Mid term review ch 8, 10,21,12,13,14,7.2,16,9 True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. ____ 1. Energy doesn't have to involve motion. ____ 2. Energy is the ability to cause change. ____ 3. Energy is measured in joules. ____ 4. When you ride a playground swing, your potential energy is greatest at the highest point. ____ 5. As mass decreases, kinetic energy increases. ____ 6. Lowering an object decreases its potential energy. ____ 7. In a car engine, burning fuel produces heat, which causes gases to expand, producing kinetic energy. ____ 8. The sum of potential and kinetic energy in a system is called the total energy. ____ 9. Shiny materials absorb radiant energy. ____ 10. Water can be used to dissolve nonpolar molecules. Modified True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true. ____ 11. Energy in the form of motion is potential energy. _________________________ ____ 12. According to the law of conservation of energy, mechanical energy can be changed to heat energy. _________________________ ____ 13. A rock at the edge of a cliff has kinetic energy because of its position. _________________________ ____ 14. When you put on the brakes of a bicycle, friction causes some of the mechanical energy to change to thermal energy. _________________________ ____ 15. According to the law of conservation of energy, energy can be created or destroyed. _________________________ ____ 16. Energy that is stored is kinetic energy. _________________________ ____ 17. A book sitting on a shelf has gravitational potential energy. _________________________ ____ 18. Increasing the height of an object will increase the potential energy of the object. ____________________ ____ 19. A conductor is a material that doesn't allow electrons to flow through it easily. _________________________ ____ 20. Ohm's law is the tendency for a material to oppose the flow of electrons. _________________________ ____ 21. A term used to describe anything that has mass and takes up space is matter. _________________________ ____ 22. Most of the substances you see and use in everyday life are pure substances. _________________________ ____ 23. Substances containing two or more different elements chemically joined are called mixtures. _________________________ ____ 24. The smallest particle of the element oxygen that retains the chemical identity of that element is a(n) molecule. _________________________ ____ 25. The small dots pictured in the container below represent molecules of a substance. The substance is in the solid phase. _________________________ ____ 26. Compared to the melting point of a solid, the freezing point is the same. _________________________ ____ 27. A swimming pool containing water at a temperature of 25°C contains more thermal energy than a coffee cup of boiling water. _________________________ ____ 28. Styrofoam and wood are good examples of thermal conductors. _________________________ ____ 29. Surfaces that are white in color will absorb thermal energy most effectively. _________________________ ____ 30. Heat never flows between two objects that have the same specific heat. _________________________ ____ 31. Some fossil fuels are nonrenewable. _________________________ ____ 32. The mass per unit volume of a material is referred to as pressure. _________________________ ____ 33. A solid’s ability to be pounded into thin sheets is called malleability. _________________________ ____ 34. The ability of a material to maintain its shape while a force is applied is called hardness. _________________________ ____ 35. A solid that may be stretched or bent and return to its original size and shape demonstrates ductility. _________________________ ____ 36. Properties of materials that may be observed directly are referred to as physical properties. _________________________ ____ 37. The measure of a solid's ability to be stretched and then returned to its original size is called tensile strength. _________________________ ____ 38. A solid with an orderly, repeating arrangement of particles may be called a(n) amorphous solid. _________________________ ____ 39. The property of a fluid that indicates the amount of friction within a fluid is pressure. _________________________ ____ 40. A measure of the upward force a fluid exerts on an object is called buoyancy _________________________ ____ 41. Compared to electrons, the mass of protons is smaller. _________________________ ____ 42. Atoms with the same atomic number but different numbers of neutrons are called prototypes. _________________________ ____ 43. Atoms that gain or lose electrons to become charged are known as ions. _________________________ ____ 44. A carbon -13 atom contains 6 neutrons. _________________________ ____ 45. Elements with similar properties, listed in a single column on the periodic table, form a group. _________________________ ____ 46. An equation for a chemical reaction that correctly preserves the number and type of atoms on both sides of the reaction is considered balanced. ____________________ ____ 47. A number in an equation which designates the number of molecules of a substance taking part in a chemical reaction is called a subscript. ____________________ ____ 48. “The total mass of products of a reaction is equal to the total mass of the reactants” is a statement representing Le Chatelier’s principle. ______________________________ ____ 49. A substance formed as the result of a chemical reaction is called a product. ______________________________ ____ 50. A substance formed in a chemical reaction is called a reactant. ____________________ ____ 51. A solid product that comes out of solution in a chemical reaction is called a pollutant. _________________________ ____ 52. The color of a substance is a physical property. _________________________ ____ 53. The freezing of water is a chemical change. _________________________ ____ 54. Flammability is a physical property. _________________________ ____ 55. A closed circuit has a break in it. _________________________ ____ 56. Elements arranged in vertical columns in the periodic table are called periods. _________________________ ____ 57. Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity. _________________________ ____ 58. The symbol for fluorine is Fe. _________________________ ____ 59. A very stable electron arrangement in the outer energy level is characteristic of noble gases. _________________________ ____ 60. Electron cloud models are used to show how electrons in the outer energy level are bonded when elements combine to form compounds. _________________________ ____ 61. Fusion means "to divide." _________________________ ____ 62. Fission is the combining of two low-mass nuclei into one nucleus with a larger mass. _________________________ ____ 63. Because a water molecule has a slight positive charge at one end and a slight negative charge at the other end, it is a nonpolar molecule. _________________________ ____ 64. Molecules are neutral. _________________________ ____ 65. When an atom gains or loses electrons, the charged particle that results is called a molecule. _________________________ ____ 66. An atom is chemically unstable when its outer energy level contains all the electrons it can hold. _________________________ Completion Complete each statement. 67. Matter that always has exactly the same composition is classified as a(an) ____________________. 68. Pure substances are either ____________________ or ____________________. 69. An element has a fixed composition because it contains only one type of ____________________. 70. A compound can be made from two or more elements or other ____________________ joined together in a fixed composition. 71. The substances in a(an) ____________________ mixture are evenly distributed throughout the mixture. 72. In a(an) ____________________ mixture, the parts of the mixture are noticeably different from one another. 73. Fresh milk is a suspension, but homogenized milk is a(an) ____________________. 74. If the particles in a mixture scatter light, the mixture is either a(an) ____________________ or a(an) ____________________. Figure 2-1 75. Based on the information in Figure 2-1, the ____________________ point of nitrogen is 210.0ºC and the ____________________ point of nitrogen is 195.8ºC. 76. Measuring ____________________ can be used to test the purity of some substances. 77. If a spoon gets hot quickly when it is used to stir a pot of soup, it is probably made of ____________________. 78. A material used for electrical wiring would need to have good ____________________. 79. A(An) ____________________ change occurs when a material changes shape or size but the composition of the material does not change. 80. ____________________ properties can be observed only when the substances in a sample of matter are changing into different substances. 81. Rust forms because iron and oxygen are highly ____________________ elements. 82. When a metal changes color because it has been heated, a(an) ____________________ change occurred. When a metal changes color because it has reacted with another substance, a(an) ____________________ change occurred. 83. A(an) ____________________ has a definite volume and a definite shape. 84. Materials can be classified as solids, liquids, or gases based on whether their shapes and ____________________ are definite or variable. 85. The shape of a material remains constant when it is moved from one container to another. This material is a(an) ____________________. 86. During vaporization, a substance changes from a(an) ____________________ to a(an) ____________________. 87. During a(an) ____________________ change, the system releases energy to its surroundings. 88. Protons and ____________________ are found in the nucleus of an atom. 89. If element Q has 11 protons, its atomic ____________________ is 11. 90. The nuclei of isotopes contain different numbers of ____________________. 91. The _________________________ of an isotope is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus. 92. The region in which an electron is most likely to be found is called a(an) ____________________. 93. Stored energy is called ____________________ energy. 94. A fire warms you by transferring ____________________ energy. 95. According to the law of conservation of energy, energy can change ____________________, but it cannot be created or destroyed under ordinary conditions. 96. When you move your hand or foot, your body has converted potential energy into ____________________ energy. 97. When Mendeleev organized elements in his periodic table in order of increasing mass, elements with similar properties were in the same ____________________. 98. Elements can be classified as metals, nonmetals, and ____________________. 99. The elements potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and scandium (Sc) appear from left to right in Period 4 of the periodic table. Among these elements, the most reactive is ____________________. 100. From left to right across a period in the periodic table, elements become less ____________________ and more ___________________ in their properties. 101. Element 3, lithium, has one valence electron, and element 4, beryllium, has two valence electrons. Element 5, boron, has ____________________ valence electrons. 102. Hydrogen does not have the typical properties of a metal. However, hydrogen is located above Group 1A because it has one ______________________________. 103. In general, a(an) ____________________ metal will be more reactive than an alkaline earth metal in the same period. 104. The two most reactive groups of elements in the periodic table are the alkali metals and the ____________________. 105. In an electron dot diagram, each dot represents a(an) ______________________________. 106. In an ionic compound, the attractions between cations and ____________________ hold the compound together. 107. In the binary ionic compound potassium bromide, KBr, the element that forms cations is ____________________. 108. The chemical formula for calcium chloride, CaCl2, shows that the compound contains two ____________________ ions for every ____________________ ion. 109. If there are two long dashes between two atoms in a structural formula, molecules of the compound contain a(an) ____________________ bond. 110. A polar covalent bond forms when _________________________ are not shared equally between atoms. 111. In ionic compounds, the sum of the charges of all the cations and anions must be ____________________. 112. The compound whose formula is SO3 is called sulfur ____________________. 113. Good ____________________ do not allow heat to move easily through them. 114. The statement that in chemical reactions, the total mass of the reactants equals the total mass of the products is the law of ______________________________. 115. A(An) ____________________ is the number that appears before a formula in a chemical equation. 116. In terms of energy, the general chemical equation AB + CD + energy AD + CB represents a(an) ____________________ reaction. 117. Cooking requires continuous adding of energy to the chemical reactions that are taking place. The chemical reactions involved in cooking can be described as ____________________. Select the correct term to complete each sentence. There are extra terms in the list. radiant nuclear work increases potential decreases kinetic energy 118. ____________________ is the ability of an object to change or cause changes. 119. The radiant energy given off by the Sun is formed from ____________________ energy. 120. As a car travels up a hill, its potential energy ____________________. 121. As a car rolls down a hill, its potential energy ____________________. 122. When sugar dissolves in water, water is the ____________________ and sugar is the ____________________. 123. Table salt is ____________________ soluble in cold water than it is in hot water. Select the correct term to complete each sentence. There are extra terms in the list. homogeneous mixture more solid boiling point heterogeneous evaporation less liquid pure substance melting point gas 124. A certain brand of cough syrup contains caramel, citric acid, FD&C red #40, flavoring, glucose, glycerine, high fructose corn syrup, purified water, saccharin sodium and sodium benzoate. It is considered to be a ____________________. 125. Matter that cannot be separated into other types of matter by physical means would be called a(n) ____________________. 126. A mixture in which different samples are not necessarily made up of exactly the same proportions of matter is a ____________________ mixture. 127. A mixture that contains more than one type of matter and is the same throughout is a ____________________ mixture. 128. The phases of matter which flow are both ________________ and _______________. 129. The temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid is called the _______________. 130. The cooling process that changes a liquid to a gas is called ____________________. 131. Most materials are ____________________ dense in their solid phase than in their liquid phase. Select the correct term to complete each sentence. There are extra terms in the list. thermal insulators heat conduction collide emitters thermal equilibrium heat specific heat absorb thermal conductors 132. The property of a material that describes the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one kilogram of material by one degree Celsius is called ____________________. 133. When two substances in thermal contact starting at different temperatures reach the same temperature, their condition of thermal “balance” is called ____________________. 134. Materials which are good absorbers of radiation are also good ____________________. 135. In a(an) _________________________, neutrons released during a fission reaction cause a series of other fission reactions. Select the correct term to complete each sentence. There are extra terms in the list. physical more weight chemical less buoyancy tensile strength crystalline motion density mass ductility amorphous brittleness malleability pressure 136. Properties that can be observed only when one substance is changed into another are called ____________________ properties. 137. The ratio of mass to volume is known as ____________________. 138. Most materials are (more/less) ____________________ dense in their solid phase than in their liquid phase. Water is a notable exception since solid ice is (more/less) ____________________ dense than liquid water. 139. A solid whose particles are arranged in a random way is said to a(n) ____________________ solid. 140. A measure of the stress due to pulling or tension that a material can withstand before breaking is called ____________________. 141. The property of a substance that can only be observed as it changes to another substance is known as a _____________________ property. 142. The tendency of a solid to break or crack when a force is applied is called ____________________. 143. The number of protons in an atom, different for each element, is called the ____________________. 144. The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom are identified by a number called the ____________________. 145. The particle found in the nucleus of every atom except one isotope of hydrogen is the ____________________. 146. The figure below shows a portion of the periodic table. The outermost electrons of a stable atom of aluminum are found at energy level number ____________________. Select the correct term to complete each sentence. There are extra terms in the list. catalyst gamma radioactive reactant endothermic chemical chain precipitate fusion exothermic physical precipitate half-life activation energy 147. In a chemical reaction, the energy needed to break chemical bonds in the reactants is called the ____________________. 148. A chemical reaction that produces heat is ____________________. 149. A molecule added to a reaction that increases the speed of the reaction is called a(n) ____________________. 150. When neutrons released from the fission of one nucleus trigger fission in other nuclei the result is called a(n) ____________________ reaction 151. If the ____________________ of an object doubles, its kinetic energy doubles. Figure 15-1 152. In Figure 15-1, the kinetic energy of the pendulum bob decreases between locations B and ____________________. 153. Energy resources that exist in limited amounts and, once used, cannot be replaced except over the course of millions of years are called ____________________ energy resources. 154. Heat is the transfer of thermal energy because of a(an) ____________________ difference. 155. A hot dinner plate has ____________________ thermal energy than a similar dinner plate at room temperature. Select the correct term to complete each sentence. There are extra terms in the list. current positive ammeter increase resistor voltage negative circuit decrease chemical neutral static 156. Electricity flows through a complete path called a(n) ____________________. 157. The tiny imbalance of charge that develops on your body as you scuff your feet along a carpet is called ____________________ electricity. 158. Charge is caused to flow by the difference in the____________________ between two points in circuit . 159. A battery transforms ____________________ energy into electrical energy to move charges. 160. Devices that can be used to measure current in a circuit include the multimeter and the ____________________. 161. Like charges ____________________ and opposite charges ____________________. 162. Wood, plastic, and rubber are good electrical ____________________, and copper is a good electrical ____________________. 163. A complete path through which charge can flow is an electric ____________________. Matching Match each type of resource with the correct energy type below. a. renewable b. nonrenewable ____ 164. biomass ____ 165. coal ____ 166. natural gas ____ 167. solar energy ____ 168. geothermal energy ____ 169. water ____ 170. wind ____ 171. petroleum Match each part of the atom with its identity from the list below. ____ 172. energy level ____ 173. neutron ____ 174. proton ____ 175. electrons ____ 176. nucleus Problem 177. An 18-kg bicycle carrying a 62-kg girl is traveling at a speed of 7 m/s. What is the kinetic energy of the girl and bicycle? 178. A 20-kg bicycle carrying a 50-kg girl is traveling at a speed of 8 m/s. What is the kinetic energy of the girl and bicycle? 179. A 70-kg boy is sitting 3 m from the ground in a tree. What is his gravitational potential energy? 180. A 90-kg ceiling light is suspended 4 m above the floor. What is its gravitational potential energy? 181. Calculate the volume of a small iceberg with a mass of 200,000 kilograms. (density of ice = 920 kg/m3) 182. Balance the following chemical equation: KClO3 KCl + O2. What type of reaction is indicated? Mid term review Answer Section TRUE/FALSE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. T T T T F T T F F F MODIFIED TRUE/FALSE 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. F, kinetic T F, potential T F, cannot F, potential T T F, An insulator F, Resistance T F, mixtures F, compounds F, atom F, gas T T F, insulators F, black F, temperature F, All F, density T F, strength F, elasticity T F, elasticity 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. F, crystalline F, viscosity T F, larger F, isotopes T F 7 seven T T F, coefficient F, The law of conservation of mass T F, product F, precipitate T F, physical F, chemical F, open F, groups T F, iron T F, dot diagrams F, Fission F, Fusion F, polar T F, an ion F, stable COMPLETION 67. pure substance substance 68. elements, compounds 69. atom 70. compounds 71. homogeneous 72. heterogeneous 73. colloid 74. suspension, colloid 75. melting, boiling 76. density 77. metal 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118. 119. 120. 121. 122. conductivity physical Chemical reactive physical, chemical solid volumes solid liquid, gas exothermic neutrons number neutrons mass number orbital potential thermal form kinetic column metalloids potassium K metallic, nonmetallic three valence electron alkali halogens valence electron anions potassium chloride, calcium double electrons valence electrons zero trioxide insulators conservation of mass coefficient endothermic endothermic energy nuclear increases decreases solvent, solute 123. 124. 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. 161. 162. 163. less mixture pure substance heterogeneous homogeneous liquid, gas gas, liquid melting point evaporation more specific heat thermal equilibrium emitters chain reaction chemical density more, less amorphous tensile strength chemical brittleness atomic number mass number neutron 3 three activation energy exothermic catalyst chain mass E nonrenewable temperature greater circuit static voltage chemical ammeter repel, attract insulators, conductor circuit MATCHING 164. 165. 166. 167. 168. 169. 170. A B B A A A A 171. B 172. 173. 174. 175. 176. PROBLEM 177. 178. 179. 180. 1/2 mv2 = 1/2 (18 + 62)(7)2 = 1,960 J 1/2 mv2 = 1/2 (20 + 50)(8)2 = 2,290 J (m)(9.8)(h) = (70)(9.8)(3) = 2,058 J (m)(9.8)(h) = (90)(9.8)(4) = 3,528 J 181. 182. 2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2; decomposition reaction D B A E C