Your answer was not correct A Thoracoacromial
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Anatomy - All Question 1 Which of the following statements is correct regarding the newborn skull? Your answer was correct A The posterior fontanelle has as its borders the occipital,parietal,temporal bones B The anterior fontanelle has as its borders the frontal,parietal,temporal,sphenoid bones C The bones of the skull develop by intramembranous ossification and by endochondral ossification Correct Answer D The skull has similar vertical proportions to the adult Explanation The bones of the calvaria develop by intramembranous ossification and most parts of the cranial base by endochondral ossification. The anterior fontanelle is bounded by the halves of the frontal bones anteriorly and the parietal bones posteriorly. The posterior fontanelle is triangular and is bounded by the parietal bones anteriorly and the occipital bone posteriorly Question 2 Regarding ossification centres, which of the following statements is correct? Your answer was not correct A The capitate ossifies at 10 years Your Answer B The medial epicondyle fuses at 20 years Correct Answer C The two centres of radius ossify by 15years D The pisiform ossifies by the end of the 1st year Explanation The capitate bone ossifies first (within the first year) and the pisiform ossifies by year 10. The medial epicondyle fuses at 20yrs. The radius starts ossifying in cartilage form a centre in the middle of the shaft at the eigth week. There are secondary centres for the head and the lower end. The upper epiphysis fuses at about 15yrs and the lower epiphysis at about 20yrs Question 3 Which bones form the borders of the anterior fontanelle in an infant? Your answer was correct A 2 frontals, 2 parietal bones Correct Answer B 1 frontal, 2 parietals and the squamous bones C 2 frontal, 2 temporal and the occipital bones D 1 frontal, 1 parietal and 2 frontal bones Explanation The anterior fontanelle lies between four bones. The 2 parietal bones bound it behind, the two halves of the frontal bone lie in front. It overlies the superior saggital dural venous sinus. The anterior fontanelle is usually not palpable after the age of 18 months. Question 4 Which bone in a child is the same size as adult at birth? Your answer was not correct A Auditory ossicles Correct Answer B Parietal bone C Ethmoid bone Your Answer D Squamous bone Explanation The auditory ossicles are present and take on their characteristic adult shape and size between 9-15foetal weeks Question 5 Regarding the ureters, which of the following statements is correct? Your answer was correct A They pass under the cover of the psoas muscle B They are crossed by the gonadal vessels Correct Answer C They cross over the vas deferens D They are crossed by the genitofemoral nerve Explanation The ureters are crossed by the vas deferens and they cross over the genitofemoral nerve. They pass on top of the psoas muscle Question 6 Which of the following is the main vessel supplying the body of the pancreas? Your answer was correct A Superior pancreaticoduodenal artery B Splenic artery Correct Answer C Left gastric artery D Left gastroepiploic artery Explanation The superior pancreaticoduodenal supplies the head of the pancreas Question 7 Which of the following is the highest branch of the abdominal aorta? Your answer was not correct A Left gonadal artery B Right suprarenal artery Your Answer C Inferior phrenic artery Correct Answer D Left renal artery Explanation The inferior phrenic arteries are the first branches of the abdominal aorta, and may rise by a common stem just above the coeliac trunk. They give off small suprarenal branches Question 8 Which of the following staements is correct regarding the duodenum? Your answer was not correct A Is a retro-peritoneal structure B Is 25cm in length Correct Answer C Lies between the levels of L2-L4 D In its 4th part, it lies to the right of the aorta Your Answer Explanation Only the first 2cm of the superior part is covered by peritoneum (mobile). The distal 3cm of the first part witht the rest of the perironeum is retroperitoneal (immobile). The duodenum lies between L1-L3 and the 4th part is to the left of the aorta. Question 9 Which of the following statements is correct in relation to the appendix? Your answer was correct A Usually lies in a retroileal position B Drains to inguinal nodes C Has no mesentry D Opens into the caecum 2 cm below the ileocaecal valve Correct Answer Explanation The apendix usually lies in the retrocecal position (64%) in the healthy person, draining to the ileocolic and superior mesenteric lymph nodes. Other appendix positions- Pelvic appendix-20%. Retroileal-0.5% Question 10 In relation to the stomach, which of the following statements is false? Your answer was not correct A It is completely invested by peritoneum Your Answer B The cardia is situated at T12 Correct Answer C The pyloric opening is at L1 D It is supplied by branches of the coeliac trunk Explanation The gastro-oesophageal junction is the cardia which is the most fixed part of the organ, and lies 2.5cm to the left of the midline at the level of the T11 vertebra. It is 40cm from the incisor teeth Question 11 All of the following are veins which drain the stomach, with the exception of? Your answer was not correct A Left gastric B Right gastric C Gastroduodenal Correct Answer D Gastroepiploic Your Answer Explanation Veins of the same name accompany the arteries and drain into the portal vein itself, or its splenic and superior mesenteric tributaries. The prepyloric vein, unaccompanied by an artery, drains into the right gastric vein. The arterial blood supply of the stomach is the left and right gastric arteries, the six short gastric arteries and the left and right gastroepiploic arteries Question 12 Superior pancreaticoduodenal vein drains into which of the following? Your answer was correct A Portal vein Correct Answer B Inferior vena cava (IVC) C Superior mesenteric vein D Splenic vein Explanation The portal vein receives the right and left gastric veins, along with the superior pancreaticoduodenal veins Question 13 Which of the following structures does not pass through the transpyloric plane? Your answer was not correct A Splenic vein Your Answer B Tips of the 9th costal cartilages C Spleen Correct Answer D Superior mesenteric artery Explanation The transpyloric plane bisects the body between the jugular notch and the pubic symphysis. This level is approximately midway between the xiphisternum and the umbilicus. It cuts each costal margin at the tip of the ninth costal cartilage, which is at the lateral border of rectus abdominus. Deep to this point on the right side lies the fundus of the gallbladder. The plane passes through the lower border of the first lumbar vertebra, where the spinal cord ends at the conus medullaris. The plane passes through the pylorus and along the head, neck and body of the pancreas just above the attachment of the transverse mesocolon. The supracolic compartment, containing liver, spleen and fundus of the stomach, lies above the plane, and the infracolic compartment, containing the colon and small intestine, lies below it. Note: In most texts the spleen is included in the plane. Some texts (Moore) do not. Also some texts (Moore) point out that the tips of the 8th costal cartilages are bisected. While others say the 9th. Question 14 Which lymph nodes drain the lower anal canal? Your answer was not correct A Superficial inguinal Correct Answer B External iliac Your Answer C Deep inguinal D Para-aortic Explanation Superior to the pectinate line (dentate line) of the anal canal, the lymphnodes drain into the the internal iliac lymph nodes and through them the into the common iliac and lumbar lymph nodes. Inferior to this line, the lymphatic vessels drain superficially into the superficial inguinal lymph nodes, as does most of the perineum Question 15 Regarding the appendix, which of the following statements is false? Your answer was correct A The retroileal position is the most common position in the abscence of disease Correct Answer B It opens into the caecum 2cm below the ileocaecal valve C The appendicular artery is usually a branch of the ileocolic artery D It is normally 6-9cm long Explanation The appendix may lie in different positions, however the retrocaecal position most commonly occurs 64% of pateints. Pelvic appendix-20%. Retroileal-0.5% Question 16 With respect to the abdominal aorta, which of the following statements is correct? Your answer was not correct A The renal arteries originate at right angles from the aorta at the level of T12 B The surface marking is just above the transpyloric plane to a point just below and to the left of the umbilicus Correct Answer C The splenic vein crosses the aorta just below the origin of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) Your Answer D The five lumbar arteries leave the aorta opposite the bodies of the coresponding lumbar vertebrae Explanation The renal arteries originate at L1. The splenic vein crosses the aorta just above the superior mesenteric artery (SMA). There are 4 paired lumbar arteries. Question 17 With regard to the testicles, which of the following statements is correct? Your answer was not correct A The testes have a tough fibrous outer surface, the tunica vaginalis Your Answer B The pampiniform plexus is a superficial venous plexus surrounding the testicular artery Correct Answer C The testicular artery only anastomoses with the cremasteric artery D Division of the testicular artery results in testicular infarction Explanation The testes have a tough fibrous outer surface, the tunica albuginea. The surface of each testicle is covered by the visceral layer of the tunica vaginalis (derived form the peritoneum). Divison of the testicular artery will not necessary result in atrophy because anastomoses exist involving the cremasteric, ductal and testicular arteries Question 18 Which of the following statements is correct with regard to the ureters? Your answer was not correct A The pelvo-ureteric junction (PUJ) is the widest diameter B An intact innervation of the ureter is not necessary for peristalsis Correct Answer C They lie lateral to the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae D They are approximately 31 cm in length Your Answer Explanation The pelvo-ureteric junction (PUJ), the pelvic brim, and on entering bladder wall are the points of narrowest calibre the ureters. They lie medially to the lateral processes of the lumbrae vertebrae. They ureters are approximately 25-30cm long. Note: some texts say the urters are 25cm exactly. Intact innervation of the renal pelvis or ureter is not necessary for the initiation or propogation of peristalsis form the calycael pacemakers Question 19 What is the blood supply to the body of the pancreas? Your answer was correct A Splenic artery Correct Answer B Left Gastric artery C Hepatic artery D Left gastroepiploic artery Explanation The main vessel is the splenic artery which supplies the neck, head, body and tail of the pancreas. The superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries also supply the head of the pancreas. The gastric and gastroepiploic arteries supply the stomach Question 20 In relation to the internal anal sphincter, which of the following statements is correct? Your answer was correct A It is skeletal muscle B It has longitudinal fibres C It has no bony attachment Correct Answer D It extends along the length of the anal canal Explanation The internal anal sphincter is smooth muscle and is circular. It extends 3/4 of the length of the anal canal Question 21 Regarding the male urethra, which of the following statements is correct? Your answer was not correct A It is 15cm long B The urethra takes a right angle curve in the bulbous portion of the corpus spongiosum Correct Answer C The narrowest point of the urethra is in the prostate Your Answer D The spongy urethra lies within the corpus carvernosum Explanation The size of male urethra: intramural part 0.5-1.5cm, prostatic part 34cm, intermediate part 1.0-1.5cm, Spongey part ~15cm, =19.522cm long. The narrowest point is at the external meatus; it runs below the corpora cavernosa. The spongy or penile urethra lies within the corpus spongiosum of the penis and can be divided into bulbous and pendulous parts. The urethra takes a right angle curve in the bulbous portion of the corpus spongiosum Question 22 Regarding the testicle, which of the following statements is correct? Your answer was correct A Vas deferens lies in the lower, posterior part of the cord Correct Answer B It has no parasympathetic supply C It drains to the pre-aortic and inguinal nodes D Appendix testis is attached to inferior pole of the testis Explanation The autonomic nerves of the testis arise as the testicular plexus of nerves on the testicular artery, which contains vagal and parasympathetic and visceral afferent fibres and sympathetic fibres from T7 segment of spinal cord. Note: some texts say that the testis is supplied by sympathetic nerves only. The appendix testis is attached to the upper pole of the testis. The vas deferens lies in the posterior and lower part of the cord. Lymphatics drainage follows the testicular artery /vein to the right and left lumbar and preaortic nodes. The testicualr lymph does not drain to the inguinal nodes, although the overlying scrotal skin does. Note: some texts say the drainage is to the PARA-aortic nodes Question 23 Which of the following statements is true of colon? Your answer was not correct A The ascending is longer than the descending colon Your Answer B The only part suspended on mesentry is the transverse colon C The marginal artery is weakest at the hepatic flexure D The lymphatic drainage is via superior and inferior mesenteric lymph nodes Correct Answer Explanation The ascending colon is 15cm long, and the descending is 30cm. The sigmoid colon is also suspended. The marginal artery is weakest at the left colic flexure, which consequently has a poor blood supply. Question 24 Which of the following structures pass through the lesser sciatic foramen? Your answer was correct A Piriformis muscle B Internal pudendal artery Correct Answer C Superior gluteal artery D Inferior gluteal artery Explanation The obturator internus and the internal pudendal nerves also pass through the foramen Question 25 Superficial inguinal lymph nodes drain all of the following areas except? Your answer was correct A Foot B Anterior thigh C Skin of penis D Testis Correct Answer Explanation The para aortic nodes drain the testes Question 26 Regarding the relations of the ureter, which of the following is false? Your answer was correct A It crosses the vas deferens in males Correct Answer B It lies medial to the transverse processes of lumbar spine C It crosses the sacro iliac joint at the bifurication of the iliac vessels D The gonadal vessels cross over the ureters Explanation The ductus deferens crosses above the ureter and then runs medially to it. Question 27 Referred pain from pancreatitis is felt at what level? Your answer was not correct A T12/L1 Your Answer B T7/8 Correct Answer C L1/2 D T3/4 Explanation The pain fibres accompany the sympathetic supply so that the pancreatic pain may radiate in the distrubution of the thoracic dermatomes T6-T10 Question 28 Which structure passes directly behind the hilum of the right lung? Your answer was not correct A Right phrenic nerve Your Answer B Right vagus nerve Correct Answer C Internal mammary artery D Hemi-azygous vein Explanation none Question 29 Which of the following muscles is not used in forced expiration? Your answer was not correct A internal oblique B rectus abdominis C diaphragm Correct Answer D external oblique Your Answer Explanation The major role of the diaphragm is inspiration, but it is also involved in abdominal straining Question 30 With regard to the coronary arteries, which of the following statements is correct? Your answer was not correct A Right coronary artery (RCA) arises from the posterior coronary sinus B Left coronary artery (LCA) supplies the AV node in most patients Your Answer C Right coronary artery (RCA) supplies the posterior descending branch in most patients Correct Answer D There are no arteriolar anastomoses between left and right Explanation The RCA arises form the anterior aortic sinus and the LCA from the left posterior aortic sinus. The RCA supplies the sino-atrial (SA) node in 60% of patients and the AV node in the majority (80%) of patients (via the nodal artery form the posterior descending artery). The posterior descending artery (the posterior interventricular branch) is supplied by the RCA. Anastomoses exist at the termination of the right and left coronary arteries in the atrioventricular groove and between their interventricular and conus branches Question 31 Which structure passes through the diaphragm with the oesophagus? Your answer was correct A Azygous vein B Vagal trunk Correct Answer C Thoracic duct D Phrenic nerve Explanation The vagal trunks and the oesophageal branches of the left gastric artery, veins and lymphatics accompany the oesophagus as it passes through the diaphragm Question 32 Which of the following statements is correct in relation to the diaphragm? Your answer was correct A Has an aortic opening opposite T12 Correct Answer B Has the oesophageal opening opposite the T8 vertebrae C Is supplied by C4, 5, 6 D Has a vena caval opening at T10 Explanation The diaphragm’s motor supply is solely from the phrenics, supplied by C3, 4, 5 (but mostly C4). It has an oesophageal opening at T10 and a vena caval opening at T8. The major role of the diaphragm is inspiration, but it is also involved in abdominal straining Question 33 Which of the following is the most anterior structure in the thoracic inlet? Your answer was correct A Vagus nerve B Subclavian vein Correct Answer C Right subclavian artery D Thoracic duct Explanation none Question 34 Which of the following statements is true in relation to the trachea? Your answer was correct A Enters the thoracic inlet slightly to the left of midline B Its lower end is behind the manubrium Correct Answer C Is supplied by glossopharyngeal nerve D Drains into the axillary lymph nodes Explanation The trachea commences at C6 level, 5cm above the jugular notch. It enters the thoracic inlet in the midline and passes downwards and backwards behind the manubrium to bifuricate into the two main bronchi. The trachea is 10cm long and 2cm wide, It drains into the posterior group of deep cervical and paratracheal lymph nodes. It is innervated by afferent fibres from vagi and recurrent laryngeal nerves Question 35 Which of the following levels is correct in relation to the oesophageal opening in the diaphragm? Your answer was correct A T6 B T8 C T10 Correct Answer D T12 Explanation T8-vena cava foramen T12-Aortic opening Question 36 Which of the following is a correct relationship as regards the chest wall? Your answer was correct A The intercostal artery is more superficial than the vein B The neurovascular bundle lies between the external and internal intercostals C The transversus muscle lies between the internal and external intercostals D The intercostal artery lies between the nerve and vein Correct Answer Explanation The neurovascular bundle lies between the internal and transverse muscles. The transverse muscle lies below the internal intercostal muscles. The intercostal artery is not more superficial than the vein Question 37 With regard to the bronchopulmonary segments, all of the following statements are true except? Your answer was not correct A There are approximately 9 segments in each lung Correct Answer B The lingular portion of the superior left lobe is divided into an upper and lower segment C Material aspirated tends to lodge in apical segment of the right lower lobe Your Answer D The superficial bronchial veins of the right main bronchus drain into the azygos vein Explanation There are 10 bronchopulmonary segments in each lung. Aspirated material by supine, comatose or anaesthetised patients tends to lodge in apical segment of the right lower lobe as patients. The bronchial veins fall into a superficial system draining from the hilar region and visceral pleura in to the azygos vein on the right and the accessory hemiazygos vein on the left. The deep system from the deeper lung tissue drain to a main pulmonary vein or directly into the left atrium Note: clinical Moore says there may be 8 segments in the left lung depending on the combintation of segments. If you group the apical and posterior segments=apicoposterior and the anterior and medial basal segments=anteriomedial, you get eight. Lasts calls the lingular portions-superior and inferior segments. CM says superior and inferior portions Question 38 Regarding the coronary arteries, which of the following statements is correct? Your answer was correct A The circumflex is the artery most affected by disease B The right coronary artery has a posterior interventricular branch Correct Answer C 50% of atrio-ventricular (AV) nodes are supplied by the right coronary artery D 40% of sino-atrial (SA) nodes are supplied by the right coronary artery Explanation 80% of atrio-ventricular (AV) nodes are supplied by the right coronary artery (RCA), 60% of sino-atrial (SA) nodes are also supplied by the RCA. The anterior interventricular artery is most affected by disease Question 39 Which is true in respect of the anatomy of the trachea? Your answer was correct A It is 20cm long and bifurcates below the manubrium sterni B It starts at the level of the cricoid cartilage which is around C6 Correct Answer C It is 5cm diameter in the adult D In the first year of life the trachea is 5mm in diameter Explanation Trachea is 10cm long and 2cm in diameter. In the first year of life it is 3mm in diameter Question 40 Which of the following statements is correct regarding the oesophagus? Your answer was not correct A Is narrowest at the commencement at the cricopharyngeal sphincter Correct Answer B Begins at the lower border of the thyroid cartilage C Ends at the cardiac orifice of the stomach at level T10 D Is 28cm long Your Answer Explanation The esophagus, a muscular tube, 25 cm long begins at the lower border of the cricoid cartilage at C6, passes through the diaphragm at the level of T10 and ends at the cardiac orifice at the level of T11 which is the cardiac orifice. Is narrowest at the commencement at the cricopharyngeal sphincter (upper esophageal sphincter). Other sites of constriction include thoracic constriction: where it is crossed by the aortic arch and then by the left main bronchus. Diaphragmatic constriction: where it passes through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm Question 41 Regarding the Internal thoracic artery, which of the following statements is correct? Your answer was not correct A The internal thoracic artery is crossed near their origins by the ipsilateral phrenic nerve Correct Answer B It descends straight down 1 cm medially to border of sternum Your Answer C It is a branch of 2nd part of subclavian artery D Gives off two anterior intercostal branches to the 5 superior intercostal spaces Explanation Arises in the root of the neck, descends into the thorax posterior to the clavicle and first costal cartilage. It descends 1 cm lateral to the border of the sternum. It is a branch of the first part of the subclavian and gives off 2 anterior intercostal arteries in each intercostal space. It directly supplies the superior 6 intercostal spaces. Therefore the total number of branches is 12 Question 42 Regarding the phrenic nerve, which of the following statements is correct? Your answer was correct A Structures relating to both phrenic nerves are identical B Each phrenic nerve supplies only one side of the diaphragm Correct Answer C They arise from C6 nerve root D They give of a recurrent laryngeal nerve branch Explanation Right phrenic nerve is medially related to venous structures whereas the left phrenic nerve is related to arterial structures; arise from C4; the recurrent laryngeal branch is a branch of the vagus nerve Question 43 Regarding the right coronary artery which of the following statements is correct? Your answer was correct A Its course is through the left auricle and infundibulum B Supplies 60% of atrio-ventricular (AV) nodes C Usually has a posterior interventricular branch Correct Answer D Supplies 30% of sino-atrial (SA) nodes Explanation Courses through the right ventricle; supplies 60% of the sino-atrial (SA) node Question 44 All the following are boundaries of the named triangle with the exception of? Your answer was not correct A Mandible and submental triangle Correct Answer B Mandible and anterior triangle C Mandible and digastric triangle Your Answer D Sternocleidomastoid and carotid triangle Explanation The submental traingle, inferior to the chin, is a suprahyoid area bounded inferiorly by the body of the hyoid abnd laterally by the right and left anterior bellies of the digastric muscles. the apex of the submental traingle is at the mandibular symphysis. Question 45 The alar ligaments connect which of the following structures? Your answer was not correct A Bodies of the axis to foramen magnum B Dens to foramen magnum Correct Answer C Adjacent vertebral bodies posteriorly D Tips of adjacent spinous processes Your Answer Explanation Question 46 Which of the following is a branch of the mandibular nerve? Your answer was not correct A Infraorbital nerve B External nasal nerve C Zygomaticofacial nerve Your Answer D Auriculotemporal nerve Correct Answer Explanation The buccal and the mental nerves are also branches of the mandibular nerve Question 47 While transversing the temporal bone within the facial canal, CN VII gives to following nerves except? Your answer was correct A Deep petrosal nerve Correct Answer B Nerve to the stapedius C Greater pertrosal nerve D Chorda tympani nerve Explanation The deep petrosal nerve is a branch of the greater petrosal nerve which is a branch of the CNVII Question 48 All the following are branches of the external carotid except? Your answer was not correct A Lingual artery B Facial artery C Ascending pharyngeal artery Your Answer D Hypoglossal artery Correct Answer Explanation Before the external carotid enters the parotid gland, it gives off six branches, three from in front, two from behind and one deep (medial). In front are the superior thyroid artery, lingual artery and facial artery. Behind are the occipital artery and the posterio-auricular artery. Medially is the ascending pharyngeal artery. Question 49 Corneal sensation synapses in which ganglion? Your answer was correct A Geniculate B Optic C Ciliary D Trigeminal Correct Answer Explanation Question 50 The infratrochlear nerve supplies which of the following areas? Your answer was not correct A Upper incisors B Labial portion of the gum C Bridge of the nose Correct Answer D Skin of the lower eyelid Your Answer Explanation The infratrochlear nerve passes forward on the medial wall of the orbit just below the trochlea, supplies the lacrimal sac and conjuctiva, and continues above the medial palpebral ligament to the skin of the upper eye lid and bridge of the nose Question 51 Cell bodies for the motor supply of the facial nerve lie in which of the following areas? Your answer was not correct A Hypothalamus B Midbrain Your Answer C Floor of third ventricle D Pons Correct Answer Explanation The motor part of the facial nerve arises from the facial nerve nucleus in the pons, while the sensory part of the facial nerve arises from the nervus intermedius which emerges between the pons and the inferior cerebellar peduncle, near the vestibulocochlear nerve Question 52 Which of the following muscles controls vocal cord abduction in the larynx? Your answer was not correct A Aryepiglottic B Posterior cricoarytenoid Correct Answer C Cricothyroid D Thyroarytenoid Your Answer Explanation The posterior cricoarytenoid muscle is the most important muscle of the larynx as it is the inly muscle that abducts the vocal folds and opens the glottis. Aryepiglottic- approximates the aryepiglottic folds and closes the laryngeal inlet Cricothyroid- its contraction makes the thyorid tilt slightly dowwards and forwards, thereby lengthening and tensing the vocal ligament Thyroarytenoid- shortens and relaxes the vocal ligament, altering the pitch of the voice Question 53 Which of the following cranial nerves are not mixed nerves (both sensory and motor) Your answer was correct A CN IX B CN X C CN V D CN XI Correct Answer Explanation CN: V, XII, IX, X are mixed nerves with both somatic motor and somatic sensory components. CN III, IV, VI, XI, XII and the motor root of CN V are considered to be pure motor nerves that appear to have evolved from primordial anterior roots A cute way to remeber it: "Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Says Big Bras Matter Most" S= Sensory M= Motor B=Both/Mixed motor and sensory. Question 54 The contents of the posterior triangle of the neck include which of the following? Your answer was correct A Occipital lymph nodes B Second part of the subclavian artery C Cervical plexus Correct Answer D Superior belly of omohyoid muscle Explanation The boundries of the lateral cervical region/posterior triangle are: sternocleidomastoid, trapezius and clavicle. The contents of the posterior triangle are: Muscles: splenius capitus, levator scapulae, middle scalene, posterior scalene. Arteries: lateal branches of the thyrocervical trunk, subclavian (3rd part), suprascapular artery, cervicodorsal trunk, superficial cervical artery, dorsal scapular artery. Veins: external jugular vein, subclavian vein, (cervicodorsal vein, suprascapular vein and anterior jugular vein filter into the EJV) Nerves: spinal accessory nerve, roots of the brachial plexus, suprascapular nerve, roots of the cervical plexus, superior and inferior root of the ansa cervicalis, cutaneous branches of the cervical plexuslesser occipital, great auricular, transverse cervical and supraclavicular nerves. It also contains the phrenic, accessory phrenic nerves and deep motor branches of the cervical plexus Lymph nodes: superficial and deep cervical lymph nodes The superior belly of the omohyoid muscle is found in the anterior cervical region Question 55 Which of the following opens into the inferior meatus of the nose? Your answer was not correct A Inferior alveolar nerve B Ethmoidal sinus Your Answer C Frontal sinus D Nasolacrimal duct Correct Answer Explanation The nasolacrimal duct, 2cm long, slopes downwards, backwards, and laterally in conformity with the pear shaped nasal cavity, to open high up in the anterior part of the inferior meatus, 2cm behind the nostril Question 56 Regarding veins in the skull, which of the following statements is correct? Your answer was correct A They do not follow the arterial pattern Correct Answer B The veins lie subdurally C The great cerebral vein drains into the cavernous sinus D They are thin walled and have valves Explanation Question 57 Which of the following is not a branch of the opthalmic nerve? Your answer was correct A infratrochlear nerve B infraorbital nerve Correct Answer C Supraorbital nerve D Supratrochlear nerve Explanation The following are the branches of the ophthalmic nerve. There are 5 cutaneous branches which are the lacrimal nerve, supraorbital nerve, supratrochlear nerve, infratrochlear nerve, and external nasal nerve. Question 58 The posterior triangle of the neck contains all of the following except? Your answer was correct A cervical lymph nodes B Accessory nerve C Cervical plexus D Superior belly of omohyoid Correct Answer Explanation The boundries of the lateral cervical region/posterior triangle are: sternocleidomastoid, trapezius and clavicle. The contents of the posterior triangle are: Muscles: splenius capitus, levator scapulae, middle scalene, posterior scalene. Arteries: lateal branches of the thyrocervical trunk, subclavian (3rd part), suprascapular artery, cervicodorsal trunk, superficial cervical artery, dorsal scapular artery. Veins: external jugular vein, subclavian vein, (cervicodorsal vein, suprascapular vein and anterior jugular vein filter into the EJV) Nerves: spinal accessory nerve, roots of the brachial plexus, suprascapular nerve, roots of the cervical plexus, superior and inferior root of the ansa cervicalis, cutaneous branches of the cervical plexus-lesser occipital, great auricular, transverse cervical and supraclavicular nerves. It also contains the phrenic, accessory phrenic nerves and deep motor branches of the cervical plexus Lymph nodes: superficial and deep cervical lymph nodes Question 59 Which of the following structures exits the skull through the stylomastoid foramen? Your answer was not correct A Occipital artery Your Answer B Facial nerve Correct Answer C Trigeminal nerve D Temporal artery Explanation The stylomastoid foramen is the termination of the facial canal and transmits the facial nerve and stylomastoid artery. Question 60 Which nerve is not contained within the carotid sheath? Your answer was correct A Cervical sympathetic trunk Correct Answer B Vagus nerve C Upper part of the hypoglossal nerve D Upper part of the accessory nerve Explanation The four major structures contained in the carotid sheath are: the common caoritd as well as the internal carotid internal jugular vein the vagus nerve (CN X) The deep cervical lymph nodes The carotid artery lies medial to the internal jugular vein, and the vagus nerve is situated posteriorly between the two vessels. In the upper part, the carotid sheath also contains the glossopharyngeal nerve (CNIX), the accessory nerve (CNXI, and the hypoglossal nerve (CNXII) which pierce the fascia of the carotid sheath. The ansa cervicalis is embedded in the anterior wall of sheath. It is formed by "descendens hypoglossi" (C1) and "descendens cervicalis" (C2-C3). Question 61 Which of the following is a branch of the anterior division of the mandibular nerve? Your answer was not correct A zygomaticotemporal Your Answer B infraorbital C infratrochlear D Lateral pterygoid Correct Answer Explanation Anterior divison branches include the deep temporal branches, masseteric branches, lateral pterygoid and buccal. Posterior division branches include the auriculotemporal, inferior alveolar and lingual chorda tympani Question 62 Which of the following bones makes up part of the roof of the orbit? Your answer was correct A Frontal Correct Answer B Maxillary C Ethmoid D Temporal Explanation The orbital surface of the frontal bone is the true roof Question 63 After a tonsillectomy, a patient complains of loss of taste from the posterior tongue. Which nerve has been damaged? Your answer was correct A Hypoglossal B Glossopharangeal Correct Answer C Lingual D Vagus Explanation The facial nerve is involved in the anterior taste of the tongue Question 64 Which of the following structures is not involved in vocal cord movement? Your answer was not correct A Posterior cricoarytenoid B Vocalis Your Answer C Thyroarytenoid D Aryepiglottics Correct Answer Explanation The aryepiglottics approximate the aryepiglottic folds and close the laryngeal inlet. Although the aryepiglottic muscle is formed by same fibres form the oblique arytenoids-continuing form the arytenoid apex into the aryepiglottic fold, reaching the the edge of the epiglottis. They do not cause any action on the vocal cords. They act more like sphincters and closs the laryngeal inlet in the presence of liquids or particles All other options below including transverse and oblique arytenoids, lateral cricoarytenois and cricothyroid muscles either stretch, relax, tense, abduct, adduct vocal ligaments and folds Question 65 Regarding the gag reflex, which of the following statements is correct? Your answer was correct A Vagus nerve for efferent and afferent B Glossopharyngeal nerve for afferent, vagus nerve for efferent Correct Answer C Hypoglossal nerve for afferent, vagus nerve for efferent D Maxillary nerve for afferent, vagus nerve for efferent Explanation The gag refles occurs when the palate, tonsil and posterior pharyngeal wall are touched by an unfamiliar object, as when testing with a swab. The passage of food over the same area does not cause the reflex, due to conditional familiarity. The afferent side of the reflex is via the glossopharyngeal nerve to the nucleus of the tractus solitarius, and the efferent side is via the vagus. Question 66 Regarding the internal jugular vein, which of the following statements is correct? Your answer was correct A It runs from the angle of the jaw to the proximal end of the clavicle B It runs deep to the two heads of sternocleidomastoid Correct Answer C It lies medial to the carotid artery D It runs in close proximity to the thoracic duct Explanation the internal jugular vein runs from the ear lobe to sternal angle of the clavicle. It lies lateral to the carotid artery and the duct crosses behind it on the left. Question 67 Which structure does not travel through the jugular foramen? Your answer was not correct A Hypoglossal nerve Correct Answer B Accessory nerve Your Answer C Glossopharyngeal nerve D Vagus nerve Explanation The hypoglossal nerve passes through the hypoglossal canal. Question 68 What structure passes through the foramen spinosum? Your answer was not correct A Facial nerve B Internal carotid artery C Mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve Your Answer D Middle meningeal artery Correct Answer Explanation The mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve passes through the foramen ovale and the facial nerve passes through the internal acoustic maetus. Regarding the foracem lacerum, some sources say that the internal carotid artery emerges through a part of the foramen lacerum that is not occluded by cartilage. However, for the ACEM exams: the internal carotid artery and its accompanying sympathetic and venous plexuses actually pass horizontally acorss (rather than vertically through) the area of the foracem lacerum, an artifact of dry crania, which is closed by cartilage in life. Question 69 Which muscle controls vocal cord abduction in the larynx? Your answer was correct A Lateral cricoarytenoid B Transverse arytenoid C Posterior cricoarytenoid Correct Answer D Aryepiglottic Explanation The posterior cricoarytenoid muscle is the most important muscle of the larynx as it is the only muscle that abducts the vocal folds and opens the glottis Question 70 Cerebrospinal fluid communicates with the subarachnoid space via which of the following? Your answer was correct A 4th ventricle Correct Answer B 3rd ventricle C Choroid plexus D Tela Choroidia Explanation It communicates via the foramina of the lateral rescesses of the 4th ventricle in an area termed the cerebello-medullary cistern. Question 71 Which of the following statements is correct in relation to the midbrain? Your answer was not correct A It is largely in the middle cranial fossa B It is supplied by the anterior and inferior cerebellar arteries Your Answer C It lies between the pons and the upper spinal cord D It contains the occulomotor nuclei Correct Answer Explanation Most of the midbrain lies in the posterior cranial fossa, with its upper part passing through the tentorial notch. The midbrain is supplied by the posterior cerebral and superior cerebellar arteries as they curl around the cerebral peduncle. The medulla oblongata lies between the pons and the spinal cord. The internal structure of the midbrain contains the occulomotor nucleus Question 72 The motor nuclei of the facial nerve are found in which of the following areas? Your answer was correct A pons Correct Answer B midbrain C medulla oblongata D cerebellum Explanation The motor part of the facial nerve arises form the facial nerve nucleus in the pons, which the sensory part arises from the nervus intermedius which emerges between the pons and the inferior cerebellar peduncle, near the vestibulo-cochlear nerve Question 73 Regarding the blood supply of the cerebral cortex, which of the following statements is true? Your answer was not correct A The territory of the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) controls the contralateral leg, micturition and defacation Correct Answer B The territory of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) controls the ipsilateral arm, face and vision C The territory of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) controls ipsilateral vision Your Answer D The territory of the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) controls the contralateral leg, auditory and speech Explanation The MCA area of cortical distribution is the motor and sensory area for the opposite half of the body, excluding perineum, leg and foot, along with the speach and auditory area. The PCA controls the visual area for the field of vision on the opposite side. Question 74 Regarding the ocular muscles, which of the following statements is correct? Your answer was not correct A Abducens paralysis makes eye turn down and out B Superior rectus makes eye turn up and out Your Answer C In trochlear paralysis, the eye cannot look downwards when turned out D Combined action of superior rectus and inferior oblique causes vertical upward movement Correct Answer Explanation In paralysis of the abducens nerve, abduction of the eyeball is lost. Superior rectus adducts, elevates and medially rotates the eyeball. Trochlear paralysis leads to inability to abduct, depress and medially rotate the eyeball Question 75 Regarding the speech centres, which of the following statements is correct? Your answer was correct A Damage to Wernicke's area produces expressive dysphasia B Broca's area is on the left side in most left handed people C W ernicke's area controls motor response D Damage to Broca's area produces motor aphasia Correct Answer Explanation Broca's area is 30-40% on the left side in left handed people. Wernicke's area produces receptive aphasia when damaged. Question 76 Regarding the circle of Willis which of the following statements is correct? Your answer was correct A The posterior cerebral artery (PCA) is a branch of the internal carotid B The anterior cerebral artery (ACA) is the largest branch of the internal carotid artery (ICA) C The middle cerebral artery (MCA) supplies the motor but not sensory cortex D The internal carotid artery (ICA) gives off the ophthalmic artery Correct Answer Explanation Posterior cerebral artery (PCA) is a branch of the basilar artery, the middle cerebral artery (MCA) is the largest branch which supplies both the sensory and motor cortex Question 77 The posterior columns transmit which of the following structures? Your answer was not correct A Pain afferents B Tendon stretch afferents Correct Answer C Motor tracts Your Answer D Temperature afferents Explanation Temperature and pain afferents are transmitted by the spino-thalamic tracts Question 78 Which of the following structures are not involved in the control of posture and movement? Your answer was correct A Tractus solitarius Correct Answer B Lateral reticulo-spinal tract C Vestibulo-spinal tract D Spino-cerebellar tracts Explanation The spinocerebellar tracts convey unconscious proprioceptive information from cord to cerebellum. The reticulo- and vestibulo-spinal tracts synapse with interneurons which in turn project to motor neurons. The vestibulo-spinal tract is of great importance for posture and balance. The reticulo-spinal tract Integrates information from the motor systems to coordinate automatic movements of locomotion and posture The solitary tract and nucleus are structures in the brainstem which carry and receive visceral sensation and taste from the facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves Question 79 Regarding the medulla oblongata, which of the following statements is correct? Your answer was not correct A It is the part of the brainstem between the pons and spinal cord Correct Answer B Is largely within the middle cranial fossa C Is supplied by anterior inferior cerebellar artery D Cranial nerves 8-12 arise from it Your Answer Explanation It is in the posterior cranial fossa. It is supplied by the vertebral and basilar arteries and the posterior inferior cerebellar artery. Cranial nerves 9-12 arise from it Question 80 The dorsal column pathways synapse in which of the following? Your answer was not correct A Thalamus B Gracile and cuneate nuclei Correct Answer C Cerebellum D Pons Your Answer Explanation The dorsal column (posterior white column) is wholly occupied by ascending fibers of the gracile and cuneate tracts. The two tracts end in the lower part of the medulla by synapsing with the cells of the gracile and cuneate nuclei. They are concerned with light (discriminative) touch, vibration sense, proprioception and the sense of fullness of the bladder and rectum Question 81 In relation to the circle of Willis, which of the following statements is correct? Your answer was correct A Congenital aneurysms are more commonly found on the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) B The anterior cerebral artery (ACA), the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) and middle cerebral artery (MCA) are all branches of the internal carotid artery (ICA) C Most emboli lodge in the basilar part of the circle of Willis D The middle cerebral artery (MCA) supplies the lateral surface of the brain and the temporal lobe Correct Answer Explanation Congenital aneurysms are more commonly found on the anterior cerebraland anterior communicating artery. The posterior cerebral artery (PCA) is a branch of the basilar artery. Most emboli lodge in the carotid part of the circle of Willis, especially in the territory of the middle cerebral artery (MCA). Question 82 Which of the following statements is correct regarding the cerebral circulation? Your answer was correct A The largest branch is the anterior cerebral artery B The anterior cerebral artery is most likely to embolise C The posterior communication artery joins the internal carotid artery and posterior cerebral artery Correct Answer D The basilar artery is branch of the internal carotid Explanation The middle cerebral artery is the largest vessel. Only the middle and anterior cerebral arteries branch off the internal carotid artery (ICA), the basilar artery is a branch of the vertebral artery. Near their termination, the internal coartids are joined to the posterior cerebral arteries by the posterior cimmunicating arteries. Question 83 Which ligament of the knee forms part of the capsule? Your answer was correct A Medial collateral Correct Answer B Anterior cruciate C Posterior cruciate D Popliteus tendon Explanation The medial collateral ligament of the knee (also called the tibial collateral ligament), has its posterior apex of the triangular ligament blended with the capsule of the knee and attaches to the medial meniscus. Question 84 In relation to Hiltons law, which nerve does not supply the hip joint? Your answer was correct A Inferior gluteal Correct Answer B Nerve to rectus femoris C Femoral D Obturator Explanation Hilton’s law; a nerve that innervates a joint also tends to innervate the muscles that move the joint and the skin that covers the distal attachments of those muscles Nerves supplying the hip joint are the femoral nerve, obturator nerve, nerve to quadratus femoris and the sciatic nerve Question 85 Which dermatome usually supplies the great toe? Your answer was not correct A L4 B L3 C S1 Your Answer D L5 Correct Answer Explanation L3= anterior and medial thigh and knee L4= medial leg, medial ankle and side of foot L5= lateral leg, dorsum of foot, medial sole, 1-3 toes S1= lateral ankle, lateral side of dorsum and sole of foot, 4-5 toes Question 86 With regard to cutaneous innervation of the lower limb, which of the following statements is correct? Your answer was correct A The medial plantar nerve supplies a greater area than the lateral Correct Answer B The deep peroneal nerve supplies the 3rd digital cleft C The sural nerve supplies the medial malleolus D The superficial peroneal nerve supplies the 1st interdigital cleft Explanation The sural nerve supplies the extensors on the lateral side of the foot and little toe. The deep proneal nerve supplies the first inter-digital cleft. The superficial peroneal nerve supplies the third inter-digital cleft Question 87 Under the extensor retinaculum, which is the most lateral structure? Your answer was correct A The sural nerve B The dorsalis pedis artery C Extensor halucis longus D Peroneus tertius Correct Answer Explanation Deep to the superior extensor retinaculum lie the tendons of tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorium longus and peroneus tertius, in that order from medial to lateral, in front of the lower end of the tibia. The anterior tibial and deep peroneal nerve are also deep to the retinaculum, lying between extensor hallucis longus and extensor digitorium longus, with the vessels medial to the nerve A good mnemonic to remember the structures behind the superior extensor retinaculum (from medial to lateral) is: "Timothy Has A Very Nasty Disease, Paratyphoid." - T = Tibialis anterior - H = extensor Hallucis longus - A = Artery - V = Vein - N = Nerve - D = extensor Digitorum longus - PT = Peroneus longus Question 88 Regarding tibialis anterior, which of the following statements is correct? Your answer was correct A It platarflexes and everts the foot B It arises from the upper two thirds of the fibula C It inserts into the medial cuneiform and the adjacent first metatarsal bone Correct Answer D It shares its site of insertion with peroneus tertius Explanation Tibialis anterior dorsiflexes, everts and inverts the foot. It arises from the upper 2/3 of the tibia. It does not share its site of origin with peroneus tertius Question 89 In relation to the popliteal fossa, which of the following is correct? Your answer was not correct A The infero-medial border is soleus muscle B The popliteal vein lies between the popliteal artery and tibial nerve Correct Answer C The roof is formed by biceps femoris Your Answer D The sural nerve branches from the common peroneal nerve Explanation The infero-medial border is formed by gastrocnemius. The roof is formed by fascia lata, and the sural nerve is a branch of the tibial nerve Question 90 In relation to the hip joint, which of the following statements is correct? Your answer was not correct A It is limited in full extension by the pubofemoral ligament B The nerve supply is via the obturator and sciatic nerves only C It has the ischiofemoral as its strongest ligament Your Answer D It derives stability largely from its articular surfaces Correct Answer Explanation The hip joint is limited in full extension by the iliofemoral ligament. It is supplied by the femoral nerve as well as the obturator and sciatic nerves. The ischiofemoral is the weakest ligament Question 91 Which of the following statements is correct in relation to gluteus maximus? Your answer was not correct A It is the deepest of the gluteal muscles B It is supplied by L5, S1 and S2 Correct Answer C It medially rotates and extends the hip D It forms the skin crease of the gluteal fold Your Answer Explanation It is the most superficial of the gluteal muscles. It laterally rotates and extends the hip. It does not form the crease of the gluteal fold. Question 92 Regarding the femoral artery, which of the following statements is correct? Your answer was correct A It is separated from the hip joint capsule by fat only B It enters the adductor canal by piercing sartorius C It is found at the mid-inguinal point Correct Answer D It gives off the medial femoral cutaneous as its major branch Explanation The femoral artery is separated from the hip joint by psoas major. It enters the femoral triangle deep to sartorius. The profunda branch is its major offshoot Question 93 Which of the following muscles of the lower leg can initiate dorsiflexion and inversion of the foot? Your answer was not correct A Tibialis posterior B Tibialis anterior Correct Answer C Peroneus tertius D Peroneus longus Your Answer Explanation Tibialis posterior causes inversion, peroneus tertius causes eversion and dorsiflexion, and peroneus longus gives rise to eversion. Question 94 According to Hilton's law, which nerve does not supply the hip joint? Your answer was not correct A Sciatic Correct Answer B Gluteal Your Answer C Femoral D Obturator Explanation Hilton’s law states that a nerve which innervates a joint also tends to innervate the muscles that move the joint and the skin covering the distal attachments of those muscles In CM: the hip joint is innervated by the femoral nerve (flexors + anterior aspect of hip joint), obturator nerve (lateral rotators + inferior aspect of hip joint), the nerve to quadratus femoris (posterior aspect of hip joint) and superior gluteal (adductors + superior aspect of the hip joint). There is no mention of the sciatic nerve Note: The answer from Last's anatomy is different :The nerves supplying the hip joint are the femoral nerve, obturator nerve, nerve to quadratus femoris and twigs of the sciatic nerve Question 95 In relation to popliteus, which of the following statements is correct? Your answer was not correct A It arises from the tibia above the condyles B It has attachments to the lateral meniscus Correct Answer C It acts to lock the knee in full extension Your Answer D It is innervated by a branch of the common peroneal nerve Explanation Popliteus arises above the soleal line below the tubercules. It slopes upwards and laterally and it acts to unlock the knee in full extension. It is innervated by the tibial nerve. Question 96 In the lateral compartment of the leg, which of the following statements is correct? Your answer was not correct A The muscles are supplied by the deep peroneal nerve Your Answer B The peroneus longus arises only from the fibula C The blood supply is the anterior tibial artery D The peroneal muscle tendons share the same tendon sheath at the lateral malleolus Correct Answer Explanation The muscles are supplied by the superficial peroneal nerve. Peroneus longus arises from the fibula and the intermuscular septum. There is no official blood supply to the lateral compartment of the leg. Question 97 All of the following structures pass deep to the superior extensor retinaculum with the exception of? Your answer was correct A Deep peroneal nerve B Superficial peroneal nerve Correct Answer C Peroneus tertius D Extensor digitorum longus Explanation Deep to the superior extensor retinaculum lie the tendons of tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorium longus and peroneus tertius, in that order from medial to lateral, in front of the lower end of the tibia. The anterior tibial and deep peroneal nerve are also deep to the retinaculum, lying between extensor hallucis longus and extensor digitorium longus, with the vessels medial to the nerve. Question 98 Which of the following is not a branch of the common peroneal nerve? Your answer was not correct A Superior genicular Your Answer B Lateral cutaneous nerve of the calf C Recurrent genicular D Medial sural cutaneous nerve Correct Answer Explanation the common peroneal nerve gives off the following branches The sural communicating nerve, lateral cutaneous nerve of the calf, superior and inferior genicular nerves and the recurrent genicular nerve. The common peroneal nerve ends by dividing, in the substance of peroneus longus, into the deep and superficial peroneal nerves The medial sural cutaneous nerve is a branch of the tibial nervewhich joins the sural communicating branch of the common fibular (peroneal nerve) Question 99 All the following ligaments in the knee joint are extra-capsular except? Your answer was not correct A Patellar retinaculum Your Answer B Oblique popliteal ligament C Transverse ligament Correct Answer D Tibial collateral ligament Explanation Patella Ligament: From inferior border of patella to tibial tuberosity; is the continuation of quadriceps tendon. Tibial collateral ligament: Broad flat band attached on medial epicondyle of femur (below adductor tubercle) - runs downward and forward to the medial condyle of the tibia - is crossed by the tendons of sartorius, gracilis and semitendinosus - attaches to meniscus. Fibular collateral ligament: Round cord from lateral epicondyle of femur (above groove of popliteus), runs downward and backward to head of fibula - is primarily covered by the tendon of biceps femoris Obliques popliteal ligament: Extension of semimembranosus - attached above the lateral condyle of femur - forms the floor of popliteal fossa and is in contact with popliteal artery. Arcuate popliteal ligament: Y-shaped - from the posterior border of the intercondylar area of tibia and the lateral epicondyle of femur to the area below the head of fibula. Transverse ligament - is an intra-capsular ligament. Slender fibrous band that joins anterior edges of menisci, crossing the anterior intercondylar area and tethering the menisci to each other during knee movement. Question 100 With respect to the great saphenous vein, which of the following is true? Your answer was not correct A It is a continuation of the lateral marginal vein of the foot B It runs between the two heads of gastrocnemius C It pierces the cribriform fascia covering the saphenous opening Correct Answer D It does not communicate directly with the superficial vein varicosities Your Answer??? Explanation The great saphenous vein is a continuation of the medial marginal vein of the foot. It does not run between the 2 heads of gastrocnemius, nor does it communicate directly with the superficial vein varicosities. Question 101 The skin over the femoral triangle is supplied by which of the following nerves? Your answer was not correct A Ilio-inguinal Your Answer B Obturator C Medial femoral cutaneous D Genito-femoral Correct Answer Explanation Question 102 In relation to the plantar aponeurosis, which of the following statements is correct? Your answer was not correct A Covers the abductors of the big and little toe B Is inserted onto all 5 metatarsals Your Answer C Arises from the talus D Covers half the length of the sole Correct Answer Question 104 Regarding the medial side of the ankle, which of the following statements is correct? Your answer was not correct A The posterior tibial artery runs anterior to the malleolus B The deltoid ligament is continuous with the spring ligament Correct Answer C The great saphenous vein runs posterior to the malleolus D The anterior talo-fibular ligament strengthens the joint Your Answer Explanation The great saphenous runs anterior to the malleolus. The posterior tibial artery runs posterior to the malleolus and the anterior talo-fibular ligament strengths the lateral side only Explanation The plantar aponeurosis (PA) is inserted into the 1st and 5th metatarsals, it does attach to the skin. It arises from the calcaneous. The abductors of the big and little toes are covered by a deep fascia that is much thinner than the central aponeurosis Question 103 All of the following make up the medial arch except? Your answer was correct A Calcaneus B Talus C Navicular D Cuboid Correct Answer Explanation The bones of the medial longtitudinal arch of the foot are calcaneus, talus, navicular, the three cuneiform bones and their three metatarsals. The pillars of the arch are the tuberosity of the calcaneus posteriorly and the heads of the three metatarsals anteriorly Question 105 Which of the following structures is not in the 3rd layer of the sole? Your answer was correct A Flexor hallucis brevis B Adductor hallucis C Flexor digiti minimi brevis D Peroneus longus Correct Answer Explanation Peroneus longus is in the 4th layer Question 106 Which of the following statements concerning the femoral triangle is false? Your answer was not correct A It contains superficial inguinal lymph nodes and associated lymphatic vessels Correct Answer B Adductor longus is a medial boundary C Femoral vein receives the great saphenous and the deep femoral vein Your Answer D The lateral border is the medial border of sartorius Explanation The following structures are contained within the femoral triangle (from lateral to medial): Terminal part of the femoral nerve and its branches Femoral sheath Femoral artery and its branches Femoral veins and its tributaries Femoral canal, containing the deep inguinal lymph nodes and associated lymphatic vessels It is bounded by: (superiorly) the inguinal ligament (medially) the medial border of the adductor longus muscle (laterally) medial border of the Sartorius muscle Its floor is provided laterally by iliopsoas, medially by pectineus and adductor longus The roof is formed by the fascia lata The femoral triangle is shaped like the sail of a ship. Its boundaries can be remembered using the mnemonic "SAIL" for Sartorius, Adductor longus and Inguinal Ligament. Question 107 Which of the following passes through the lesser sciatic foramen? Your answer was not correct A Inferior gluteal artery Your Answer B Superior gluteal artery C Internal pudendal artery Correct Answer D Piriformis Explanation It transmits the following structures: The tendon of obturator internus Internal pudendal artery Internal pudendal veins Pudendal nerve Nerve to obturator internus Question 108 All of the following are branches of the femoral artery except? Your answer was not correct A Superficial epigastric Your Answer B Deep circumflex iliac Correct Answer C Superficial circumflex iliac D Profunda femoris Explanation The following are the branches of the femoral artery Superficial epigastric, Superficial circumflex iliac Superficial external pudendal Deep external pudendal Profunda femoris Superior genicular Muscular Question 109 All of the following drain into the great saphenous vein except? Your answer was not correct A Superficial epigastric B Superficial circumflex iliac Your Answer C Deep external pudendal D Deep circumflex iliac Correct Answer Explanation A number of tributaries may be expected to join the great saphenous vein in the region of the saphenous opening. There are usually four veins that correspond to the four cuntaneous branches of the femoral artery- superficial circumflex iliac, superficial epigastric, superficial and deep external pudendal. In addition there may be a deep vein that pierces the fascia lata over adductor longus Question 110 Regarding the adductor canal, which of the following statements is correct? Your answer was correct A Adductor longus forms the roof B The nerve to vastus lateralis passes through it C The vein is medial to the artery throughout D The femoral artery lies between the saphenous nerve and femoral vein Correct Answer Explanation The vastus medialis passes through the adductor canal The femoral vein is posterolateral to the artery in the distal part of the canal. Adductor longus forms the floor. Question 111 All of the following make up the medial arch of the foot except? Your answer was correct A The first three metatarsals B Calcaneous C Navicular D Cuboid Correct Answer Explanation The bones of the medial longtitudinal arch of the foot are calcaneus, talus, navicular, the three cuneiform bones and their three metatarsals. The pillars of the arch are the tuberosity of the calcaneus posteriorly and the heads of the three metatarsals anteriorly. Question 112 Regarding the menisci of the knee, which of the following statements is correct? Your answer was not correct A The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) extends anteromedially and is attached to the anterolateral aspect of the medial femoral condyle Correct Answer B The medial meniscus is vascular C A fold of synovium lies posterior to anterior cruciate Your Answer D The anterior horn of medial meniscus is attached to medial tibial condyle Explanation The medial meniscus is avascular. The fold of synovium does not lie posterior to the anterior cruciate and the anterior horn of the medial meniscus is attached to the anterior intercondylar area of the tibia. Which muscle inserts into both the tibia and fibula? Your answer was not correct A Tibialis anterior B Extensor digitorum longus Correct Answer C Flexor digitorum longus D Peroneus Your Answer Explanation Question 114 The deep peroneal nerve travels through the lower leg with which artery? Your answer was not correct A Anterior tibial Correct Answer B Posterior tibial C Common peroneal Your Answer D Deep peroneal Explanation The deep peroneal nerve reaches the anterior tibial artery from the lateral side, runs in front of it in the crowded space of the middle of the leg and returns to its lateral side below. The anterior tibial artery is accompanied by 2 anterior tibial veins running on either side. Question 115 Which of the following does not insert into the greater trochanter? Your answer was not correct A Gluteus maximus Correct Answer B Piriformis C Superior gemellus Your Answer D Obturator externus Explanation Obturator externus inserts on the medial surface of the greater trochanter into a deep pit, the trochanteric fossa. The deep half of the lower portion of gluteus maximus is inserted into the gluteal tuberosity of the femur.The remaining three-quarters of the muscle is inserted into the upper end of the iliotibial tract. Question 116 Which is true as regards the layers of the foot? Your answer was not correct A The plantar aponeurosis can be regarded as the 5th layer B The 2nd layer comprises the long tendons and the lumbricals Correct Answer C The third layer comprises the flexor digitorum brevis D The fourth layer contains the tendons of tibialis posterior and peroneus brevis Your Answer Explanation The plantar aponeurosis is regarded as part of the 4th layer. Flexor digitorum brevis is in the 1st layer. The 4th layer does not contain peroneus brevis Question 117 Which of the following bones is not part of the medial arch of the foot? Your answer was correct A Cuneiform B Cuboid Correct Answer C Calcaneus D Navicular Explanation The bones of the medial longtitudinal arch of the foot are calcaneus, talus, navicular, the three cuneiform bones and their three metatarsals. The pillars of the arch are the tuberosity of the calcaneus posteriorly and the heads of the three metatarsals anteriorly. Question 118 Which of the following muscles causes inversion of the foot? Your answer was not correct A Extensor halliucis brevis B Peroneus brevis Your Answer C Tibialis posterior Correct Answer D Peroneus tertius Explanation Tibialis posterior acts to invert and adduct the forefoot. Because it passes behind the medial malleolus to plantarflex the ankle joint, it also contributes to maintaining the medial longitudinal arch of the foot Question 119 Which muscle takes origin from the tibia and the fibula? Your answer was correct A Peroneus longus B Tibialis posterior Correct Answer C Flexor hallucis longus D Flexor digitorium longus Explanation Tibialis posterior arises form the interosseus membrane and the adjoining surface of both bones of the leg below the origin of soleus Question 120 In relation to the lateral compartment of the leg, which of the following statements is correct? Your answer was not correct A Contains peroneus longus, brevis and tertius Your Answer B Contains the deep peroneal nerve and the superficial peroneal nerve C Peroneus longus lies in the groove of the posterior ridge of the cuboid bone D Peroneus brevis passes above the peroneal trochlea to be inserted into the tubercle at the base of the 5th metatarsal Correct Answer Explanation It does not contain tertius nor the deep peroneal nerve. Peroneus longus lies along and not in the posterior ridge of the groove of the cuboid bone NOte: Peroneus=Fibularis Question 121 Regarding the ankle joint, which of the following statements is correct? Your answer was correct A The capsule attaches to the articular margins of the tibia, fibula and anterior talus B It has a fixed axis of rotation C The deep part of the deltoid ligament is triangular in shape D The lateral ligament attaches to talus and calcaneus Correct Answer Explanation The capsule is attached to the articular margins of all three bones excpet the anterior part of the talus (Last anatomy), and the joint does not have a fixed axis of rotation. The superficial part of the deltoid ligament is triangular. Question 122 Regarding the ligaments of the knee, which of the following statements is correct? Your answer was correct A Lateral collateral ligament makes a significant contribution to the capsule B The posterior cruciate ligament is attached to the medial condyle of the femur Correct Answer C The posterior cruciate is longer and stronger than the anterior cruciate ligament D The posterior cruciate stops the tibia slipping forward on the femur Explanation The posterior cruciate is stronger but shorter than the anterior cruciate ligament. Posterior cruciate stops the femur slipping on the tibia. The lateral collateral does not attach to the capsule of the knee joint. Question 123 With regard to the femoral nerve, which of the following statements is correct? Your answer was correct A Deep and superficial branches of the nerve are separated by the lateral femoral circumflex artery Correct Answer B It enters the thigh by passing deep to the inguinal ligament lateral to the artery in the femoral sheath. C It runs in the adductor canal D The nerve originates from anterior divisions of the anterior rami of the lumbar nerves Explanation The saphenous nerve and the nerve to vastus medialis run in the adductor canal. The origin of the nerve is the posterior division of the anterior rami of the lumbar nerves 2,3,4. It enters the thigh deep to the inguinal ligament, lateral to the artery but outside the femoral sheath. The lateral circumflex femoral artery passes between the branches of the femoral artery Question 124 Regarding the medial longitudinal arch of the foot, which of the following is false? Your answer was not correct A The pillars of the arch are the tuberosity of the calcaneus posteriorly and the bodies of the three metatarsal bones anteriorly Correct Answer B The most important ligament is the plantar aponeurosis C The most important muscular supporting structure is the tendon of flexor hallucis longus D Bones contribute little to arch stability Your Answer Explanation The pillars of the medial longitudinal arch are the tuberosity of the calcaneus posteriorly and the HEADS of the three metatarsal bones anteriorly. Bony factors do not play a significant role in maintaining the stability of the arch. Ligaments are important but unable to maintain the arch entirely on their own. Muscles are indispensable to the arch maintenance Note: in Last anatomy- Bony factors do not play a significant role in maintaining the stability of the arch. in CM it states: the shape of the united bones are passive factors involved in the forming and maintaining of the arches (especially the transverse arch) Question 125 Regarding the foot interossei, which of the following statements is true? Your answer was correct A The plantar interossei have 2 heads B The long axis of the foot lies along the 3rd metatarsal C W hen acting together flex metarso-phalangeal joint (MTP) Correct Answer D Supplied by medial plantar nerve Explanation The plantar interossei have 3 heads, are supplied by the lateral plantar nerve and the long axis lies along the second metatarsal Question 126 Which of the following muscles causes dorsiflexion and inversion of the ankle and foot? Your answer was correct A Tibialis anterior Correct Answer B Tibialis posterior C Extensor hallucis longus D Peroneus tertius Explanation Tibialis anterior causes dorsiflexion of the ankle joint and inversion of the foot. It also helps to maintain the medial longitudinal arch. Question 127 Which of the following movements occurs at the subtalar joint? Your answer was not correct A Dorsiflexion B Eversion Correct Answer C Equinovarus Your Answer D Plantarflexion Explanation The subtalar joint is also known as the talocalcaneal joint. It allows inversion and eversion of the foot but plays no role in dorsiflexion and plantar flexion of the foot. Question 128 Which of the following is incorrect regarding the lateral intermuscular septum? Your answer was correct A It extends along the lateral suprachondylar ridge B Medial head of triceps arises from it C It has brachioradialis as an anterior relation D It is pierced by the median nerve Correct Answer Explanation It is pierced by the radial nerve. Question 129 Regarding lymphatic drainage of the upper limb, which of the following statements is correct? Your answer was not correct A Lymphatics of the hand drain into cubital lymph nodes nodes Your Answer B Superficial lymphatic drainage passes from the palm to the dorsum of the hand Correct Answer C Superficial lymphatics follow arteries D Deep lymphatics follow the veins Explanation The superficial lymphatics follow the veins and the deep lymphatics follow the arteries. Most of the drainage from the palm passes to the dorsum of the hand. Most superficial lymphatics accompanying the cephalic vein to enter the apical axillary lymph nodes. Question 130 Regarding the brachial plexus, which of the following statements is correct? Your answer was not correct A Serratus anterior is supplied by C6/7/8 B All branches originate from roots, divisions or cords Your Answer C Suprascapular nerve comes off the posterior cord D Dorsal scapular nerve comes off C5 Correct Answer Explanation Serratus anterior is supplied by the long thoracic nerve. The nerve to subclavius comes off the superior trunk. The suprascapular nerve comes off the anterior division of the superior trunk Question 131 Regarding the acromio-clavicular joint, which of the following statements is false? Your answer was correct A It is a complex joint with an incomplete wedge shaped articular disc B The coraco-clavicular ligament is not a joint stabilising factor Correct Answer C All movements are passive D Is innervated by the lateral pectoral nerve, axillary nerve and lateral suprascapular nerve Explanation The AC joint is an atypical synovial joint. The articular surfaces are covered by fibrocartilage and seperated by an incomplete wedge shaped articular disc. The coracoclavicular ligament (made up by the conoid and trapezoid ligament) is extremely strong and the principal factor in providing stability to the joint. Movements are passive; muscles which move the scapula cause it to move on the scapula. No muscles connect the articulating bones to move the AC joint. Nerve supply: see belowNOTE: THIS QUESTION POSES SOME CONFUSION. IN LAST'S ANATOMY BOOK (A PREVIOUS RECOMMENDED TEXT), THE NERVE SUPPLY OF THE AC JOINT IS THE SUPRACLAVICULAR NERVE. IN MOORE'S ANATOMY (THE NEW TEXT), THE NERVE SUPPLY OF THE AC JOINT IS THE LATERAL PECTORAL AND AXILLARY NERVE AND THE LATERAL SUPRACLAVICULAR NERVE (ACCORDING TO HILTON'S LAW) Arterial supply: suprascapular and thoracoacromial arteries Question 132 Which of the following statements is correct in relation to the radial artery? Your answer was not correct A Forms both the anterior and posterior carpal arches with the ulnar artery Correct Answer B In its middle third, the radial nerve lies medial to it Your Answer C Lies on brachioradialis in the upper arm D Passes between the tendons of extensor pollicis brevis (EPB) and abductor pollicis longus (APL) Explanation The radial nerve (the superficial branch of the radial nerve) lies lateral to the radial artery. It lies deep to brachioradialis. It passes deep to both tendons which form the palmer border of the anatomical snuff box. Question 133 Which of the following regarding the anatomical sunffbox is correct? Your answer was not correct A Has trapezoid palpable in the floor of the snuff box B Has extensor pollicis longus on its ulnar side and the abductor pollicis longus (APL) and extensor pollicis brevis (EPB) on the radial side Correct Answer C Contains the posterior interosseus artery D Is most obvious with the thumb abducted and extended Your Answer Explanation The trapezium and scaphoid can be felt in the floor of the snuff box between the radial styloid process and the first metacarpal. It contains the radial artery, cephalic vein and cutaneous branches of the radial nerve. It is most obvious with the thumb fully extended; this draws the tendons up and produces a triangular hollow between them. It is the abductor pollicis longus and the extensor policis brevis that form one boundary on the radial or thumb side, and the extensor pollices longus forms the other boundry on the ulnar side Question 134 Which of the following bones is attached to both flexor and extensor retinaculum? Your answer was not correct A Scaphoid B Hamate Your Answer C Pisiform Correct Answer D Triquetral Explanation Question 135 The flexor retinaculum attaches to all bones except which of the following? Your answer was not correct A Capitate Correct Answer B Trapezium C Hamate D Pisiform Your Answer Explanation Question 136 Regarding the ulnar artery, which of the following is correct? Your answer was not correct A The ulnar nerve lies lateral to it Your Answer B Froms the deep palmar arch C Has the common interosseus as its major branch Correct Answer D It disappears from the cubital fossa by passing above the fibrous arch of flexor digitorium superficialis Explanation The ulnar nerve lies on the medial/ulnar side of the ulnar artery. it supplies the superficial arch, It disappears from the cubital fossa by passing beneath the fibrous arch of flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS). CM and Last both say that the superficial palmer arch is formed by the direct continuation of the ulnar artery. The deep palmer arch is formed by the deep branch of the ulnar artery. (not a direct continuation) Question 137 Which of the following statements is true in relation to the axillary artery? Your answer was not correct A Arises from the vertebral artery B Has no branches in it's 3rd part Your Answer C Is clasped in its 3rd part by the cords of the brachial plexus D Supplies the pectoral muscles via the superior thoracic artery Correct Answer Explanation It arises form the subclavian artery. It has 3 branches at its third part. It is clasped by the brachial plexus at the second part of the artery Question 138 Which is not a branch of the axillary artery? Your answer was not correct A Thoraco-acromial, 2nd part Your Answer B superior thoracic, 1st part C posterior circumflex humeral, 3rd part D Circumflex scapula, 3rd part Correct Answer Explanation Circumflex scapula is a branch of the subscapular artery Question 139 Which of the following is correct in relation to flexor digitorum profundus? Your answer was not correct A Assists pronator quadratus (PQ) in pronation Your Answer B Is supplied, 10% of the time, purely by the median nerve C Is the strongest muscle of the forearm Correct Answer D Has its action enhanced by wrist flexion Explanation It does not assist PQ in pronation. It is supplied in 60% primarily on its lateral portion by the anterior interosseus branch of the median nerve. The medial portion is supplied by the ulnar nerve. It is the strongest and bulkiest muscle of the forearm. Its action is enhanced by wrist extension Question 140 Regarding pectoralis major, which of the following statements is correct? Your answer was not correct A Is quadrilateral in shape B Inserts to the medial lip of bicipital groove C Is supplied by all 5 segments of the brachial plexus Correct Answer D Has a head arising from the posterior surface of the clavicle Your Answer Explanation It is triangular in shape. It inserts into the lateral lip of the bicipital sulcus. The clavicular head arises from the medial surface portion of the anterior surface of the clavicle Question 141 Which statement regarding the interossei of the hand is correct? Your answer was correct A Combined palmar and dorsal interossei cause abduction B Arise from the flexor retinaculum C Palmar interossei cause abduction D Innervated by a deep branch of ulnar nerve Correct Answer Explanation Palmar interossei adduct. They are inserted into the proximal phalanges and the extensor expansion. When they both contract they cancel out each other's action. Question 142 Which statement regarding forearm muscles is correct? Your answer was not correct A Pronator teres (PT) is the most powerful muscle for pronation B Palmaris longus (PL) is absent in 30% of cases C Flexor pollicis longus (FPL) is unipennate Correct Answer D Flexor carpi radialis (FCR) runs over whole length of flexor retinaculum Your Answer Explanation Pronator quadratus is the most powerful pronator, palamaris longus is absent in 10% of cases. FCR does not run over the entire length of the flexor retinaculum Question 143 Which of the following is correct in relation to the radial nerve? Your answer was not correct A Runs with the profunda brachii in the radial groove Correct Answer B Gives off the posterior interosseus in the spiral groove C Contains only fibers of C 5,6,7 Your Answer D Occupies the entire length of the radial groove Explanation It runs with the profunda brachii artery in the radial groove of the humerus. The radial nerve divides into the posterior interosseus (aka deep) and superficial branches at the level of the lateral epicondyle. The radial nerve contains fibres from C5-T1. Between the origins of the the medial and lateral heads of triceps, the radial nerve and profunda brachii artery lie in the radial groove. Question 144 Regarding the quadrangular and triangular spaces, which of the following statements is false? long head of triceps froms the medial border of the quadrangular space therefore d is correct not b! Your answer was not correct A Long head of triceps forms the medial border of the quadrangular space Correct Answer B Teres minor forms a border of both spaces C Quadrangular space admits the axillary nerve D The triangular space admits the radial nerve Your Answer Explanation Teres major forms a border of both spaces. The quadrangular space transmits the axillary nerve and the posterior circumflex humeral artery. The triangular space admits radial nerve and profunda brachii NOTE: CM does not clearly identify a trianular space. Other texts describes these spaces as: QUADRANGULAR SPACE: bounded superiorly by subscapularis in front, teres minor behind, teres major inferiorly, the humerus laterally and long head of triceps medially transmits the Axillary artery and the Posterior circumflex humeral artery. TRIANGULAR SPACE: bounded superiorly by subscapularis and teres minor, inferiorly by teres major, laterally by long head of triceps - transmits the subscapular artery. TRIANGULAR INTERVAL : Superiorly by teres major, medially by long head of triceps, laterally by humerus and lateral head of triceps. (ie, BELOW QS.) Transmits the radial Nerve and Profundi Brachii. Question 145 Which of the following statements is false in relation to the carpal tunnel? Your answer was not correct A Flexor carpi radialis (FCR) tendon runs in a subcompartment of the flexor tunnel Your Answer B Flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU) lies in its own synovial sheath as it passes through the tunnel Correct Answer C The tendon of palmaris longus (PL) lies above the retinaculum and is only partially attached to it D Flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) and flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) tendons lie within the same sheath at the tunnel Explanation The flexor carpi ulnaris muscle inserts into the pisiform bone and does not pass through the carpal tunnel Question 146 In relation to the brachial plexus, which statement is correct? Your answer was correct A There are 7 divisions of the trunks B The nerve to subclavius is the only branch form the trunks C The axillary nerve is derived from the lateral cord D The roots lie between the scalene muscles Correct Answer Explanation The brachial plexus has 6 divisions. The nerve to subclavius arises from the roots. The suprascapular nerve arises form the trunks. The axillary nerve is derived from the posterior cord. The 5 roots lie behind the scalenus anterior muscle and emerge between it and scalenus medius to form the trunks which cross the lower part of the posterior triangle of the neck. uestion 147 Which of the following is the deepest mid-forearm structure? Your answer was not correct A Ulnar nerve B Flexor pollicis longus (FPL) Correct Answer C Median nerve Your Answer D Radial artery Explanation Usually, the FPL is deeper to the rest of these structures. Question 148 Regarding triceps, which of the following statements is correct? Your answer was not correct A The blood supply is from the posterior interosseous artery Your Answer B It is supplied by the radial nerve Correct Answer C It has two heads D It stabilises the shoulder in adduction Explanation The triceps is supplied by the profunda brachii artery. It has 3 heads and stabilizes the shoulder in abduction. Question 149 In terms of the relationship of structures within the cubital fossa, which of the following is correct? Your answer was not correct A The radial nerve is medial to biceps tendon Your Answer B The ulnar artery lies superficial to the pronator teres C The radial artery is a direct continuation of the brachial artery Correct Answer D The median nerve lies lateral to the brachial artery Explanation The contents of the cubital fossa, from medial to lateral are median nerve, brachial artery, tendon of biceps bracii, radial nerve, and posterior interosseous nerve. The cubital fossa is the triangular area between pronator teres, brachioradialis and a line joining the humeral epicondyles. The ulnar artery passes deep to the deep head of pronator teres. The brachial artery enters the cubital fossa in the midline. Halfway down the fossa, it divides into the radial and ulnar arteries. The radial artery usually appears to be the direct continuation of the brachial artery, and the bigger ulnar artery branches off at an angle. Question 150 In the cubital fossa, which of the following is lateral to the tendon of biceps? Your answer was correct A Brachial artery B Median nerve C radial nerve Correct Answer D median cubital vein Explanation The contents of the fossa, from medial to lateral side are the median nerve, brachial artery, tendons of the biceps and farther laterally the radial nerve and its posterior interosseus branch. The cubital fossa is the triangular area between pronator teres, brachioradialis and a line joining the humeral epicondyles. The ulnar artery passes deep to the deep head of pronator teres. The brachial artery enters the cubital fossa in the midline. Halfway down the fossa it divides into the radial and ulnar arteries. The radial artery usually appears to be direct continuation of the brachial artery and the bigger ulnar artery branches off at an angle An easy way to remember the order of structures in the cubital fossa is: Really Need (radial nerve) Beer To (biceps tendon) Be At (brachial artery) My Nicest (median nerve). (from lateral to medial) Question 151 Muscles of the rotator cuff include all the following, with the exception of? Your answer was correct A Teres major Correct Answer B Teres minor C Infraspinatus D Supraspinatus Explanation Muscles comprising the rotator cuff are: teres minor, infraspinatus, suraspinatus and subscapularis. The rotator cuff is the group of muscles and their tendons which act to stabilize the shoulder. The four muscles of the rotator cuff, along with the teres major and the deltoid make up the six scapulohumeral muscles which connect to the humerus and scapula, and act on the glenohumeral joint. Anatomy - All Question 152 Which of the following is caused by Injury to the middle trunk of the brachial plexus? Your answer was not correct A C8 sensation will be affected B W ill manifest in the medial cord Your Answer C Affects the long thoracic nerve D Affects the median nerve Correct Answer Explanation The middle trunk gives rise to the lateral cord which forms the median nerve. The middle trunk receives only the C7 nerve root (C8 is not affected). The medial cord arises only from the inferior trunk. The long thoracic nerve arises from the roots of C5-7, before the formation of the trunks. Question 153 In relation to the brachial artery, which of the following statements is correct? Your answer was not correct A The largest branch of the brachial artery is the radial artery Your Answer B It passes anterior to the medial supra-epicondylar ridge at the elbow joint Correct Answer C Is a continuation of the subclavian artery D It crosses over the median nerve during its course through the arm Explanation It is a continuation of the axillary artery. The median nerve lies lateral to it and then crosses over to lie medially in the cubital fossa. Its largest branch is the deep artery of the arm (L. arteria prifunda brachii). It passes anterior to the medial supraepicondylar ridge at the elbow joint Question 154 Regarding biceps brachii which of the following statements is correct? Your answer was not correct A It is supplied by the median nerve Your Answer B It is a supinator of the forearm Correct Answer C The short head arises from the acromion D The long head arises from the greater tuberosity of the humerus Explanation It is supplied by the musculocutaneous nerve. The long head arises from the supraglenoid tubercle. The short head arises from the coracoid process Question 155 What feature stabilises the abducted shoulder? Your answer was correct A Gleno-humeral joint B Long head of triceps Correct Answer C Glenohumeral ligament D Coraco-acromial arch Explanation The long head of triceps is the most important factor in stabilizing the abducted shoulder joint to counteract gravity Question 156 Which muscle is the prime initiator of lateral rotation of the shoulder? Your answer was correct A Infraspinatus Correct Answer B Teres major C Deltoid D Serratus anterior Explanation All the other muscles are only synergists Question 157 With regard to the sternoclavicular joint, which of the following statements is true? Your answer was not correct A Is supplied by nerve branches from C8 and T1 Your Answer B Contains two fibrocartilaginous discs C Is the fulcrum of movements of the sterno-clavicular joint D Is mostly stabilised by the costoclavicular ligament Correct Answer Explanation The joint is supplied by the medial supraclavicular nerves of C3 and C4. It contains only one fibrocartilaginous joint. The costoclavicular ligament is the fulcrum of movements at the joint Question 158 Which of the following statements is correct in relation to teres major? Your answer was not correct A Forms the lateral border of the triangular space Your Answer B Forms the lower border of the quadrilangular space Correct Answer C Is supplied by the axillary nerve D Arises from the medial border of the scapula Explanation Teres Major forms the lower border of both the quadrangular space and triangular space.. It is supplied by the subscapular nerve. It arises form the infero-lateral border of the scapula Question 159 Which of the following statements is false in relation to latissimus dorsi? Your answer was not correct A Arises from the posterior third of the iliac crest B Arises from spinous processes of T5 to L5 Correct Answer C Internally rotates the humerus Your Answer D Inserts into intertubecular groove of humerus Explanation Proximal attachments: T7 to L5, lumbar fascia, posterior 1/3 of illiac crest, last four ribs and inferior angle of scapula. insertion: floor of intertubecular groove Actions: Extends, internally rotates and adducts. nerve: Thoracodorsal N C678 Question 160 Which is false with respect to the lateral intermuscular septum? Your answer was not correct A It is the origin of medial head of triceps B Pierced by anterior branch of profunda brachii artery Your Answer C Pierced by radial nerve D Pierced by poterior branch of the profunda brachii artery Correct Answer Explanation The lateral intermuscular septum is pierced by the radial nerve and the radial collateral branch of the profunda brachii artery. Question 161 Which myotome/myotomes is/are associated with shoulder abduction? Your answer was not correct A C6, 7 B C5, 6, 7 Your Answer C C5, 6 D C5 Correct Answer Explanation Shoulder abduction and lateral rotation=C5 Shoulder adduction and meidal rotation=C6 C7 and C8 Question 162 Loss of the greater tuburcle (can be called tuberosity) of the humerus leads to loss of which movement? Your answer was correct A Adduction and lateral rotation B Abduction and lateral rotation Correct Answer C Adduction and medial rotation D Abduction and medial rotation Explanation The rotator cuff inserts at the greater tuberosity and provides abduction and lateral rotation. Question 163 Regarding the interossei of the hand, which of the following statements is incorrect? Your answer was not correct A They insert into proximal phalanx B They insert into dorsal expansion C W hen they act together, the dominant action is adduction Correct Answer D W hen they act together, the MCP joints flex Your Answer Explanation When they act together, they cancel each other's action out and give stability. Question 164 In relation to the radial nerve, which of the following statements is correct? Your answer was not correct A gives off the posterior interosseous nerve in the radial groove Your Answer B runs with profunda brachii in the radial groove Correct Answer C has no cutaneous branches in the upper arm D occupies the whole length of the radial groove Explanation The radial nerve gives off the posterior interosseous nerve in between brachialis and brachioradialis. It contains fibers of C5-T1. It has a cutaneous branch. It occupies the lower part of the radial groove Question 165 Regarding brachialis, which of the following statements is correct? Your answer was not correct A It is innervated by the radial nerve B Inserts into the upper 1/3 of the humerus Your Answer C Inserts into the coronoid process of the ulna Correct Answer D It is an extensor of the elbow joint Explanation It is innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve. It arises from the lower 2/3 of the humerus. It is a flexor of the elbow joint Question 166 Regarding the subclavius muscle, which statement is false? Your answer was not correct A It is small and unimportant B It assists in stabilising the clavicle during shoulder movement Your Answer C It inserts into the first costochondral joint Correct Answer D It is supplied by its own nerve Explanation It is supplied by its own nerve. Its origin is the first costochondral joint. It inserts into the subclavian groove on the inferior surface of the clavicle. It is a small and unimportant muscle. It assists in stabilising the clavicle in movements of the shoulder Question 167 Regarding the lymphatic drainage of the upper limb, which of the following is correct? Your answer was correct A Superficial lymphatic drainage occurs on the palmer aspect of the hand B Superficial lymphatics follow the arteries C Deep lymphatics travel follow the veins D Lymphatics of the hand drains into the apical lymph nodes in the axilla Correct Answer Explanation The superficial lymphatics follow the veins and the deep lymphatics follow the arteries. Most of the drainage from the palm passes to the dorsum of the hand. Most superficial lymphatics accompanying the cephalic vein to enter the apical axillary lymph nodes. Question 168 Which of the following is true regarding the quadrangular and triangular spaces? Your answer was not correct A The circumflex scapular artery passes through the quadrangular space Your Answer B Long head of triceps forms a border of both spaces Correct Answer C The triangular space transmits the median nerve D Teres minor does not form a boundary of either space Explanation The axillary nerve and the posterior circumflex humeral artery and vein pass through the quadrangular space. The radial nerve is transmitted through the triangular space. Teres minor and subscapularis forms the superior boundry of the quadrangular space. Note: some sources exclude teres minor as a component of the superor boundry Question 169 Shoulder stability in abduction is due to which of the following? Your answer was not correct A The glenoid labrum B The glenohumeral ligaments C The musculotendinous cuff of the rotator cuff muscles Correct Answer D The pectoralis major muscle insertion Your Answer Explanation Subscapularis, supraspinatous, infraspinatous, teres minor all attach very near the joint, but also fuse with the lateral part of the capsule . This is an indispensable factor in adding stability to the joint. Question 170 Regarding the acromio-clavicular joint, which of the following statements is correct? Your answer was correct A No muscles connect the articulating bones to move the AC joint Correct Answer B AC joint is innervated by the lateral supraclavicular, medial pectoral and axillary nerve C AC joint is supplied by the subscapular and thoracoacromial arteries D The coracoid and the trapezoid ligaments make up the coracoclavicular ligamment Explanation The AC joint is an atypical synovial joint. The articular surfaces are covered by fibrocartilage and seperated by an incomplete wedge shaped articular disc. The coracoclavicular ligament (made up by the conoid and trapezoid ligament) is extremely strong and the principal factor in providing stability to the joint. Movements are passive; muscles which move the scapula cause it to move on the scapula. No muscles connect the articulating bones to move the AC joint. Nerve supply: see below- NOTE: THIS QUESTION POSES SOME CONFUSION. IN LAST'S ANATOMY BOOK (A PREVIOUS RECOMMENDED TEXT), THE NERVE SUPPLY OF THE AC JOINT IS THE SUPRACLAVICULAR NERVE. IN MOORE'S ANATOMY (THE NEW TEXT), THE NERVE SUPPLY OF THE AC JOINT IS THE LATERAL PECTORAL AND AXILLARY NERVE AND THE LATERAL SUPRACLAVICULAR NERVE (ACCORDING TO HILTON'S LAW) Arterial supply: suprascapular and thoracoacromial arteries Question 171 Regarding the interossei in the hand, which of the following is true? Your answer was correct A They arise from the tendons of Flexor digitorum superficialis B Palmar interossei have two heads C They abduct the fingers only D They are chiefly responsible for flexion of metacarpophalangeal joints & extension of interphalangeal joints Correct Answer Explanation They arise from the metacarpal bones. Only dorsal interossei have two heads (bipennate). Interossei muscles abduct and adduct the fingersRemember PAD and DAB - Palmar interossei ADduct and Doral interossei ABduct. The interossei are indispensable for the combined movement of flexion of the MCP joint and the simultaneous extension of the interphalangeal joints. The lumbricles extend both interphalangeal joints. Their action at the MCP joint is disputed and any flexor action here is likely to be weak Note: The above explination is taken form Last's anatomy. In CM it states that the interossei and lumbricles act together to provide MCP flexion and IP extension. One muscle does not appear to be more important than the other. Question 172 Regarding the anatomical snuff box, which of the following statements is false? Your answer was correct A The tendons of abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis longus form one boundary Correct Answer B Branches of the radial nerve can be palpated over the tendons C The cephalic vein begins in the roof D The bones palpable are the radial styloid, scaphoid, trapezium and the base of the first metacarpal Explanation The trapezium and scaphoid can be felt in the floor of the snuff box between the radial styloid process and the first metacarpal. It contains the radial artery, cephalic vein and cutaneous branches of the radial nerve. It is most obvious with the thumb fully extended; this draws the tendons up and produces a triangular hollow between them. It is the abductor pollicis longus and the extensor policis brevis that form one boundary on the radial or thumb side, and the extensor pollices longus forms the other boundry on the ulnar side. The cutaneous branches of the radila nerve cross these tendons and can be rooled on the tight tendon of EPL. The cephalic vein begins in the roof Question 173 Which muscle is supplied by the posterior interosseous nerve in the posterior compartment of the forearm? Your answer was not correct A Extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL) B Anconeus C Brachioradilais Your Answer D Extensor digitorum (ED) Correct Answer Explanation ECRL=radial nerve. Anconeus=radial nerve. ECRB extensor carpi radialis brevis= a branch of the posterior interosseous nerve. Note: in Lasts- it says that the ERCB is supplied by the posterior interosseous in the cubital fossa and not the posterior compartment of the arm ED= the posterior interosseous nerve itself Brachioradialis= radial nerve Question 174 Which of the following is not a branch of the axillary artery? Your answer was correct A Medial thoracic Correct Answer B Thoracoacromial C Superior thoracic D Subscapular Explanation Note: the lateral thoracic, posterior and anterior circumflex humeral arteries are also branches Question 175 Which muscle initiates shoulder abduction? Your answer was not correct A Teres minor B Deltoid C Subscapularis Your Answer D Supraspinatous Correct Answer Explanation From 0-15 degrees of abduction, the supraspinatous is the initiating muscle Question 176 The scaphoid articulates with all the following except? Your answer was not correct A Trapezium B Triquetral Correct Answer C Trapezoid Your Answer D Capitate Explanation Answer is triquetral. The scaphoid articulates with the lunate medially, and distomedially with the capitate. The distal convex surface articulates with the trapezium and trapezoid. The scaphoid is the most commonly fractured carpal bone Question 177 All the following muscles directly attach the pectoral girdle to the thorax except? Your answer was not correct A Rhomboids Your Answer B Pectoralis major Correct Answer C Pectoralis minor D Subclavius Explanation Direct attachment of the pectoral girdle to the trunk is provided by muscles which insert into the clavicle or scapula from the axial skeleton. These muscles are pectoralis minor, subclavius, trapezius, the rhomboids, levator scapula and serratus anterior. Indirect attachement to the axial skeleton is secured by the great muscles of the axillary folds, pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi Question 178 With regard to the lumbricals, which of the following statements is correct? Your answer was not correct A Oppose the actions of the interossei Your Answer B Arise from flexor digitorum superficialis C Are all supplied by the ulnar nerve D Form a proprioceptive bridge between flexors and extensors Correct Answer Explanation Lumbricals have the same action as the interossei. They are supplied by both the median nerve and the ulnar nerve. They attach to the extensor expansion. They arise from the flexor digitorum profundus tendons, and attach to the extensor expansion. Question 179 Regarding the radial nerve which of the following statements is correct? Your answer was not correct A It gives off the posterior interosseous nerve in the radial groove Your Answer B It runs with profunda brachii in the radial groove Correct Answer C It has no cutaneous branches in the upper arm D It occupies the entire length of the radial groove Explanation The radial nerve gives off the posterior interosseous nerve in between brachialis and brachioradialis. It has a posterior cutaneous branch. It only occupies the lower part of the radial grove Question 180 Which of the following does not pass through the clavipectoral fascia? Your answer was not correct A Thoracoacromial artery Your Answer B Lymphatics C Cephalic vein D Medial pectoral nerve Correct Answer Explanation Lymphatics and the cephalic vein pass inwards throuth the clavipectoral fascia. The thoracoacromial artery and the lateral pectoral nerve pass outwards. Question 181 Which of the following statements in relation to pectoralis major is correct? Your answer was not correct A Abducts the arm Your Answer B Attaches to the glenoid tuberosity C Only the costal part has a bony attachment D Is an accessory muscle of respiration Correct Answer Explanation Both the clavicular and sternocostal heads of pectoralis major have bony attachments. It adducts the arm with lattisimus dorsi. It is not attached to the glenoid tuberosity Question 182 In relation to serratus anterior, which of the following statements is correct? Your answer was not correct A Is formed by 8 slips B Protracts the scapula Correct Answer C Is supplied by the dorsal scapular nerve Your Answer D Is not covered by fascia Explanation Serratus anterior is supplied by the long thoracic nerve and is formed by 7 slips/ digitations (The muscle arising by a series of digitations from the upper eight ribs). The first digitation arises from the first and second rib. All other digitations arise from their corresponding ribs. It is covered by fascia. The whole muscle contracting en masse, protracting the scapula, effectively elongates the upper limb for activities such as punching and pushing. Question 183 Regarding the brachial plexus, which of the following statements is correct? Your answer was not correct A Erb's palsy results in a medially rotated arm with elbow flexion B Ulnar nerve palsy results in weakness of the interossei and numbness over the radial part of the hand C Injury proximal to the trunks will not affect the supraspinatus nor infraspinatus muscles Your Answer D Pectoralis major is the only muscle that can test all roots Correct Answer Explanation Erb's palsy results in a medially rotated arm with the elbow in extension. The nerve supply to supra and infraspinatous comes from the trunk and will be affected if injured. Ulnar nerve injury will give weakness to the ulnar part of the hand Question 184 Regarding the Brachial plexus, which of the following statements is incorrect? Your answer was correct A Divisions form behind the clavicle and enter the anterior triangle Correct Answer B Cords embrace the 2nd part of the axillary artery C Cords enter the axilla above the first part of the axillary artery D Branches of the cords surround the third part of axillary artery Explanation The divisions are formed behind the clavicle and enter the axilla. Question 185 Which of the following nerves is a branch of the medial cord of the brachial plexus? Your answer was correct A Medial pectoral Correct Answer B Lateral pectoral C Dorsal scapular D Lower subscapular Explanation The lateral pectoral nerve is a branch of the lateral cord. The dorsal scapular nerve (which supplies the rhomboids and levator scapulae) belongs to the C5 root. The lower subscapular nerve is a branch of the posterior cord. Question 186 A Horner's Syndrome can result from interruption of all of the following tracts/areas except? Your answer was not correct A Lateral horn cells inT1 segmant of the cord Your Answer B Cavernous sinus C Post-ganglionic fibres entering the sympathetic cord Correct Answer D Superior cervical ganglion Explanation The sympathetic path to the pupil is very long. From cells in the hypothalamus, fibres run down through the brain stem and spinal cord to the lateral horn cells in the T1 segment of the cord. Preganglionic fibres enter the sympathetic trunk via the white rami communicantes of the T1 nerve and pass up to the superior cervical ganglion. From there the postganglionic fibres accompany the internal carotid artery into the skull and cavernous sinus, leaving the artery to join the opthalic nerve and become distributed to the eye by the nasocilliary and the long ciliary branches. Damage to the above fibres can interrupt this pathway. Thus vascular lesons of the cortex or brainstem and damage to the sympathetic trunk by a cervical rib, carcinoma of the lung, thyroid or oesophagus may give rise to Horner's syndrome. Question 187 Which of the following is the myotome responsible for knee extension? Your answer was correct A L2,3 B L5,S1 C L4,5 D L3,4 Correct Answer Explanation L2, L3= Hip flexion L5, S1=Knee flexion L4, L5=Ankle dorsiflexion Question 188 Which of the following dermatomes supplies the great toe? Your answer was correct A L5 Correct Answer B S1 C S2 D L3 Explanation S1=Lateral ankle and lateral side of dorsum and sole S2= Posterior leg, posterior thigh, buttocks and penis L3= Anterior and medial thigh and knee Question 189 The myotome of knee extension is which of the following? Your answer was correct A L2,3 B L5,S1 C L4,5 D L3,4 Correct Answer Explanation L2, 3= Hip flexion L5, S1=Ankle eversion L4, L5=ankle dorsiflexion Question 190 Regarding dermatomes which of the following statements is correct? Your answer was not correct A They do not overlap in the chest B A dermatome is the area of skin and muscle supplied by a single spinal nerve C They overlap at axial lines Your Answer D A dermatome is separated from a discontinuous segment of the spinal cord by an axial line Correct Answer Explanation They overlap considerably on the trunk and the limbs except at axial lines. Question 191 Which is the correct myotome for elbow extension? Your answer was correct A C5/6 B C6/7 Correct Answer C C5/C6/C7 D C7/C8 Explanation C5/6= elbow flexion C7=is incorporated into many myotomes/actions (medial rotation of elbow, adduction of arm, arm extension, elbow extension hand flexion, pronation, digital extension and flexion) C5/C6/C7= do not occur together C7/C8 = digital flexion and extension and pronation of the hand Question 192 In which ganglion do the cell bodies of afferent taste fibres from the anterior tongue lie? Your answer was not correct A Submandibular B Genicular Correct Answer C Otic D Trigeminal Your Answer Explanation The sensory supply of the mucous membrane of the tongue (anterior 2/3) is by the lingual nerve, whose trigeminal component mediates common sensibility and whose chorda tympani components mediate taste. The cell bodies lie in the genicular ganglion of the facial nerve Question 193 Which movement of the arm does not involve C6? Your answer was not correct A Pronation Correct Answer B Supination C Shoulder adduction D W rist extension Your Answer Explanation Pronation is C7, C8. Supination = C6 Shoulder adduction and medial rotation C6, C7, C8. Wrist flexion = C7 Note: Lasts anatmoy reads: wrist extension is C6C7 and wrist flexion C6C7. CM: wrist extension C6 and Wrist flexion C7 Question 194 Which dermatome supplies the great toe? Your answer was correct A L1 B S1 C L5 Correct Answer D L4 Explanation L1 supplies the suprapubic and inguinal regions, penis, anterior scrotum (labia) and upper buttock. S1 supplies lateral ankle, lateral side of dorsum and sole and L4 supplies the medial leg, medial ankle and side of foot Question 195 Regarding myotomes, which of the following statements is correct? Your answer was correct A A myotome is a muscle/movement supplied by single peripheral nerve B Knee is flexion is L3,4 C Shoulder adduction is C5 D Foot inversion is L4 Correct Answer Explanation A myotome is supplied by a single spinal nerve. Knee flexion is L5, S1. Shoulder adduction and medial rotation is C6, C7, C8 Question 196 Which of the following is a direct connection from the vestibular nucleus? Your answer was correct A Oculomotor nerve B Medial geniculate body C Vestibulospinal tract Correct Answer D Medial longitudinal fasciculus Explanation The vestibulospinal tract is one of the descending spinal tracts of the ventromedial pathway. It originates from thevestibular nerve of the medulla, which conducts information from thevestibular labyrinth in the inner ear. Motion of fluid in the vestibular labyrinth activates hair cells that signal the vestibular labyrinth via the cranial nerve VIII Question 197 Cell bodies for the motor supply of the facial nerve lie in which of the following areas? Your answer was correct A hypothalamus B midbrain C floor of third ventricle D Pons Correct Answer Explanation The motor part of the facial nerve arises from the facial nerve nucleus in the pons while the sensory part arises from the nervus intermedius which emerges between the pons and the inferior cerebellar peduncle, near the vestibulocochlear nerve Question 198 Cell bodies for the motor supply of the trigeminal nerve lie in which of the following areas? Your answer was not correct A In the cerebral cortex B Posterior to the cerebral aqueduct C In the pons Correct Answer D In the hypothalamus Your Answer Explanation The trigeminal nerve is the largest cranial nerve. The sensory root rises in the trigeminal (semilunar) ganglion which is at the apex of the petrous temporal bone. The motor neurons arrise in the upper pons. Question 199 Regarding myotomal supply, which of the following is correct? Your answer was correct A Opponens pollicis - C7/C8 B Plantar flexion - L4/5 C Shoulder abduction - C5/6 D Elbow extension - C6/C7 Correct Answer Explanation Plantar flexion is S1/S2. Shoulder abduction is C5. Opponens policis is T1-mainly with a small C8 component Please note that in the current prescribed textbook it is C6/C7 for elbow extension. However, in previous text books used for the primary, elbow extension is shown as C7/C8 Question 200 With respect to dermatomal nerve supply, which of the following is correct? Your answer was correct A The umbilicus is supplied by T12 B C7 supplies the index finger Correct Answer C The anterior axial line divides C6 and C7 D T6 lies at level of the nipple Explanation The umbilicus is supplied by T10. The line of junction of two dermatomes supplied from discontinuous spinal levels is demarcated by an axial line. T4 lies at the level of the nipple Question 201 Which of the following is an example of a secondary cartilaginous joint? Your answer was not correct A A costochondral joint B An intervertebral disc Correct Answer C Temporomandibular joint Your Answer D A lambdoid suture Explanation The secondary cartilaginous joints are strong, slightly moveable joints united by fibrocartilage. The intervetebral discs are classic examples. These joints provide strengh, shock absorption as well as considerable flexibility to the vertebral column. Question 202 Which is the correct linkage between a myotome and its action? Your answer was correct A S1/S2-hip abduction B L3,4-knee extension Correct Answer C L5/S1 inversion of the ankle D L2,3-hip extension Explanation Hip abduction is L5/S1 Inversion of the ankle is L4/L5 Hip extension is L4/L5. Foot eversion is L5/S1. Question 203 Regarding the deep fascia, which statement is incorrect? Your answer was not correct A It forms muscle sheaths B It attaches to underlying bone C It has no sensory supply Correct Answer D It is absent on the face Your Answer Explanation Deep fascia is very sensitive. Its nerve supply, and the nerve supply of subcutaneous periostium, is that of overlying skin. In certain situations tension in the fascia is produced by muscle contraction, for example tensor fascia lata, gluteus maximus and palmaris longus. Question 204 In relation to bone, which of the following is correct? Your answer was correct A Periostium covers the articulating surface of bones B Haversian canals are the smallest canals in bone C Cancellous bone is capable of rearrangement in response to strain Correct Answer D Bone substance does not recieve its nutrition from the periostium Explanation The periostium is a thick layer of vascular fibrous tissue that covers the outer surface of the bone. The nutrition of the underlying bone depends on the integrity of the periostiums' blood vessels. It does not cover the articulating surfaces of the bones in synovial joints. Osteoblasts are the granular cell which pruduce ossification. Question 205 Regarding the deep fascia, which of the following is incorrect? Your answer was correct A It is not present in the face B It forms the retinaculae C It is anchored firmly to the periostium D It is insensate Correct Answer Explanation Deep fascia is very sensitive. Its nerve supply, along with the nerve supply of the subcutaneous periostium, is that of the overlying skin. Question 206 Regarding hyaline cartilage, which of the following is correct? Your answer was correct A It forms the glenoid labrum B It does not ossify with age C It is relatively vascular D It forms epiphyseal growth plates Correct Answer Explanation Hyaline cartilage does ossify with age, has no capillaries, is avascular and has considerable elasticity. Fibrocartilage forms the glenoid labrum. Question 207 Which of the following is an example of a synovial joint? Your answer was not correct A Intervertebral disc B Sternomanubrial joint C Sacroiliac joint Correct Answer D Distal tibulofibular joint Your Answer Explanation Intervetebral discs, the sternomanubrial jointand the pubic symphesis are secondary cartilaginous joints. The dital tibulofibular joint is a fibrous joint. Question 208 Which of the following is an example of hyaline cartilage? Your answer was correct A Knee meniscus B Epiphyseal growth plates Correct Answer C Articular surface of clavicle D Intervertebral disc Explanation Examples of hyaline cartilage include costal, nasal, tracheobronchial, some laryngeal, the articular cartilage of typical synovial joints, and epiphyseal growth plates of bones. Knee menisci, intervertebral discs, the glenoid labrum and articular surfaces of the clavicle are all fibrocartilage. Question 209 In relation to the anatomy of the lateral ventricles of the brain, which of the following statements is correct? Your answer was not correct A The caudate nucleus is in the roof of the lateral ventricle Your Answer B The inferior horn is in the occipital lobe C The posterior horn is in the temporal lobe D The choroid plexus extends into the canal Correct Answer Explanation The caudate nucleus is in the floor of the lateral ventricle. The posterior horn extends into the occipital lobe and the inferior into the temporal lobe.
