Name: _______________________________ Per. _________ Date: __________________________
Test
1. Fig. 2.1 shows the levels of sunlight, the concentration of dissolved nutrients, and the numbers of phytoplankton from February to September in the surface layer of the Mediterranean Sea.
Fig. 2.1
(a) Suggest explanations for the increase in the numbers of phytoplankton during March and April.
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(b) Suggest why the concentration of dissolved nutrients falls during April and May.
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(c) Sketch a line on Fig. 2.1 to predict the changes in the numbers of zooplankton from
February to September.
2. (a) State how fish and corals make use of calcium.
(i) fish
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(ii) corals
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Name: _______________________________ Per. _________ Date: __________________________
(b) Fig. 4.1 shows how calcium is cycled between the land and the sea.
(i)
Fig. 4.1
Name processes D , F and G .
D _________________________________________________________________
F __________________________________________________________________
G ______________________________________________________________ [3]
(ii) Describe how calcium on land becomes a nutrient in the surface layer of the sea.
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(iii) Describe process E .
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3. (a) State one biological use of each of the following nutrients in marine ecosystems.
(i) nitrogen
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(ii) magnesium
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(iii) phosphorus
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Name: _______________________________ Per. _________ Date: __________________________
(b) Suggest why an increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere could result in an increase in the productivity of consumers in a marine ecosystem.
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(c) Discuss the reasons for the variability of the concentration of dissolved oxygen in sea water.
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Name: _______________________________ Per. _________ Date: __________________________
4. (a) Fig. 7.1 shows the changes in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, the concentration of carbon dioxide in sea water and the pH of sea water from 1990 to 2010.
Fig. 7.1
(i) Describe the relationship between the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and the concentration of carbon dioxide in sea water shown in Fig. 7.1. Suggest an explanation for this relationship. relationship
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(ii) State the relationship between the concentration of carbon dioxide in sea water and the pH of sea water shown in Fig. 7.1. Suggest an explanation for this relationship. relationship
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(b) Calcium is present in rocks on land.
Explain how calcium from these rocks can become part of the sediment at the bottom of the ocean.
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Name: _______________________________ Per. _________ Date: __________________________
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5. Carbon is an element found in many different compounds in living organisms and in the environment.
(a) Name one compound found in living organisms that contains carbon.
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(b) Fig. 4.1 shows some of the ways in which carbon can move between the atmosphere, oceans and sediment at the bottom of the ocean.
The numbers are gigatonnes of carbon per year.
Fig. 4.1
(i) Name the form in which carbon enters the ocean from the atmosphere.
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(ii) Suggest one human activity which contributes to the 2 gigatonnes of carbon added to the surface ocean each year.
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(iii) Name process A shown in Fig. 4.1.
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(iv) Suggest how the 0.1 gigatonnes of carbon are released from the ocean sediments.
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Name: _______________________________ Per. _________ Date: __________________________
(v) The amount of carbon in the surface ocean stays approximately the same each year.
Explain why.
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(vi) The amount of carbon added to the surface ocean each year by human activities is increasing.
Suggest and explain one consequence of this increase.
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6. (a) Runoff is important in replenishing the reservoir of dissolved nutrients in the sea.
(i) Describe what is meant by the term runoff .
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(ii) Suggest how runoff can be harmful to marine organisms.
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(iii) Suggest how runoff can be beneficial to marine organisms.
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(b) The mean concentration of calcium in sea water is 0.41 parts per thousand.
Suggest why this concentration remains approximately constant.
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Name: _______________________________ Per. _________ Date: __________________________
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7. Various nutrients, including carbon, are cycled in marine ecosystems.
Fig. 2.1 below shows part of the carbon cycle in the marine ecosystem in one year.
The figures are in 10
12 kg of carbon per year.
(a) Explain what is happening in process A shown in Fig. 2.1.
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(b) Using the information in Fig. 2.1, calculate the annual change in the carbon in surface water. Show your working.
[3]

Name: _______________________________ Per. _________ Date: __________________________
(c) With reference to Fig. 2.1, explain why an increase in carbon in the atmosphere could lead to an increase in the productivity of organisms in the surface water of an ocean.
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8. (a) Complete Table 3.1 to show one biological use for each nutrient.
(b) Fig. 3.1 shows how nutrients are cycled in the sea.
[3]

Name: _______________________________ Per. _________
(i) Name the processes labelled A and B .
Date: __________________________
A __________________________________________________________________________
B________________________________________________________________________ [2]
(ii) Describe what is meant by upwelling .
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(iii) Identify two processes, shown in Fig. 3.1, that are affected by human activities.
For each process, briefly describe how humans are involved. process 1 ____________________________________________________________________ human involvement
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__________________________________________________________________________ process 2 ____________________________________________________________________ human involvement
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Name: _______________________________ Per. _________ Date: __________________________
9. (a) Describe the biological roles of magnesium, calcium and phosphorus in marine ecosystems.
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(b) Organisms living in the surface layer of an ocean take up nutrients. Describe the ways in which these nutrients may then be lost from this surface layer.
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(c) Explain how the nutrients in the surface layer of an ocean are replenished.
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Name: _______________________________ Per. _________ Date: __________________________
10. Fig. 7.1 shows the phosphorus cycle on land and in the sea.
Fig. 7.1
(a) Describe how phosphorus in soil becomes part of the tissues of marine fish.
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(b) Fig. 7.2 shows the winter concentration of phosphate in the surface water of the Baltic sea from 1970 to 2000.

Name: _______________________________ Per. _________ Date: __________________________
Fig. 7.2
(i) Table 7.1 shows the amounts of phosphate-containing fertiliser used from 1970 to
2000.
Plot this data on the graph using an appropriate scale on the right hand axis.
(ii) Calculate the rate of increase in the phosphate concentration from 1970 to1982.
[4]
Show your working.

Name: _______________________________ Per. _________ Date: __________________________
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(iii) After 1974 the use of fertiliser fell. Explain why the concentration of phosphate in the sea continued to rise.
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(iv) Suggest a reason for the large increase in phosphate concentration from 1992 to
1994.
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