AP Human Geography
Unit II: Population
Chapters 2 & 3
1
AP Human Geography
Unit II: Population (Chapters 2)
II. Population
An understanding of the ways in which the human population is organized geographically provides AP students
with the tools they need to make sense of cultural, political, economic and urban systems. Thus, many of the
concepts and theories encountered in this part of the course crosscut with other course modules. In addition, the
course themes of scale, pattern, place, and interdependence can all be illustrated with population topics. For
example, students may analyze the distribution of the human population at different scales: global, continental,
national, state or province, and local community. Explanations of why population is growing or declining in
some places and not
others center on understanding the processes of fertility, mortality, and migration. In stressing the relevance of
place context, for example, students may assess why fertility rates have dropped in some parts of the developing
world but not in others, and how age–sex structures vary from one country to another. Analysis of refugee
flows, immigration, internal migration, and residential mobility helps students appreciate the interconnections
between population phenomena and other topics. Environmental degradation may prompt rapid out-migration
and urbanization, in turn creating new pressures on the environment. Refugee flows may be magnified when
groups have no access to political power because of the way boundaries have been drawn. Rapid immigration to
certain parts of the world fosters regional differences in industrial employment and political sentiment toward
foreigners. This part of the course also aids in our critical understanding of contemporary population trends by
considering how models of population growth and decline, including Malthusian theory, the demographic and
the epidemiological (mortality) transitions, change. Given these kinds of understandings, students are in a
position to evaluate the role, strengths, and weaknesses of major population policies. For example, how might
increasing the education levels of females lead to lower fertility?
II.
Population .
A. Geographical analysis of population
1.
Density, distribution, and scale (p. 2- 7)
2.
Implications of various densities and distributions (p. 2-7)
3.
Patterns of composition: age, sex, race, and ethnicity (p.84.
Population and natural hazards: past, present, and future
B. Population growth and decline over time and space
1.
Historical trends and projections for the future
2.
Theories of population growth, including the Demographic Transition Model
3.
Patterns of fertility, mortality, and health
4.
Regional variations of demographic transitions
5.
Effects of population policies
C. Population movement
1.
Migration selectivity
2.
Major voluntary and involuntary migrations at different scales
3.
Theories of migration, including push and pull factors, human capital, and life course
4.
International migration and refugees
5.
Socioeconomic consequences of migration
13–17%
Date (23 Days)
Topic
Activity
Assessment
Monday Sept 16th
Ch 2 Population
Read and Q/A sheet p. 34-36
Q/A sheet p. 34-36
2
Tuesday Sept 17th
- Where in the World Do
People Live and Why? -- - Physiologic vs. Arithmetic
Wednesday Sept 18th
- If the World were 100
People
- East Asia
Thursday Sept 19th
- South Asia
Friday Sept 20th
PPT Notes
- Population Density
Formula worksheet
- Km – miles conversion
- 100 People Video
- East Asia PPT
- East Asia Map
- South Asian PPT
- South Asia Map
-Tokyo and Shanghai Video
- Population Density
Formula worksheet
- Km – miles conversion
- Europe
- North America
- Europe PPT
- European Cities Video
- North America Video
- Written Response
Monday Sept 23rd
Tuesday Sept 24th
Reliability of Population
Why do population rise or fall
in particular places?
- P. 43 & 44 read and respond
- Guns, Germs and Steel Video
and Questions
Episode 1
- P. 43 & 44 read and respond
- Guns, Germs and Steel Video
and Questions
Wednesday Sept 25th
Thursday Sept 26
Continue
Continue
Socratic Seminar
Erlich and Malthus PPT
Friday Sept 27th
Population Growth at World,
Regional, National and Local
Scales
- PPT Notes
- Lost Boys Video
- Demographic Transition
analysis response
Socratic Seminar
- Notes
- Online Quiz
- Class discussion
- Demographic Transition
analysis response
Monday Sept 30th
Tuessday Oct 1st
continue
Why does Population
Composition Matter?
Wednesday Oct 2nd
Government Population
Polices
Thursday Oct 3rd
Friday Oct 4th
Ch. 2 Vocab Test
Ch. 2 M.C. Test/FRQ’s at home
continue
- PPT Notes
- IMR comparison response
- Population Pyramid
comparisons response
- PPT Notes
- 1 Child Policy video
- 1 Child Policy Respons
Test
Test
Chapter 2: Population
(p. 34-66)
3
- 100 People Video Response
- East Asia Map
- km – mi conversion
- South Asia Map
- Online Quiz
continue
- IMR comparison response
- Population Pyramid
comparisons response
- 1 Child Policy Response
Test
Test
Activator: Where are the Children now?
Read pages 34-36 and answer the following questions.
1. What does the author describe as the main difference between Bordeaux and Subsaharan Africa?
2. What does the total fertility rate (TFR) need to be in order to keep a population stable?
3. What does the TFR report?___________________________________________________
4. What was Kenya’s TFR in the 1980’s? ______________________________________
5. What is currently significant about Bologna’s TFR?
6. Why are women having fewer children?
a. __________________________ d. _________________________ g. ___________________
b. __________________________ e. _________________________
c. __________________________ f. _________________________
7. What are major concerns with an aging population and what are some ways society must adjust?
8. What is a major reason for falling TFR rates?
9. How are some governments throughout the world creatively trying increase population? Have they
been successful?
A. Geographical analysis of population
1. Density, distribution, and scale 2. Implications of various densities and distributions
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Essential Question: Where in the World Do People Live and Why?
Demography: _______________________________
_________________________ work with ________________________ asking why demographic problems
vary not only from region to region and country to country, but also within countries
________________________________: measure of total population relative to land size
________________________________ Density: same as above, emphasizes contrasts between countries
Formula: Total __________________/Total ___________________ = Population Density per sq. mi.
Calculate the Population Density of the following Countries:
Country
Total Population
Total Land Area sq. mi
10,624,000
226,012
Rwanda
127,463,611
152,411
Japan
1,224,614,000
1,147,949
.
India
1,341,335,000
3,600,927 .
China
310,384,000
3,539,225
United States
Population Density per sq. mi.
_______________________________: number of people per unit area of agriculturally productive land.
aka: Real Population Density
Formula: Total _________________/Total __________________________ = Population Density per sq. mi.
Country
Total Population
Total Arable Land Area sq. mi.
Real Pop Density per sq. mi.
10,624,000
7,046
Rwanda
127,463,611
27,044
Japan
1,224,614,000
900,121
India
1,341,335,000
859,261
China
310,384,000
1,023,038
United States
Which of the two gives a better indication as to how densely populated and area is? Arithmetic or Physiologic
Most of the world measures in meters, therefore we should all know how to convert km to miles and miles to
km. 1 kilometer = ___ miles Formula: set # of km X .62 miles = miles I.E. 5 km X .62 mi = _____________
Convert the following kilometers to miles:
Country
kilometers
Singapore
682
Bahrain
665
Russia
16,995,800
miles
Population Distribution:
5
The world population has now reached 7 billion people. This milestone inspired us to conduct research to update our statistics, and the changes over the past 5
years are remarkable. In 2006, only 1 person out of 100 would have had a college education-- today that number has jumped to 7 thanks in part to advances in
higher education in Asia. The detailed research and source information can be found here and the statistics provided by Donella Meadows in 1990 that
originally inspired our project can be viewed here. 100 People Video http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=r6eTr4ldDYg#t=0s
If the World were 100 PEOPLE:
http://www.100people.org/statistics_100stats.php
50 would be female
50 would be male
26 would be children
There would be 74 adults,
8 of whom would be 65 and older
There would be:
60 Asians
15 Africans
14 people from the Americas
11 Europeans
33 Christians
22 Muslims
14 Hindus
7 Buddhists
12 people who practice other religions
12 people who would not be aligned with a religion
7 would have a college degree
22 would own or share a computer
12 would speak Chinese
5 would speak Spanish
5 would speak English
3 would speak Arabic
3 would speak Hindi
3 would speak Bengali
3 would speak Portuguese
2 would speak Russian
2 would speak Japanese
62 would speak other languages
83 would be able to read and write; 17 would not
77 people would have a place to shelter them
from the wind and the rain, but 23 would not
1 would be dying of starvation
15 would be undernourished
21 would be overweight
87 would have access to safe drinking water
13 people would have no clean, safe water to drink
World Population Distribution and Density
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Read pages 40-43 Fill in the Blanks and complete the following activities.
East Asia and Population
 _______of world’s population is concentrated here
 _____________ people in China alone
 China’s major cities: _______________ and Beijing
 Along the _____________ River and ____________________ Valleys
 Crops of ______________ and __________________
Countries of East Asia
Area km²
Convert to miles
Country
China (PRC)
Hong Kong (PRC)
Japan
Macau (PRC)
Mongolia
North Korea
South Korea
Taiwan
9,596,961 x .62 =
1,104
377,930
30
1,564,100
120,538
99,828
36,188
Population
1,339,724,852
7,061,200
127,950,000
556,800
2,809,600
24,346,000
48,988,833
23,174,528
Population density
per km²
Convert to miles
138 x .62 =
6,390
337
18,662
2
198
500
639
Capital
Beijing
Hong Kong
Tokyo
Macau
Ulaanbaatar
Pyongyang
Seoul
Taipei
Sout
h
Asia and Population
 bound by the _________________ and a _____________ in Pakistan
 ___________ million people lie within India
 People cluster along the ______________ and _________________ River
 Majority of the people are ___________________
 _________________ million people in Bangladesh
 ________________________ is about the size of Iowa
 _______________________ people per square mile in Bangladesh compared to 30 people per square
mile in Iowa.
Countries of South Asia
Country
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
Area km²
Convert to miles
147,570 x .62
38,394
3,287,240
298
147,181
796,095
65,610
Population
152,518,015
697,000
1,210,193,422
396,334
26,620,080
1,79,800,000
20,238,000
7
Population density
per km²
Convert to miles
1,099 x .62
18
382
1,330
200
225
309
Capital
Dhaka
Thimphu
New Delhi
Male
Kathmandu
Islamabad
Sri
Jaywardenapura
-Kotte
Label the following according to number on
the map to the right. Provide a star for the
capital city on the map.
East Asia:
1. China, Beijing
2. Hong Kong, Hong Kong
3. Japan, Tokyo
4. Macau, Macau
5. Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar
6. North Korea, Pyongyang
7. South Korea, Seoul
8. Taiwan, Taipei
9. Shanghai
10. Yangtze River
11. Yellow River
South Asia:
12. Bangladesh, Dhaka
13. Bhutan, Thimphu
14. India, New Delhi
15. Maldives, Male
16. Nepal, Kathmandu
17. Pakistan, Islamabad
18. Sri Lanka, Sri Jaywardenapura Kotte
19. Himalayas
20. Indus River
21. Ganges River
Tokyo Japan http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=3G1w5ZkdI7E#t=0s
Shanghai: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C8mLfsoAY9A&feature=player_detailpage#t=1s
Europe
 728 million inhabitants
 Population near coal fields even in mountainous,
rugged regions
 population is concentrated in cities
- Germany – 89% rural
- United Kingdom – 89% rural
- France - 74 rural
Note: 4 billion of 7 billion people on Earth are concentrated
in East Asia, South Asia and Europe
European Cities:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ploh34OArH4&feature=player_detailpage
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North America
 BOSWASH – area from Boston to Washington DC
- Includes New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore
- 20% of the U.S. population
 Megalopolis – huge urban agglomeration
New York Video:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=0UjsXo9l6I8#t=0s
Reliability of Population
Read page 43 and 44 and briefly respond
Essential Question: Why do populations rise or fall in particular places?
Guns, Germs, and Steel Video Questions
Episode 1: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CyRa5P6xVo8&feature=player_detailpage#t=153s
1. Jared Diamond has a theory about what causes huge discrepancies among different countries, and
he says it boils down to geographic luck.
a. What was great about the “Fertile Crescent”?
b. Why do the people in New Guinea struggle to strive (what holds them back)?
2. How are people domesticating crops to get bigger, tastier yields?
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3. According to Diamond, livestock also play a huge role in a civilization’s ability to become rich and
powerful. How did the domestication of animals help people? Give examples:
a.
b.
c.
4. List 4 of the animals that have been domesticate. What do they have in common?
a.
b.
c.
d.
5. How did the ability to domesticate animals help a civilization’s ability to become rich and powerful?
a.
b.
6. What happened to the “Fertile Crescent” over time? What caused this?
Paul Ehrlich
- publication of __________________ in the 1960’s
- warned the world’s __________________ was increasing too
quickly and ______________________________
Thomas Malthus
- British Economist
- 1798 published An Essay on the ____________________________
- Food supplies grow _________ and population grew ____________
- Assumed food production is confined spatially and linearly.
- Malthus did not foresee Globalization and thus, his
assumptions have been proven _______ in regards to spatiality
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_______________, ___________________ and _________________ brought interaction among the
Americas, Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Pacific.
_______________________ of agriculture, improved _________________ are developed and more
fertilizers are used.
Bioengineering continues to bring ________________, genetically modified organisms and countless
_______________________ and pesticides.
Population Growth at World, Regional, National and Local Scales
Population change in one place can be affected rapidly by what is going on in another country.
Lost Boy video: (stop @2:06) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dtP-zfxMFlE&feature=player_detailpage#t=1s
Calculating Demographic change within a territory
- Immigration and Birth – Emigration and death = demographic change
The replacement TFR level is 2.1
_______________________ – every rate of growth has a doubling time , or the amount of time it takes a
number to double.
- ________________ million, ______________________ years ago to 500 million in 1650
- From _______ to __________ (170 years), population doubled to 1 billion.
- 1 billion grew to 2 billion by ______________
- 2 billion grew to _______________ by __________ (45 years)
Rate of natural increase (does not take into account ________________ and _____________).
Today, the pace of world population growth is slowing. Where have Total Fertility Rates (TFRs) fallen below
replacement level and why? (p. 45)
Population Growth in India
• Significant demographic variations occur within countries.
– In India, growth rates are higher in the ______________ and __________________.
Why do Growth Rates Vary in India?
• 1960s population planning program
• 1970s country began ___________________________________ for men with _____ or more
children.
– __________________________ men were sterilized.
• 2004 state of Uttar Pradesh began __________________________ program.
• Today, most states use ____________________ and ___________________ to lower birth rates.
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The Demographic Transition in Great Britain
• Studied the change in birth rates, death rates, and natural growth rates over the course of British
industrialization.
• Found a transition occurred when death rates decline and then birth rates decline, resulting in a
low or sustained growth rate.
World Birth Rate –
number of births in a year per _____________ people.
World Mortality Rate –
number of deaths in a year per _________________ people.
The Demographic Transition
• Stage 1: _____________________
• Stage 2: _____________________
• Stage 3: _____________________
• Stage 4: _____________________
• Stationary population level (SPL)?
Examine Appendix B at the end of your textbook. Study the growth rate column. Which countries have
the highest growth rates? Determine what stage of the demographic transition these countries are in, and
hypothesize what may lead them to the next stage.
Essential Question: Why does Population Composition Matter?
Population Composition
Population Composition is concerned with:
– ______________ distribution
– _______________________ within a country, region, or place.
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Population Pyramids –
Charts that show the percentages of each age group in the total population, divided by gender.
For poorer countries, the chart is shaped like a pyramid. Infant mortality rates are high, life expectancy
is shorter.
In poorer countries, _____________________________ are usually high, which is reflected in the pyramid
shape.
In poorer countries, Life Expectancy is _________________________, which is also reflected in the
pyramid shape.
Affect of AIDS on population pyramid for South Africa.
Predicted population for 2035, without and with AIDS.
With AIDS, looks like a population “chimney.”
AIDS is leaving large numbers of AIDS orphans.
AIDS is creating large numbers of AIDS care-givers.
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Population Pyramids –
Charts that show the percentages of each age group in the total population, divided by gender
For wealthier countries, the chart is shaped like a lopsided vase. Population is aging, TFRs are declining.
Age Structure of a Population
• The populations of many countries are aging.
- eg. Europe
- eg. Japan
Aging Populations
• To replace the population, TFR must be 2.1.
TFR in Bologna, Italy is 0.8
Why are women having fewer children?
• What are the impacts of an aging population on a country?
• What are the “solutions” to an aging population?
Longer Life Expectancies typically mean higher rates of chronic diseases.
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In the United States, the national infant mortality rate (IMR) is 7.0. That number represents an average
for the country. Think about the differences in IMR in the United States across regions, ethnicities, social
classes, and other sectors.
Government Population Policies
• Expansive Population Policies
- Encourages _________________________________.
• Eugenic Population Policies
- Favors one _______________ or cultural sector over others.
• Restrictive Population Policies
- range from toleration of unapproved birth control to outright prohibition of large families.
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China’s One Child Policy
What are some of the limitations, unintended consequences, and contradictions found in government
policies toward population growth?
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Geographic Concepts
Aging index the number of people aged 65 years and older per 100 children aged zero to 14 years
in a given population.
AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) Immune system disease caused by the Human
Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) which over a period of years weakens the capacity of the immune
system to fight off infection so that weight loss and weakness set in and other afflictions such as
cancer or pneumonia may hasten an infected person's demise.
Arithmetic population density The population of a country or region expressed as an average per
unit area. The figure is derived by dividing the population of the areal unit by the number of square
kilometers or miles that make up the unit.
Census A periodic and official count of a country's population.
Child mortality rate A figure that describes the number of children that die between the first and
fifth years of their lives in a given population.
Chronic (or degenerative) diseases Generally long‐lasting afflictions now more common because
of higher life expectancies.
Crude Birth Rate (CBR) The number of live births yearly per thousand people in a population.
Crude Death Rate (CDR) The number of deaths yearly per thousand people in a population.
Demographic transition Multistage model, based on Western Europe's experience, of changes in
population growth exhibited by countries undergoing industrialization. High birth rates and death
rates are followed by plunging death rates, producing a huge net population gain; this is followed by
the convergence of birth rates and death rates at a low overall level.
Dot map Maps where one dot represents a certain number of a phenomenon, such as a population.
Doubling time The time required for a population to double in size.
Endemic A disease that is particular to a locality or region. See also pandemic.
Eugenic population policies Government policies designed to favor one racial sector over others.
Expansive population policies Government policies that encourage large families and raise the
rate of population growth.
Genetic or inherited diseases Diseases caused by variation or mutation of a gene or group of
genes in a human.
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) A figure that describes the number of babies that die within the first
year of their lives in a given population.
Infectious diseases Diseases that are spread by bacteria, viruses, or parasites. Infectious diseases
diffuse directly or indirectly from human to human.
Life expectancy A figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live.
Normally expressed in the context of a particular state.
Megalopolis Term used to designate large coalescing supercities that are forming in diverse parts of
the world; formerly used specifically with an uppercase “M” to refer to the Boston—Washington
multimetropolitan corridor on the northeastern seaboard of the United States, but now used
generically with a lower‐case “m” as a synonym for conurbation.
Natural increase Population growth measured as the excess of live births over deaths. Natural
increase of a population does not reflect either emigrant or immigrant movements.
One‐child policy A program established by the Chinese government in 1979 to slow population
growth in China.
Physiologic population density The number of people per unit area of arable land.
Population composition Structure of a population in terms of age, sex and other properties such as
marital status and education.
Population density A measurement of the number of people per given unit of land.
Population distribution Description of locations on the Earth's surface where populations live.
Population explosion The rapid growth of the world's human population during the past century,
attended by ever‐shorter doubling times and accelerating rates of increase.
Population pyramids Visual representations of the age and sex composition of a population
whereby the percentage of each age group (generally five‐year increments) is represented by a
horizontal bar the length of which represents its relationship to the total population. The males in
each age group are represented to the left of the center line of each horizontal bar; the females in
each age group are represented to the right of the center line.
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Restrictive population policies Government policies designed to reduce the rate of natural
increase.
Stationary population level The level at which a national population ceases to grow.
Total Fertility Rate (TFR) the average number of children born to a woman during her childbearing
years.
Zero population growth a state in which a population is maintained at a constant level because the
number of deaths is exactly offset by the number of births.
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