AP Human Geography Reader’s Notes // Chapter Two
Population // Pages 36-77
Due Date: Friday, October 4, 2013
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*Remember, it is permissible to have a study group BUT you are responsible for YOUR OWN studying and for completing the reading and all questions!*
Field Note: Basic Infrastructure 36-37
What is China’s biggest urban challenge
today?
Why will China need to spend 120 billion
dollars on a water system?
What is the current population of China?
Where are most of the Chinese people
migrating to in China?
How much and when will population stabilize
in China?
Where is 80% of the water in China?
How is China transferring the water from the
south to the north?
What are the four major topics that will be
discussed in this chapter?
1. Where in the world do people live and why? 38-45
What do geographers focus on when they
study population?
Define demography.
Why is the concept of scale crucial when
studying demography?
Define population density.
What is the average pop. density in the U.S.?
Define arithmetic population density.(A-18)
Why are arithmetic population density
numbers misleading?
1A. Physiologic Population Density 39-40
Define physiologic population density.
Where does the book provide data on both
arithmetic and physiologic density
1B. Population Distribution 40
Define population distribution.
Why type of map is used to display
population distribution?
Where did people congregate historically on
earth?
What has caused dramatic change in the
distribution of population from rural to urban
areas?
Where are the largest population clusters in
the world?
1C1. East Asia 41
Where is ¼ of the world’s population located?
Where are the ribbons of high population
density in China located?
What are the major crops grown by farmers in
China?
1C2. South Asia 41
Describe the region of the second greatest
population concentration in the world?
Where are the population clusters in South
Asia primarily located?
What do demographers predict about the
population growth in South Asia?
What are the two physical barriers that create
the boundaries for such large population
clusters in South Asia?
What is the occupation of the overwhelming
majority of people in South Asia?
How many people live in Bangladesh?
What is the population density of
Bangladesh?
What is the population and population
density of Iowa, USA?
IC3. Europe 41
Where is the axis of dense population in
Europe?
How many people are clustered in this axis of
dense population?
How does that compare to the population in
South Asia?
What is seen from a comparison of the
population & physical maps in Europe?
What kind of population density is found in
the mountainous boundary zone between
Poland and its neighbors to the south?
What contrast in coastal & river lowlands is
seen between Europe & Asia?
What contrast is noted in rural and urban
areas between Europe and Asia?
How much of the world population is in East
Asia, South Asia and Europe?
IC4. North America 41-43
Where is the most densely populated region
in North America?
Where is the one large urban agglomeration
in this region?
Define megalopolis. (glossary A-24)
Where are the megalopolises located in
Canada?
1D. Reliability of Population Data 43-45
What benefit is there to state and city
governments encouraging their population to
be counted in the U.S. census?
What happens if the population of a
disadvantaged group is undercounted?
How else does being undercounted affect the
population?
Why might it be more advantageous to
sample count the population instead of a
complete head count of the population?
What agencies collect data on world
population?
Why is the population data of these agencies
inconsistent when compared?
2. Why do populations rise or fall in a particular place? 45-60
When and who published the first population
report warning of rapid population growth and
dire consequences?
What was the prediction of Malthus regarding
population growth and food consumption?
Explain Malthus reasoning behind his
predictions?
What was the main problem with the Malthus
equation and prediction?
What are the three main enterprises that
brought interaction among the Americas,
Europe, Africa, Asia and the Pacific?
Why is food production exponential and not
linear>
What is a Neo-Malthusian?
2A. Population Growth at World, Regional, National, and Local Scales 48-55
When studying population growth and change
at different scales, what must be taken into
consideration?
How do you calculate a country’s natural
increase in population?
What are the four components used to
accurately describe a country’s natural
increase?
2A1. Population Growth at the Regional and National Scales 48-53
Why is there a wide variation in the range of
natural increases in different geographic
regions?
Where are the highest growth rates noted on
Map 2.7?
What Muslim countries showed significant
declines in population recently?
Why is there a correlation between countries
with high growth rates and the low standing of
women?
What is the most important geographic region
in population growth rates? Why?
What is the population growth experience in
South America overall?
What is significant about the slowest growing
population countries in the world?
What is another reason besides wealth for
negative population growth rates?
How much did the world population grow
between 1900 and 2000?
What is the real reason behind this
population growth besides women having
more children?
Compare the global life expectancies from
1900 to 2000.
When do demographers predict the world
population will stabilize?
What indicators are used to predict the advent
of a stabilized population?
Define TFR.
When do demographers predict the world
TFR will fall to 2.1?
What are the two major trends that are
happening now that will influence how the
world population grows?
Define the aging index.
What two important factors does the current
aging index reveal about world population?
Why are women having few children in
wealthy developed countries?
What is the impact of these choices by
women regarding child birth in the wealthier
countries?
Why does an aging population require
substantial social adjustments in a country?
Finish this sentence. As the proportion of
older people in the country increases,…
How does a country go about changing the
age distribution of an aging country and
provide more taxpayers?
What happens when an aging country, such as
Japan resists immigration as a solution to
population decline?
How are developing countries discouraging
the birth of children?
What are the long-term economic
implications of a low TFR in a country?
What are some of the counter-measures
countries used to increase the TFR in
developed countries?
Explain doubling time. (Glossary A-21)
During the 20th century world population
explosion what was the world doubling time?
What is the world doubling time today?
With falling TFRs in both developing and
developed countries what is the prediction for
world population growth in the next 50 years.
Finish this sentence. The higher the
population’s level of urbanization,…
What 3 major religions have an impact on the
population growth rates of individual
countries?
2A2. Population Growth within Countries 53-55
What do political geographers call countries?
Where is the population growth the highest in
India?
Why do women in southern India have a
lower TFR?
What did the government of India do in the
1970s to bring down the population in the
northern Indian states?
What is the state of Utter Pradesh offering its
people in exchange for voluntary sterilization?
What did the government of Utter Pradesh
offer before the “guns for sterilization”
program?
What does the example of India demonstrate
as regards to scale?
2B. The Demographic Transition 55-59
Define CBR.
Define CDR.
Why was there low population growth in
Great Britain before the 1750s?
Why did the death rates begin to fall with the
advent of the Industrial Revolution in Great
Britain?
What happened as a result of the rapidly
falling death rate and the rapidly increasing
birth rate?
Define demographic transition. (Glossary A-
20)
What was the most frequent cause of high
death rates in Europe in the past?
Roughly, how much of the population was lost
to plagues in Great Britain?
What major devastation preceded the plague
in Europe which weakened the people’s
immune systems?
Approximately how many people died from
famine in China and India during the 18th and
19th century?
What were the major causes of frequent
downturns in world population growth from
1950-1820?
What two major factors ushered in a period of
accelerated population growth in Europe?
How did the Second Agricultural Revolution
contribute to European growth in population?
As the Industrial Revolution spread
throughout Europe, what other factors helped
bring down death rates?
What was the most important disease
prevention of modern medicine during this
period?
What did the increase in population in
Europe create a need for?
What happened to other populations during
the European wave of migration from 18001700?
How did the second wave of European
colonization (late 1800s) help bring down
death rates in the developing countries
2C. Future Population Growth 59-60
Explain SPL-stationary population level.
How is population growth considered a
“cyclical phenomenon”?
3. Why does population composition matter? 60-61
What is population composition?
Why is population composition important?
What does the population pyramid display?
4. How does the geography of health influence population dynamics? 62-72
What are some of the most important
influences on population dynamics?
4A. Infant Mortality 62-65
Define infant mortality rate (IMR)
What is the difference between infant and
child mortality rates?
What is one of the key factors that contribute
to infant mortality and why?
What are the four highest causes of infant
mortality in developing countries?
Where is the lowest infant mortality rate in
the world according to the text?
What two examples does the text give
regarding low IMR rates in less populated
developed countries?
What are the highest and lowest regions of
IMR in the U.S.?
What five factors create a variance in IMRs in
the regions of the USA?
What are some of the leading causes of death
of infants in the USA?
Why is the newborn death rate an important
measurement of the health of children in a
country?
What country has the second highest newborn
death rate in the world?
What does the “Mother’s Index” measure?
4B. Child Mortality 65
Where are the highest child mortality rates in
the world?
What role do the tropical and subtropical
climates play in child mortality rates?
Explain Kwashiorkor.
What is marasmus?
4C. Life Expectancy 65
What is life expectancy?
Women outlive men in these regions by how
many years? Europe and East Asia, SubSaharan Africa, North America, South
America, Russia.
Where is the highest life expectancy in the
world? Predicted to rise to what by 2300?
Why did the life expectancy of males drop
dramatically after the fall of the Soviet Union
in 1990?
What population group is hardest hit by
malnutrition?
4D. Influence on Health and Well-being 66-67
Health & well-being is closely related to…
Why don’t people in Iceland worry about
diseases that are carried by mosquitos?
Complete this sentence. People who live in
close proximity to animals including
livestock,…
What do medical geographers do?
What is an infectious disease? Give an
example of one.
Describe a chronic or degenerative disease?
Give an example.
What are genetic or inherited diseases? Give
an example
Explain the three geographic terms used to
describe the spatial extent of a disease.
4E. Infectious Diseases 67-69
What two diseases kill the most people in the
tropics and subtropics?
Why is malaria considered a vectored
disease?
Who is the host?
What other two debilitating diseases are
vectored by mosquitos in the tropics and
subtropics?
What are some other types of vectors that
carry disease to hosts?
Why do most vectors live in tropical climate
zones?
As you are reading this text, how many people
will die from malaria?
How many people have their lives shortened
and weakened by malaria?
What happens if you contract malaria as a
child and recover from the malarial infection?
How is influenza classified?
4F. Chronic and Genetic Diseases 69-70
What age group is mostly affected by chronic
or degenerative disease?
What are the leading chronic diseases?
What diseases caused 20% of deaths in the
early 1900s?
What are considered to be some of the
leading reasons for high rates of heart disease,
cancer and strokes today?
Why are genetic diseases of particular interest
to medical geographers?
What are metabolic diseases?
4G. AIDS 70-71
When did the worldwide rapid diffusion of
AIDS from Africa begin?
Where has AIDS had to most debilitating
impact?
What percentage of people in sub-Saharan
tropical African countries is infected with
AIDS?
How is AIDS reshaping the population
pyramids of severely infected countries of subSaharan Africa? What does this reflect?
Why will AIDS cause higher death rates in
young women than young men?
What does the fieldwork of medical
geographers in Zimbabwe show?
Where has the greatest decline in AIDS
related deaths been recorded?
What has caused the decline in death rates
from AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa?
How has Uganda slowed the growth of AIDS?
5. How do governments affect population change? 72-76
Explain expansive population policies? Give
two examples from the text.
Why would governments in Europe and East
Asia begin to pursue expansive population
policies today?
Explain eugenic population policies and give
three examples.
What are restrictive population policies?
Explain China’s one-child policy.
When did China finally relax their one-child
policy? Why?
5A. Limitations 75
How does Sweden encourage their population
to procreate?
When did the Swedish birth rate begin to slow
down again and why?
5B. Contradictions 76
Give one comparison of the contradiction
between the doctrine of the Roman Catholic
church that opposes birth control & abortion.
Give one comparison of the contradictions
between beliefs of followers of Islam regarding
family planning.