dorsolateral bosses: absent (0); present (1). Dorsolateral bosses are present on
the carapace of some parastacid crayfish (Hansen and Richardson 2006; Morgan 1997).
53. Abdomen: long, straight (0); elongate but shortened (1); reduced ventrally flexed (2). In
most ‘long-tailed’ decapods, the abdomen is strongly elongated, muscular and typically longer
than the carapace. In meiurans, the abdomen is typically strongly flexed and held against the
thorax. In some burrowing freshwater crayfish, the abdomen is carried outstretched as in other
crayfish, but is considerably shortened and reduced, here termed “elongate but shortened”.
54. Abdominal hinges: lateral (0); midlateral (1) (Scholtz and Richter 1995; Dixon et al 2003).
55. Abdominal somite 1 overlapping anterolateral lobes: absent (0); present (1).
56. Abdominal somite 2 pleuron size: wide, round, overlapping (0); narrow, overlapping (1); not
overlapping (2); reduced (3).
57. Abdominal pleura shape: angular (0); truncate (1); blunt, rounded (2) (Ahyong 2006).
58. Abdominal pleura surface spines: absent (0); present (1).
59. Abdominal pleura grooves: absent (0); shallow, smooth margins (1); deep, squamate
margins (2); deep, sharp margins (3) (Patek and Oakley 2003).
60. Abdominal pleura posterior margin: unarmed or with short teeth (0); with several long
spines (2). The posterior abdominal margin is armed with a series of prominent spines in a
several palinurans.
61. Abdominal somites median carina: absent (0); present (1).
62. Abdominal somite surface: unsculptured (0); diagonal groove (1); transverse groove (1);
multiple grooves (2); irregular sculpture or tubercles (3); dendritic sculpture (4); partially
squamate (5); densely squamate, interrupted groove (6) (Holthuis 2002).
63. Abdominal somite 1 sublateral spine: absent (0); present (1) (Ahyong 2009).
64. Abdominal somite 2 ventrolateral flap: absent (0); present (1). A feature of several
parastacid genera (Horwitz 1990).
65. Abdominal somite 3 median carina: absent or low (0); strongly raised (1) (Holthuis 1991,
2002).
66. Abdominal somite 4 median carina: absent or low (0); strongly raised (1) (Holthuis 1991,
2002).
67. Thoracic somite 8/carapace linkage: absent (0); present (1) (Scholtz and Richter 1995;
Ahyong and O’Meally 2004).
68. Abdominal somite1/ carapace linkage: absent (0); present (1) (Scholtz and Richter 1995;
Ahyong and O’Meally 2004).
69. Epistome anterior margin: unarmed (0); unispinous (1); bispinous (2); trilobite (3); trispinous
(4) (Holthuis 1985; Patek and Oakley 2003).
70. Epistome lateral margin: line of contact with carapace (0); point contact with carapace (1)
(Schram and Ahyong 2002).
71. Epistome ventral median furrow: absent (0); present (1) (Patek and Oakley 2003).
72. Epistome renal margin spines posterior to renal pore: absent (0); present (1) (Hobbs 1974).
73. Interantennular spine: small or obsolete (0); as long as wide strongly elongate (1) (Morgan
1997; Hansen and Richardson 2006).
74. Antennular somite size: not expanded (0); reduced (1); prominent, projecting forwards (1)
(Patek and Oakley 2003).
75. Antennular somite dorsal spines: absent (0); two (1); four (2) (Patek and Oakley 2003).
76. Antennular somite stridulatory organ: absent (0); present (1) (Patek and Oakley 2003).
77. Thoracic sternum proportions: narrow (0); wide (1).
78. Thoracic sternite 3 anterior projection: normal (0); projecting over base of pereopod 1 (1)
(Holthuis 2002).
79. Thoracic sternite 3 anterior margin: undivided (0); simple with median fissure (1); deep Vshaped emargination (2); shallow U-shaped emargination (3); U-shaped emargination with
median fissure (4) (Holthuis 2002).
80. Thoracic sternum posterolateral spine in males: absent (0); present (1) (Holthuis 2002).
81. Thoracic sternum posterolateral spine in females: absent (0); present (1) (Holthuis 2002).
82. Thoracic sternum median tubercles: absent (0); sternites 2–5 (1); sternites 2–3 (2); sternite
5 only (3); fused into median nodulose ridge (4) (Holthuis 1985; 2002; Patek and Oakley 2003).
83. Thoracic sternite 5 median tubercle apex: blunt (0); sharp (1) (Holthuis 1985; 2002).
84. Seminal receptacle: absent (0); thelycum (0); annulis ventralis (1).
85. Annulis ventralis: movable (0); fixed (1); absent (2).
86. Fractostern: present (0); absent (1) (Scholtz and Richter 1995).
87. Secula sclerites: two or fewer (0); three (1); absent (2) (Scholtz and Richter 1995).
88. Sella turcica: absent (0); present (1) (Ahyong and O’Meally 2004).
89. Process on ophthalmic somite clasping rostrum: absent (0); well-developed (1); reduced (2).
A feature of some palinuran lobsters (Davie 1990).
90. Eye development: well developed (0); reduced (1); absent (2).
91. Eye mobility: movable (0); fixed (1).
92. Corneal apex: rounded (0); bilobed (1). The bilobed condition is a synapomorphy of the
polychelidan genus, Stereomastis (Ahyong 2009).
93. Antennule flagella length: longer than peduncle (0); reduced, shorter than peduncle (1).
94. Antennule basal article inner acute process: absent (0); present (1). A feature of polychelids
(Ahyong 2009).
95. Antennule stylocerite: present (0); absent (1).
96. Antenna thickness: similar to antennules (0); much enlarged, thicker than antennules (1).
97. Antennal flagellum: normal, highly flexible (0); whip-like (1); rigid, spear-like (2); rigid,
flattened (3).
98. Antenna articles 2–3 fusion: free (0); fused together (1).
99. Antenna articles 3 mesial process: absent (0); thin, rounded (1); wide, flat plate (2) (Patek
and Oakley 2003).
100. Antenna article 2/carapace fusion: free (0); fused (1).
101. Antenna/epistome fusion: unfused (0); fused (1).
102. Antenna article 4 plate proportions: as wide as long (0); wider than long (1).
103. Antenna flagellum plate margins: strongly toothed (0); unarmed or weak teeth (1).
104. Antenna flagellum plate shape: angular (0); rounded (1).
105. Antenna article 4 plate, main carina: absent (0); present (1) (Holthuis 2002).
106. Antenna article 4 plate, secondary carina: absent (0); present (1) (Holthuis 2002).
107. Antenna plectrum nail extension: absent (0); uncalcified (1); narrow, chitinous (2); wide
band, chitinous (3); prominent chitinous nail (4) (Patek and Oakley 2003).
108. Antenna renal gland orientation: ventral (0); lateral (1); dorsal (2). The renal gland is
postioned dorsally in polychelidans, laterally in gebiideans and axiiideans, and ventrally in other
decapods.
109. Antenna scaphocerite: absent (0); present (1).
110. Antenna scaphocerite terminal spine: subdistal (0); distal (1); absent (2).
111. Scaphocerite shape: slender, lanceolate (0); broad, strongly convex inner margin (1);
spatulate (2); spiniform (3).
112. Scaphocerite marginal spines: absent (0); present (1).
113. Mandible molar process: weak (0); trapezoid (1); round (2).
114. Mandibular palp: three-segmented (0); two-segmented (1); one-segmented (2); absent
(3).
115. Maxillule palp: present (0); absent (1).
116. Maxilliped 1 exopod flagellum: well-developed (0); short (1); absent (2).
117. Maxilliped 1 epipod branchial element: absent (0); present (1).
118. Caridean lobe: absent (0); present (1).
119. Maxilliped 2 exopod: absent (0); present (1).
120. Maxilliped 2 exopod flagellum: multiarticulate (0); 1–3 articulate (1); broad, laminate (2);
absent (3) (Holthuis 1985).
121. Maxilliped 2 podobranch: absent (0); present (1).
122. Maxilliped 3 dactylus: sharp (0); blunt (1).
123. Maxilliped 3 merus, deep margins incisions: absent (0); present (1). Deep incisions in the
meral margins, inflation (Character 124) or coarse lateral spination (Character 125) are features
variously present in some species of Ibacus (Brown and Holthuis 1998).
124. Maxilliped 3 merus, surface: at most weakly inflated (0); strongly inflated (1).
125. Maxilliped 3 merus, lateral margin: unarmed (0); serrated (1); coarsely spinose (2).
126. Maxilliped 3 crista dentata: absent (0); present (1).
127. Maxilliped 3 exopod: absent (0); present (1).
128. Maxilliped 3 exopod flagellum: 4 or more segments (0); absent (1); 1–3 segments (2).
129. Maxilliped 3 exopod flagellum orientation: along exopod axis (0); folded against exopod
(1).
130. Maxilliped 3 epipod: well-developed (0); vestigial (1); absent (2) (Ahyong 2009).
131. Pereopods 1–3 podobranchs: discrete epipod and branch (0); united epipod and branch (1)
(Hobbs 1974).
132. Pereopods 1–3 podobranch, bilobed plaited lamina: absent (0); present (1) (Hobbs 1974).
133. Pereopods 1–3 podobranch stem, wing-like expansion: absent (0); large (1); small (2)
(Hobbs 1974).
134. Pereopods 1–4 epipods: well-developed (0); vestigial or absent (1) (Ahyong 2009).
135. Pereopod 1 condition: chelate (0); semichelate (1); simple (2).
136. Pereopod 1 dactyl dorsal margin tubercles: absent or obsolete (0); randomly placed (1)
one row (2); two rows (3).
137. Pereopod 1 dactylus proximal excison: absent (0); present (1) (Hobbs 1974).
138. Pereopod 1 propodus ventrodistal spine in males: absent (0); present (1).
139. Pereopod 1 carpo-propodal joint: single hinge (0); double hinge (1) (Scholtz and Richter
1995; Ahyong and O’Meally 2004).
140. Pereopod 1 carpus mesial margin: smooth or tuberculate (0); spinose (1).
141. Pereopod 1 ischial projection: absent (0); distinct (1); slight bulge (2) (Ahyong and O’Meally
2004).
142. Pereopod 1 ischium junction: oblique (0); perpendicular (1); curved (2) (Ahyong and
O’Meally 2004).
143. Pereopod 2 condition: chelate (0); simple (1); semi-chelate (2).
144. Pereopod 2 carpus: undivided (0); divided (1).
145. Pereopod 2 ischiomerus: free (0); fused (1) (Ahyong 2009).
146. Pereopod 2 ischial hooks: absent (0); present (1).
147. Pereopod 2 coxal spines: absent (0); present (1).
148. Pereopods 3–5 ischium and merus: free (0); fused (1).
149. Pereopods 3–5 basis-ischiomerus junction: diagonal (0); perpendicular (1) (Ahyong 2009).
150. Pereopods 3–5 ischium-basis: free (0); fused (1) (Ahyong 2009).
151. Pereopod 3 condition: chelate (0); simple (1).
152. Pereopod 3 propodus distoventral tooth: absent (0); present (1). A synapomorphy of
Chelarctus (Holthuis 2002).
153. Pereopod 3 propodus shape: subcylindrical, ovate cross-section (0); flattened, wide (1).
154. Pereopod 3 ischial hooks: absent (0); present (1).
155. Pereopod 4 condition: chelate (0); simple (1).
156. Pereopod 4 ischial hooks: absent (0); present (1).
157. Pereopod 4 coxa, caudomesial boss: absent (0); present (1) (Hobbs 1973, 1974).
158. Pereopod 5 coxa, caudomesial lobe: absent (0); present (1) (Hobbs 1973, 1974).
159. Pereopod 5 in males: simple (0); chelate (1).
160. Pereopod 5 size: normal, similar to pereopod 4 (0); much reduced (1).
161. Pereopod 5 dactylus teeth: simple triangular (0); scale-like (1); comb-like (2); absent (3)
(Scholtz & Richter 1995).
162. Male gonopore position: coxal (0); sternal (1).
163. Female gonopore position: coxal (0); sternal (1).
164. Pleopod 1 in male, terminal elements: absent (0); two (1); three or four (2) (Hobbs 1974).
165. Pleopod 1 in male, terminal elements: straight (0); strongly bent (1) (Hobbs 1974).
166. Pleopod 1 in male: present (0); absent (1).
167. Pleopod 1 in male, form: flattened to slightly cannulate (0); cylindrical (1).
168. Pleopod 1 in male, folding: unfolded (0); complexly folded (1).
169. Pleopod 1 in male, distal segment length: elongate, slender (0); short, squat (1).
170. Pleopod 1 in male, distal segment orientation: linear (0); oblique (1).
171. Pleopod 1 in female: present (0); absent (1); vestigial (2).
172. Telson posterior margin: transverse (0); distinctly round (1); distally pointed (2).
173. Telson proportions: elongate (0); wider than long (1).
174. Telson posterolateral spines: absent (0); present (1).
175. Telson transverse suture: absent or partial (0); complete (1).
176. Telson distal texture: hard (0); soft (1).
177. Telson median sulcus: absent (0); present (1).
178. Uropod development: well-developed (0); highly reduced or absent (1).
179. Uropod distal texture: hard (0); soft (1).
180. Uropod exopod diaresis: present (0); absent (1).
181. Diaeresis margin: fixed spines (0); unarmed (1); movable spines (2).
182. Uropodal endopod distolateral spine: absent (0); present (1).
183. Uropodal endopod distodorsal spine: absent (0); present (1).
184. Protocerebrum: raised (0); not raised (1) (Scholtz & Richter 1995).
185. Brain accessory lobes: absent (0); present (1) (Scholtz & Richter 1995).
186. Embryonic growth zone: 19 ectoteloblasts (0); 40 ectoteloblasts (1) (Scholtz & Richter
1995).
187. Sperm acrosome: spherical or ovoid (0); elongated (1) (Jamieson 1991; Tudge 1997;
Jamieson and Tudge 2000; Tudge and Scheltinga 2002).
188. Testis: H-shaped (0); paired, unconnected (1); Y-shaped (2) (Hobbs et al. 2007; Sokolowicz
2007).
189. Cyclic dimorphism: absent (0); present (1).
190. Development: indirect (0); direct (1).
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