Name:___________________________________
Biology Midterm Review
1.
How do you calculate the total magnification under a compound light microscope?
Multiply the “magnification of the eyepiece” by the “magnification of the objective lens” being used.
2.
Define the term ‘biology’ and list concepts studied in this branch of science.
Biology means ‘study of life’. Biology covers all living things including elements and characteristics of life, the
cell, evolution of life, etc.
3. What are the characteristics of living things?
Living things, GROW, REPRODUCE, ORGANIZED OF CELLS, METABOLIZE/(energy), EVOLVE,
RESPOND.
4.
What are the levels of organization of a multicellular organism?
(Use these words and place them in order) Organ, Organism, Tissue, System, Cell
CELL
_____________
TISSUE
ORGAN
_____________ _____________
SYSTEM
_____________
ORGANISM
_____________
Describe each level of organization:
CELL
a. _________________
- _____________________________________________________
b. _________________
- _____________________________________________________
TISSUE
c. _________________
- _____________________________________________________
ORGAN
SYSTEM
d. _________________
- _____________________________________________________
ORGANISM
e. _________________
- _____________________________________________________
5. What are the 6 elements that make up all living things?
CARBON, HYDROGEN, OXYGEN, PHOSPHURUS, SULFUR, NITROGEN
6. What is homeostasis?
Processes that maintain the stability of the human body's internal environment in response to
changes in external conditions.
7. List three ways that the body maintains homeostasis of…
a. Water level- Body regulates kidneys to excrete or conserve water. Thirst signals that there is a
disruption in homeostasis and stimulates the body to drink.
b. Thermoregulation- Sweating/shivering
c. Oxygen level- breathing rate and heart beat increase when the body requires additional oxygen.
d. Glucose level- Pancreas produces INSULIN to break down sugar for cell use or stores extra glucose
in liver as glycogen.
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8. List the steps of the scientific method and include their description.
a. PROBLEM – A question that requires investigation
b. HYPOTHESIS – A statement that can be tested
c. EXPERIMENT – Process used to test a hypothesis
d. DATA – Measurements or observations
e. CONCLUSION – the solution to a problem
9. Understand that there are three variables necessary for experiments. Describe each variable below.
a. Control- The factors in an experiment that remain constant, (unchanged)
b. Independent variable- The factor in the experiment that is changed.
c. Dependent variable- The factor that will vary DEPENDING upon the effect of the independent variable,
(the results). This is the part of the experiment that is observed and measured.
10. Label each column using the terms ‘CONTROL’, ‘INDEPENDENT’, AND ‘DEPENDENT’
Type of variable
FISH TANK
1
2
3
INDEPENDENT CONSTANT
VARIABLE
pH level
7.0
6.4
8.4
# of plants
5
5
5
DEPENDENT
VARIABLE
Number of Eggs that Hatch
70
55
36
11. What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative data?
Qualitative – Data that is not measurable, (feelings, color, luster)
Quantitative – Data that is measurable, (height, temp, volume, etc)
List each type of data with these examples: 55◦, green, 243.8cm, pleasant, 33 ½ minutes, 15 grams, course
QUALITATIVE
QUANTITATIVE
Definition
A type of data that is subjective Data that reports on specific
measurements
Green
55 degrees
Examples of Data
Pleasant
243.8cm
Course
33 ½ min.
12. List and describe the properties of water.
a. Adhesion - the attraction of molecules of different substances, (water to glass)
b. Cohesion – the attraction of molecules to the same type of molecules, (water to water)
c. Specific Heat - the amount of heat per unit mass required to raise the temperature by one degree
Celsius.
13. Describe why water is a polar molecule. Make a sketch to demonstrate its polarity.
Water is polar because of the difference in electronegativity between
hydrogen and oxygen. The highly electronegative oxygen atom attracts
electrons or negative charge to it, making the region around the oxygen
more negative than the areas around the two hydrogen atoms.
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14. What characteristic of carbon accounts for the diversity of organic compounds?
Carbon has four UNPAIRED electrons in its valence layer, and therefore, the ability to form single and double
bonds in ring, chain, and branching formations.
15. What elements make up each of the following organic molecules?
a. Proteins- Carbohydrates, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
b. Carbohydrates- Carbohydrates, Hydrogen, Oxygen
c. Lipids- Carbohydrates, Hydrogen, Oxygen
d. Nucleic Acids- Carbohydrates, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus
16. What are examples of each type of carbon-based molecule?
a. Unsaturated fatty acids - oil
b. Phospholipids – Cell Membrane Bilayer
c. Proteins – Polypeptide, Meat, eggs
d. Carbohydrates – sugar, starch, polysaccharide
e. Nucleic Acids – DNA and RNA
17. Name and describe the macromolecules in living things. Be sure to include examples and the monomers of
each.
MONOMERS
SKETCH OF MACROMOLECULES
ELEMENTS
SKETCH OF
MONOMER
MACROMOLECULES
MONOSACCARIDE
CARBOHYDRATES
CHO (1:2:1)
A
B
C
FATTY ACID
GLYCEROL
LIPIDS
CHO
NUCLEOTIDE
NUCLEIC ACIDS
CHOPN
AMINO ACID
PROTEIN
CHOSN
D
18. Define dehydration synthesis.
Dehydration synthesis removes water and FORMS polymers from monomers
19. Define hydrolysis.
Hydrolysis adds water and BREAKS bonds of polymers to monomers.
20. What is an enzyme?
A type of protein that is necessary to ‘activate’ a reaction where one substance is changed into another.
They start and speed up chemical reactions.
21. What is activation energy? The amount of energy that is needed to initiate a chemical reaction. (Note: the
catalyst LOWERS the activation energy that is needed.)
Revised 2014
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22. How do enzymes relate to the term, ‘chemical reactions’?
Enzymes cause chemical reactions by breaking/forming chemical bonds to change/create substances.
23. How does an enzyme work? They start and speed up chemical reactions WITHOUT being consumed. They
work like a lock and key, where they will fit with a specific substrate to create or break bonds.
24. What environmental factors can impact enzyme function? Temperature and pH
25. Describe what is shown in this graph in relation to enzymes and activation energy.
Reaction B: The enzyme
reduces the amount of
activation energy required
for a chemical reaction to
occur.
26. How is energy stored in compounds? Released?
Stored in chemical bonds, released by breaking bonds
27. What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?
carbon dioxide + water + light glucose + oxygen
Describe the formula in your own word:
Autotrophs use carbon dioxide, water, and trapped light energy to create glucose for energy and oxygen as a
waste product.
28. What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration?
Oxygen + sugar
water +carbon dioxide + ATP
Describe the formula in your own word:
Organisms use oxygen and sugar, (food) to create ATP for their bodies along with water and carbon dioxide
as waste
29. What is the relationship between respiration and photosynthesis?
Reactants of one are basically the products of the other
Revised 2014
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30. Define photosynthesis and identify the major organelle involved in the process.
Process by which green plants or organism with chlorophyll convert light energy into chemical energy in the
bonds of carbohydrates. Occurs in the chloroplast.
31. Define cellular respiration and identify the major organelle involved in the process
Converts sugar and oxygen into ATP and produces CO2 as a waste. Occurs in the mitochondria.
32. Label the diagrams as “Mitochondria” and “Chloroplast”. Then place the corresponding process under each
diagram- (‘Photosynthesis’, ‘Cellular Respiration’).
MITOCHONDRIA
_____________________
CHLOROPLAST
_____________________
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
_____________________
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
_____________________
33. What kinds of organisms go through cellular respiration?
Heterotrophs + autotrophs
34. What kind of organisms go through photosynthesis?
Autotrophs
35. Define autotrophs and heterotrophs.
Autotrophs- organisms that make food for themselves, by themselves
Heterotrophs-organisms that rely on other organisms for food source
36. What is the primary difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
a. Draw the diagrams to highlight the differences between the two types of cells.
b. Compare other characteristics of cells in the chart below.
PROKARYOTE
BOTH
EUKARYOTE
NO NUCLEUS
PRIMITIVE, (SIMPLE)
NO MEMBRANE-BOUND
ORGANELLES
SINGLE CELLED
BACTERIA
CYTOPLASM
CELL MEMBRANE
GENETIC MATERIAL (DNA)
NUCLEUS
COMPLEX
MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES
RIBOSOMES
SINGLE/MULTICELLULAR
PLANTS/ANIMALS/PROTISTS
FUNGI
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37. What are the three parts to the cell theory?
All living things are made up of cells.
Cells are the basic unit of function and structure of living things.
All cells come from other cells.
38. What are the parts of a plant and animal cell AND what are the functions of these parts?
ORGANELLE
Cell Wall
FUNCTION
gives support and shape in plant cells
Cell Membrane
controls movement in and out of cell
Nuclear Membrane
controls movement in and out of nucleus
Nucleus
controls most of cell’s activities
Chromosomes
carries information that determines traits
Nucleolus
Endoplasmic Reticulum
helps make ribosomes
Ribosomes
Rough is studded with ribosomes, allows material to move from cell
membrane to nuclear membrane
where proteins are made
Golgi Bodies
packages materials for cell
Vesicle
Used for transport of materials
Lysosomes
breaks down waste materials for cell
Vacuoles
stores food, water and minerals
Mitochondria
produce and release energy
Chloroplasts
contains chlorophyll, makes food for plant
Centrioles
CYTOPLASM
helps with cell reproduction
makes up most of cell, most of chemical reactions take place here
39. Label the organelles of the cells below.
Revised 2014
Name:___________________________________
MITOCHONDRIA
VACUOLE
CYTOPLASM
NUCLEOLUS
CHROMOSOME/DNA
NUCLEAR MEMBRANE
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
CENTRIOLES
CELL WALL
GOLGI BODIES
CELL MEMBRANE
RIBOSOMES
CHLOROPLASTS
40. What is the cell’s primary source of energy?
Mitochondria
41. What is the difference between ATP and ADP. Draw a sketch to compare the two molecules.
ATP – is a molecule that contains three phosphate molecules “Charged Battery”. ATP is the molecule that
carries chemical energy that cells use for their functions.
ADP- is a molecule with only two phosphate molecules “Uncharged Battery”
42. What is the role of ATP?
a. Using the diagram to the right, circle the molecule that contains the most energy.
b. Place a ‘square’ around the bond that must be broken to use energy, (form ADP)
c. Explain how energy is released from the molecule.
--------
43. Compare aerobic and anaerobic processes in terms of energy.
Aerobic respiration occurs when oxygen is present and involves the Kreb Cycle
44. What part of cellular respiration produces the greatest amount of ATP?
Electron Transport Chain
45. Which type of respiration processes requires oxygen? Which do not?
Oxygen required: Electron Transport Chain and Kreb’s Cycle
No oxygen Required: anaerobic respiration
Revised 2014
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46. Compare Lactic Acid Fermentation and Alcoholic Fermentation. What are the products? Give an example for
each.
Lactic acid – occurs in mammals when O2 runs out. Causes muscle burning. Used to make pickles & yogurt.
Alcoholic – make beer, wine, bread.
47. Compare and contrast osmosis and diffusion.
Osmosis- a special type of diffusion where WATER MOVES through a MEMBRANE
Diffusion-movement of molecules from where there is a lot of substance to where there is a little
48. Assuming the molecules in the picture represent water molecules,
describe why this image is depicting the process of osmosis AND
THEN describe why it is an example of homeostasis.
The water is constantly flowing through a CELL MEMBRANE to
keep the molecules balanced on both sides of the cell.
The BALANCING act is an indication of the cell maintaining
Homeostatsis.
49. What is the purpose of mitosis?
Cell division for the purpose of growth and replacement of damaged cells
50. What are the stages of mitosis?
a. Prophase-nucleus breaks down, chromosomes shorten and thicken
b. Metaphase-sister chromosomes line up at center of cell
c. Anaphase-sister chromatids pull apart
d. Telophase –cell membrane pinches in, nucleus reforms
Revised 2014
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51. Identify each cell phase on the lines provided.
Number the cells in the correct sequence of mitosis.
Briefly describe the key events that occur during each phase.
METAPHASE
3
_____-_____________________
METAPHASE
#
PROPHASE
ANAPHASE
5
_____-_____________________
PROPHASE
METAPHASE
(phase name)
#
PROPHASE
TELOPHASE
6
_____-_____________________
PROPHASE
METAPHASE
(phase name)
#
METAPHASE
PROPHASE
PROPHASE
PROPHASE
PROPHASE
(phase name)
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
EARLY ANAPHASE
4
_____-_____________________
EARLY PROPHASE
1
_____-_____________________
PROPHASE
METAPHASE
#
PROPHASE
METAPHASE
PROPHASE
METAPHASE
PROPHASE
(phase name)
METAPHASE
PROPHASE
PROPHASE
PROPHASE
#
LATE PROPHASE
2
_____-_____________________
PROPHASE
PROPHASE
(phase name)
METAPHASE
METAPHASE
PROPHASE
PROPHASE
PROPHASE
METAPHASE
PROPHASE
METAPHASE
PROPHASE
#
PROPHASE
PROPHASE
PROPHASE
(phase name)
PROPHASE
52. What is meiosis?
___________________________
___________________________
Cell division that produces sex
cells
___________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
53. Compare and contrast mitosis
and meiosis.
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
Mitosis: one division that produces
identical cells with same # number
of chromosomes
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Meiosis: two divisions that produce sex cells with half the # number of chromosomes
Revised 2014
Name:___________________________________
54. What are the functions of spermatogenesis and oogenesis? How are they similar and how are they different?
The both create sex cells, (sperm and egg) In spermatogenesis, four sperm are produced. In oogenesis,
only one egg is produced
55. What is:
a. Fertilization? When sperm and egg join, (DNA/chromosomes combine)
b. a zygote? The beginning of an organisms when cells divide through mitosis
56. If a chimpanzee gamete has 24 chromosomes, how many are in its skin cell? 48
57. If your dog has a bone cell with 78 chromosomes, how many are in its egg cell? 39
58. How many chromosomes are in human body cells and sex cells?
Body Cells – 46
Sex Cells - 23
59. Explain how cancer cells occur.
Go through mitosis at an uncontrollably rapid rate and crowd out normal cells
60. Identify the following types of transport as ‘ACTIVE’ OR ‘TRANSPORT’
DIFFUSION
________________
___
FACILIATED
DIFFUSION
________________
___
ACTIVE
TRANSPORT
________________
___
61. Identify the following cell processes as either ‘ENDOCYTOSIS’ or ‘EXOCYTOSIS’
a. Define/describe each term
b.
ENDOCYTOSIS
Process by which cell membrane
brings materials into cell
Revised 2014
EXCOCYTOSIS
Process by which cell membrane
brings materials into cell