Name _______________________
MWH—European Renaissance and Reformation Guided Notes
Page |1
The Renaissance
Revolutionizes Art
Classical and Worldly Values
Italy’s Advantages
Section 1: Italy-The Birthplace of the Renaissance
The Italian Renaissance is a rebirth of learning that produces many great works of art and literature
The Renaissance
 ______________________-an explosion of creativity in art, writing, and thought

 Lasted about 300 years
City-States

 City-states in northern Italy grow
 Bubonic plague killed over half of population and disrupts economy
Merchants and the Medici
 Wealthy merchant class arises

 Medici family controls Florence-family business was banking
Looking to Greece and Rome

 Scholars move to Rome after fall of Constantinople
Classics Lead to Humanism
 Humanism Humanists studied classical texts, history, literature, philosophy
Worldly Pleasures
 Renaissance society was secular = ___________________
 Wealthy enjoyed fine food, homes, and clothes
Patrons of the Arts
 Patron Artwork purchased by Church leaders to beautify cities
 Art patrons also included wealthy merchants
The Renaissance Man
 Areas of interest include:
 The Courtier was a book written by Castiglione that taught men how to become a “universal (or
worldly) person
The Renaissance Woman
 Upper-class, educated in classics, charming

 Women could be patrons of art as well
Artistic Styles Change
 Use of realistic style is copied from classical, often to portray religious subjects
 Painters use perspective =
___________________________________________________________
Realistic Painting and Sculpture
 Realistic portraits of prominent citizens

 The biblical David is a favorite subject among sculptures
Leonardo, Renaissance Man

 Paints one of the best-known portraits in the world: the Mona Lisa
 Famous religious painting: The Last Supper
The
Renaissance
Revolutionizes
Art
Raphael Advances Realism

 Favorite subject: the Madonna and the child
 Famous painting: School of Athens
Anguissola and Gentileschi
 Sofonisba Anguissola:
 Artemisia Gentileschi paints strong, heroic women
Renaissance Writers
Change Literature
Name _______________________
MWH—European Renaissance and Reformation Guided Notes
Page |2
New Trends in Writing
 Writers use the vernacular =
_________________________________________________________
 Self-expression or to portray individuality of the subject
Petrarch and Boccaccio
 Francesco Petrarch, humanist and poet; woman named Laura is his muse
 Boccaccio is best known for the Decameron, a series of stories
Machievelli Advises Rulers

 The Prince examines how rulers can gain and keep power
Vittoria Colonna

 Poems express personal emotions
Artistic Ideas Spread
The Northern
Renaissance
Begins
Section 2: The Northern Renaissance
In the 1400s, the ideas of the Italian Renaissance begin to spread to Northern Europe.
Renaissance Ideas Spread
 Spirit of Renaissance Italy impresses visitors from northern Europe
 When Hundred Years’ War ends, ____________________________________________
 Merchants in northern cities ________________________________________________
 England and France unify under _____________________________________________ who are
art patrons
 Northern Renaissance artists interested in realism
 Humanists interested in ____________________________________________________
Renaissance Styles Migrate North
 Artists, writers move to northern Europe fleeing_______________________________________
German Painters
 Albrecht Durer’s _______________________________________________________________
 Hans Holbein the Younger _______________________________________________________
Flemish Painters
 _________________________is the artistic center of northern Europe
 Jan van Eyck, __________________________________________________________________
o Paintings are ____________________________________________________________
 Pieter Bruegel paints _____________________________________________________________
Legacy of the
Renaissance
Printing
Spreads
Renaissance
Ideas
Elizabethan
Age
Northern Writers Try
to Reform Society
Name _______________________
MWH—European Renaissance and Reformation Guided Notes
Page |3
Northern Humanists
 ______________________________, start of Christian humanism
 Want to _______________________________ and promote ____________________,
particularly for women
Christian Humanists
 Desiderius Erasmus of Holland is best-known Christian humanist
o Book he wrote makes fun of merchants and priests
 Thomas More of England creates model society in his book ____________________________
Women’s Reforms
 Christine de Pizan, _____________________________________________________________
o Promotes _______________________________________________________________
Queen Elizabeth I
 Renaissance spreads to England
 Period known as the _____________________________________________________________
 Elizabeth reigns for 45 years
William Shakespeare
 Often regarded as the greatest playwright
 Plays performed at London’s ________________________________________________
Chinese Invention
 About 1045 Bi Sheng of China invents movable type
 Uses a separate piece of type for each character
Gutenberg Improves the Printing Process
 Johann Gutenberg of Germany develops ___________________________________________
 Allows for __________________________________________________________________
 First book printed with movable type is the Gutenberg Bible
Changes in the Arts
 Art influenced by classical ______________________________________________________
 _________________________ portrayals of individuals and nature
 Art is both __________________________________________________________________
 Writers use ______________________________________________
 Art praises individual ____________________________________________
Changes in Society
 Printing makes information ___________________________________________
 __________________________________________ benefit by having books read to them
 Published accounts of maps and charts lead to more _________________________________
 Published __________________________________________ make rights clearer to people
 __________________________________________________________________ are questioned
Causes of the
Reformation
Section 3: Luther Leads the Reformation
Martine Luther’s protest over abuses in the Catholic Church leads to the founding of Protestant churches.
Church Authority Challenged
 ____________________________________________ of Renaissance challenge church authority
 Rulers challenge Church’s power
 ____________________________________ spreads secular ideas
 Northern merchants _____________________________________________________
Criticisms of the Catholic Church


England Becomes Protestant
The Response to Luther
Luther Challenges the
Church
Causes of the
Reformation
Name _______________________
MWH—European Renaissance and Reformation Guided Notes
Page |4
Early Calls for Reform
 _____________________________________________________ stress Bible’s authority over
clergy’s
 Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas More _______________________________________
 By _____________________________________________________, Europeans form
_________________ opinions about Church
The 95 Theses
 Luther protests the selling of _____________________________________
o Indulgence = ____________________________________________________________
 Luther posts his 95 Theses attacking ________________________________________________
 Theses circulate throughout Germany
 Launches _______________________________ = movement for religious reform
 Reformation rejects pope’s authority
Luther’s Teachings
 People can win salvation by ______________________________________________________
 Christian teachings based on Bible, not the pope
 All people with faith are equal, _____________________________________________________
The Pope’s Threat
 Pope Leo X issues decree threatening to __________________________________________
 Luther’s rights of Church membership are taken away
 Luther __________________________________________________________ and is
excommunicated
The Emperor’s Opposition
 Charles V is Holy Roman Emperor
 Issues Edict of Worms, __________________________________________________________
 Luther and followers begin a separate religious group- __________________________________
The Peasants’ Revolt
 Inspired by Reformation, German peasants seek to end serfdom
 Princes crush revolt; about 100,00 people die
Germany at War
 Some princes side with Luther, known as __________________________________________
 Charles V fails to return rebellious princes to Catholic Church
 Peace of Augsburg-______________________________________________________________
Henry VIII wants a Son
 Only has daughter, needs make heir to rule England
 Wants divorce but Pope refuses to annul = ______________________________________ -his
first marriage to Catherine of Aragon
The Reformation Parliament
 Parliament passes laws ending _________________________ in England
 Henry remarries, becomes official __________________________________________________
 Thomas More refuses to go against Catholic Church and is ______________________________
Consequences of Henry’s Changes
 Henry has ____________________________________________________________
 Religious turmoil follows Henry’s death
 _____________________________ under King Edward, then ______________________ under
Queen Mary
England
Becomes
Protestant
Name _______________________
MWH—European Renaissance and Reformation Guided Notes
Page |5
Elizabeth Restores Protestantism
 Henry’s second daughter, Queen Elizabeth I, forms __________________________________
 Anglican Church is acceptable to moderate ___________________________________________
Elizabeth Faces Other Challenges
 Some Protestants and Catholics oppose Elizabeth
 Phillip II, Catholic King of Spain, threatens England
 Elizabeth’s need for ____________________ brings conflict with Parliament
The Catholic Reformation
Other
Protestant
Reformers
Calvin Continues the Reformation
Section 4: The Reformation Continues
As Protestant reformers divide over beliefs, the Catholic Church makes reforms.
Religious Reform in Switzerland
 Swiss priest Huldrych Zwingli calls for Church reform
 War breaks out between Catholics and Protestants; Zwingli killed
Calvin Formalizes Protestant Ideas
 ___________________________ writes Institutes of the Christian Religion
o We are _________________________________________________________________
o God chooses who will be saved = ___________________________________________
 Calvinism = __________________________________________________________________
Calvin Leads the Reformation in Switzerland
 Calvin says ideal government is a theocracy = _________________________________________
 Geneva becomes a strict Protestant ______________________________ led by Calvin
Calvinism Spreads
 John Knox brings Calvinism to Scotland, followers are _________________________________
 Church governed by laymen called ________________________________________________
 Calvin’s followers in France called _______________________________________
 Catholics ___________________ Huguenots in Paris
The Anabaptists
 Anabaptists believe in ___________________________________________________________
 Forerunners of _______________________________________________________________
Woman’s Role in the Reformation
 Marguerite of Navarre protected Calvin in France
 Katrina Zell also protects reformers
 Katherina von Bora, Luther’s wife, _______________________________________________
A Counter Reformation
 Catholic Reformation- seeks to ____________________________________________________
Ignatius of Loyola
 Leading Catholic reformer
 Calls for meditation, prayer, and study
 Pope creates Society of Jesus religious order, the ___________________________________
 Jesuits follow Ignatius, __________________________________________________________
Reforming Popes
 Pope Paul III and Pope Paul IV lead reforms
 Paul III calls Council of Trent to lay out reforms:
o Church’s interpretation of Bible is _______________
o Christians need _______________________________________ for salvation
o Bible and Church traditions ______________________________________________
o ____________________________________ are valid expressions of faith
 Use _____________________________ to seek out heresy
 Paul IV issues Index of Forbidden Books; ____________________________________
The Legacy of
the Reformation
Name _______________________
MWH—European Renaissance and Reformation Guided Notes
Page |6
Religious and Social Effects of the Reformation
 Catholic Church is _____________________; Protestant denominations _______________
 Catholics and Protestants create _______________________ throughout Europe
 Status of women ___________________ improve
Political Effects of the Reformation
 Catholic Church’s power ____________________, power of monarchs and states ____________
 Reformation’s questioning of beliefs brings __________________________________________
 Late 18th century sees a new intellectual movement- ____________________________________