Learner Guide
SFIEMS301B
Implement & monitor environmentally
sustainable work practices
AgriFood Skills Australia Limited
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BARTON ACT 2600
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KINGSTON ACT 2604
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The details of the relevant licence conditions are available on the Creative Commons website
(www.creativecommons.org.au) as is the full legal code. The document must be attributed as the
AgriFood Skills Australia SFIEMS301B Learner Guide.
This project is supported by the Australian Government through the Clean Sustainable Skills Package.
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Learner Guide
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Contents
SECTION 1: Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 6
1.1
Purpose of this Learner Guide ................................................................................................ 6
1.2 How you will be assessed.............................................................................................................. 7
1.3 Activity tracking ............................................................................................................................ 7
1.4 How to use this Learner Guide...................................................................................................... 7
SECTION 2: Sustainability and the Australian seafood industry ............................................................. 8
2.1 Fisheries – supporting sustainable fisheries and aquaculture industries ..................................... 8
2.2 What is sustainability? .................................................................................................................. 9
2.3 ESD and sustainability ................................................................................................................... 9
2.4 Sustainable development and environmental protection .......................................................... 10
2.5 Triple Bottom Line....................................................................................................................... 11
2.6 Fisheries ecological sustainable development targets ............................................................... 12
2.7 Climate change............................................................................................................................ 12
Activity 1: Sustainability issues ......................................................................................................... 13
SECTION 3: Legislation and regulations ................................................................................................ 14
3.1 Legislation and regulations ......................................................................................................... 14
3.2 Fisheries and the environment ................................................................................................... 15
3.3 State and Territory legislation..................................................................................................... 16
3.4 Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code ............................................................................. 17
3.4.1 Food Safety Legislation in Australia ..................................................................................... 17
3.4.2 Primary Production and Processing Standard for Seafood (Australia only) ........................ 17
3.4.3 Fish and Fish Products (Standard 2.2.3)............................................................................... 17
3.4.4 Food enforcement contacts ................................................................................................. 18
3.5 Fish and fish products exports .................................................................................................... 18
3.6 Industry Codes of Conduct .......................................................................................................... 19
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3.6.1 International Code ............................................................................................................... 19
Activity 2: Regulations and Codes of Conduct .................................................................................. 21
SECTION 4: Resource usage .................................................................................................................. 24
4.1 Ecological footprint ..................................................................................................................... 24
4.2 Water footprint facts and figures ............................................................................................... 25
Activity 3: What is your ecological footprint?................................................................................... 26
4.3 Embodied resources ................................................................................................................... 27
Section 5: Sustainability and business .................................................................................................. 30
5.1 Relating sustainability to business .............................................................................................. 30
5.2 Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) ......................................................................................... 30
5.2.1 The 5 R’s of Corporate Responsibility .................................................................................. 31
5.2.2 ISO 26000 International Standard for social responsibility ................................................. 31
5.3 Product Stewardship ................................................................................................................... 32
5.4 Sustainable seafood stewardship ............................................................................................... 33
5.4.1 Wild catch certification ........................................................................................................ 33
5.4.2 Aquaculture.......................................................................................................................... 34
5.5 Environmental Management Systems ........................................................................................ 35
5.5.1 Costs and benefits of an EMS............................................................................................... 36
5.5.2 EMO ISO 14001 International Standard............................................................................... 36
5.5.3 NSW oyster EMS project ...................................................................................................... 37
.......................................................................................................................................................... 37
Activity 5: Resource usage at work ................................................................................................... 38
SECTION 6: Environment improvement process .................................................................................. 39
6.1 What is an environmentally sustainable work practice? ............................................................ 39
6.1.2 Environmental policy ........................................................................................................... 39
6.1.3 Sustainable procurement policy .......................................................................................... 40
Activity 6: Preparation for Workplace Project .................................................................................. 41
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Summary of course ........................................................................................................................... 43
Workplace Project: Environmental improvement process................................................................... 44
Guidance for your project ................................................................................................................. 44
Resources .......................................................................................................................................... 44
Six Steps to Eco-Efficiency................................................................................................................. 45
Step 1: Plan and organise.................................................................................................................. 45
1.1 Checklist .................................................................................................................................. 46
1.2 Communication and consultation strategies .......................................................................... 46
1.3 Communication strategy for environmental improvement process ...................................... 47
Step 2: Baseline assessment ............................................................................................................. 48
2.1 Baseline assessment checklist ................................................................................................ 48
2.2 Baseline assessment data collection....................................................................................... 50
Step 3: Site survey ............................................................................................................................. 51
3.1 Water use assessment ............................................................................................................ 52
3.2 Energy use assessment ........................................................................................................... 52
3.3 Waste assessment................................................................................................................... 52
Step 4: Action plan ............................................................................................................................ 53
Step 5: Implementation .................................................................................................................... 54
Step 6: Monitoring and continuous improvement ........................................................................... 54
Progressive Learning Record ................................................................................................................. 55
Glossary ................................................................................................................................................. 58
References ............................................................................................................................................ 61
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SECTION 1: Introduction
1.1 Purpose of this Learner Guide
This Learner Guide has been developed to assist learners understanding of the SFIEMS301B
Implement and monitor environmentally sustainable work practices Unit of Competency from the
SFI11 Seafood Industry Training Package. SFIEMS301B is a Unit within the following SFI11 Seafood
Industry Training Package Qualifications and Skill Set:
Core Unit in:
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SFI40311 Certificate IV in Seafood Industry (Environmental Management)
SFI40411 Certificate IV in Fisheries Compliance
SFI50411 Diploma of Fisheries Compliance
Elective Unit in:
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SFI30111 Certificate III in Aquaculture
SFI30211 Certificate III in Fishing Operations
SFI30511 Certificate III in Seafood Processing
SFI30611 Certificate III in Seafood Industry (Sales and Distribution)
SFI40111 Certificate IV in Aquaculture
SFI40211 Certificate IV in Fishing Operations
SFI40511 Certificate IV in Seafood Processing
SFI40611 Certificate IV in Seafood Industry (Sales and Distribution)
Unit in:

SFI11 Environment Management Systems Coordinator Skill Set
On completion learners will be able to:
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implement and monitor policies and procedures within an organisation relating to
integrated environmental and resource efficiency
apply improved resource use approaches to own work area, and demonstrate appropriate
outcomes.
Learners will have a knowledge and understanding of:
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external benchmarks, and why the choice of particular benchmarks has been made
environmental and resource efficiency issues specific to the seafood industry
standards, guidelines and approaches to environmental sustainability relevant to the
seafood sector.
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1.2 How you will be assessed
To gain formal recognition for this Unit of Competency, your assessment needs to be undertaken by
a qualified assessor. The assessor will look at your completed activities, project work and any other
evidence you have collected, discuss with you what you have learnt and ask you specific questions
based on the Unit. The assessor may also use other or additional tasks or activities that suit your
workplace or a simulated workplace selected for the purpose of this training.
Assessment requirements will be discussed with you at the commencement of the training. An
assessor is able to be flexible in the way they conduct an assessment and you should let them and
your mentor/supervisor know if you have any special requirements.
It is good practice to collect information, copies of documents, records, photos or other material
that will assist you at the time of assessment. This will help you demonstrate that you understand
what you have learnt and can apply the skills and knowledge required outlined in the Unit of
Competency.
1.3 Activity tracking
The Progressive Learning Record included in this Learner Guide will help you track your progress.
1.4 How to use this Learner Guide
This Learner Guide has information, activities and resource links relevant to the required topics of
the Unit. This Guide also includes a Glossary, References and links to Resource materials.
The Unit is designed for learners working or aiming to work at the team leader and/or middle
management level within the seafood industry. The industry sectors include:
 Aquaculture - land-based / marine, including ornamentals
 Wild catch - including fishing charter operations
 Compliance - fisheries management
 Post-harvest - processing, transportation and distribution, wholesale and retail
Vessel operations.
This Unit involves analysing the workplace in an effective manner in relation to
environmentally sustainable work practices, and implementing improvements and monitoring
their effectiveness.
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SECTION 2: Sustainability and the Australian seafood industry
2.1 Fisheries – supporting sustainable fisheries and aquaculture industries
Australia has the world’s third largest fishing zone, extending up to 200 nautical miles out to sea.
Despite this size, Australian waters tend not to be as productive as those in many regions, and
Australia only ranks 52nd in the world in terms of volume of fish landed. Although the overall
amount of fish products caught may be relatively low, Australia’s fisheries production focuses on
high value export species such as lobsters, prawn, tuna, salmon and abalone. Australia’s commercial
fishing and aquaculture industry is worth over $2 billion annually and employs around 16,000 people
(9,700 directly and 6,200 indirectly) (Source: ABARES, 2011). The challenge is to promote a profitable and
competitive fishing industry while ensuring the sustainability of Australia’s marine ecosystem.
WILD CATCH SECTOR
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The commercial wild catch sector is extremely diverse. Enterprises range from single low
technology owner operators for whom the lifestyle is important to large companies that use
technology very efficiently. The sector provides important economic and social benefits
within coastal communities.
The commercial sector of the fishing industry is Australia’s sixth most valuable food based
primary industry. In 2007-08 it produced about 178 400 tonnes of produce worth $1.3
billion.
Regardless of the size of the operator, the sector produces excellent quality seafood that is
highly regarded internationally. Advances and adoption of best-practices have resulted in
high-quality live, fresh and frozen Australian seafood reaching markets around the world
such as Hong Kong, Japan, USA and China.
The most popular species are rock lobster, finfish, prawns, abalone, tuna and crab.
AQUACULTURE SECTOR
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Aquaculture is one of the fastest growing primary industry sectors and continues to be an
important part of Australian fisheries production. Over the decade to 2007-08 aquaculture
production has doubled from 29 300 tonnes to 62 500 tonnes.
The gross value of aquaculture production in 2007-08 was $868 million with the most
valuable aquaculture species being farmed salmonids, (salmon and trout).Together they
accounted for 34 per cent of total production volume.
The second most valuable aquaculture species was farmed tuna with the value of farmed
tuna production in South Australia rising by $49 million to $186.7 million.
In the next 20 years, it is estimated that we will need an extra 37 million tonnes of fish to
meet global demand. With limited room for expansion in wild catch fisheries most of the
additional supply will have to come from aquaculture. The goal for the near future is to aim
for 100 000 tonnes of finfish by 2015.
To ensure that aquaculture continues to develop, we need significant investments to secure
land and water resources, production technologies, supply chain development, value-adding
marketing and promotion, and people development.
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2.2 What is sustainability?
There is no simple definition of 'sustainability'. It can be an idea, a property of living systems, a
manufacturing method or a way of life. In fact, there may be as many definitions of sustainability as
there are people trying to define it. However, most definitions include:
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living within the limits of what the environment can provide
understanding the many interconnections between economy, society and the environment
the equal distribution of resources and opportunities.
Source: Office of Environment & Heritage, www.environment.nsw.gov.au/sustainability/index
Video: Sustainability explained through animation
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B5NiTN0chj0&feature=related
Video: Working towards sustainability
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1keHWhdzTTE&feature=related
2.3 ESD and sustainability
The term 'ESD' or 'ecologically sustainable development’ is widely used within Australian industry,
either in conjunction with or in place of the term 'sustainability'.
The Brundtland Report Our Common Future, 1987, defines sustainable development as:
“Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs.”
Sustainable development is comprised of three major aspects:
Environmental
Social
Economic
Sustainable development implies using:
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renewable resources, such as wood, in a way that does not eliminate or degrade them
non-renewable mineral resources, such as aluminium and steel, in a way that does not
unnecessarily preclude easy access to them by future generations
non-renewable energy sources, such as oil and coal, slowly enough to allow an orderly
transition to renewable energy sources.
ESD aims to reduce energy use and to minimise other adverse environmental impacts.
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2.4 Sustainable development and environmental protection
SIMILARITIES
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By protecting the environment we support sustainable development. A healthy environment
means clean air, unpolluted water and healthy soil; necessary for the survival of future
generations.
The preservation of natural resources supports sustainability. Many environmental concepts
like reuse and recycling allow us to save natural resources for future generations.
Environmental training and education support sustainable development. While working to
protect the environment we learn more about the world around us and improve our ability
to identify solutions for sustainable development.
DIFFERENCES
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Environment is just one of the components embedded in the concept of sustainable
development. Society and economy are equally important. Although it is necessary to
protect the environment it is not always sufficient, since a healthy environment does not
necessarily mean a prosperous society or a healthy economy.
Sustainable development is a goal for the whole of society; therefore a participatory
approach is an integral part of sustainability.
Sustainable development explores the relationships between environmental, social and
economic benefits (triple bottom line). Environmental protection is often limited to the
impact on nature.
Environmental protection implies reducing adverse
effects, not necessarily allowing future generations to
inherit the same amount of natural, social and economic
wealth as their predecessors.
Environmental protection is often regulated; sustainable
development involves going beyond compliance.
Source: University of Michigan Sustainability Assessment, 2002
Australia's National Strategy for Ecologically Sustainable Development (1992) defines
ecologically sustainable development as:
'using, conserving and enhancing the community's resources so that ecological processes, on
which life depends, are maintained, and the total quality of life, now and in the future, can be
increased'.
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2.5 Triple Bottom Line
Triple Bottom Line - is also known as “people, planet, profit” or the “Three Pillars.” It captures values
and criteria for measuring an organisation’s economic, ecological and social success.
The triple bottom line framework consists of three equally-weighted categories of impact: social,
environmental, and economic. Like definitions of sustainability, the triple bottom line framework is
built on the recognition that business sustainability depends upon positive stocks of economic,
environmental and social resources
Source: University of Michigan Sustainability Assessment, 2002
The National Climate Change Action Plan for Fisheries and Aquaculture
This plan identifies strategies and actions to guide management, policy, research and
operational decisions in light of climate change.
The scope of the plan includes both the wild catch (commercial, recreational and Indigenous)
and aquaculture sectors. The activities described in this action plan are designed to inform and
guide an effective climate change response that supports the ongoing sustainability,
competitiveness and quality of Australian fisheries. The major focus of the plan is on improving
the capacity of Australian fisheries sectors to operate under changing climatic conditions
(adaptation). The plan also describes a number of actions to minimise greenhouse gas
emissions from fishing (mitigation), largely reflecting the energy-intensive nature of some
fishing activities.
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2.6 Fisheries ecological sustainable development targets
ESD principles for the seafood industry include:
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applying ecologically based management principles
applying animal welfare ethics and procedures
reducing wildlife interactions and bycatch
controlling effluents, chemical residues, contaminants, wastes and pollution
increasing use of renewable, recyclable and recoverable resources
minimising noise, dust, light or odour emissions
preventing live cultured or held organisms from escaping into the environment
reducing emissions of greenhouse gases
reducing energy use and improving energy efficiency
reducing use of non-renewable resources
undertaking environmental hazard identification, risk assessment and control
reducing ecological impacts
monitoring sustainability and safety of feed sources.
2.7 Climate change
Scientists from the Australian Government Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency
agree that the worst effects of climate change can be avoided if pollution levels are reduced.
“Our climate is changing, largely due to the observed increases in human produced carbon pollution.
These changes we have seen over the 20th century include increases in global average air and ocean
temperature, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global sea levels. The extra heat in the
climate system has other impacts, such as affecting atmospheric and ocean circulation, which
influences rainfall and wind patterns.
Another serious impact of increasing carbon pollution is ocean acidification. Around a quarter of
human-produced carbon dioxide is absorbed by the oceans. As the carbon dioxide dissolves in
seawater, it forms a weak carbonic acid, making the ocean more acidic. There are early indications
that some marine organisms are already being affected by ocean acidification.
Each decade in Australia since the 1940s has been warmer than the last—2001 to 2010 was the
warmest decade on record in Australia and around the globe.”
The Australian Government’s Clean Energy Future plan introduces a carbon price, options to invest
in renewable energy, a plan to reduce reliance on polluting energy sources and ways to encourage
land management practices that store carbon in the soil, all aimed at reducing major pollution
sources.
Source : Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency, www.climatechange.gov.au
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Activity 1: Sustainability issues
Activity 1: Sustainability issues
Complete the third column by recording possible management options to address key sustainability issues
applicable to your workplace.
Key issues
Increasing
greenhouse gas
emissions and
climate change
Reduction in air
quality
Reduction in water
quality and quantity
Loss of biodiversity
Non-renewable
resource usage
Increased waste
generation
Impacts – globally and locally
Management options
Increase in global actual temperatures
causing a range of weather extremes, such as
floods, droughts, which impact on
agricultural production. Variables such as
winds, currents, rainfall and temperature,
which have a strong influence on the
distribution and productivity of fish stocks,
will be affected by climate change. Warming
will have ramifications for freshwater and
marine ecosystem processes, including sea
level rise due to thermal expansion of the
ocean and melting of the ice caps.
Increase in air pollution affecting the health
of the community and directly influencing the
sustainability of our lifestyles and production
methods.
Decreasing water supplies available for
agriculture, natural environments (leading to
loss of biodiversity) and human consumption
and recreation, increase in soil erosion,
increase in illness due to unclean water
consumption.
Mammal, bird and amphibian species
threatened by extinction, due to human
actions. Habitat destruction due to land
clearing leading to erosion, which reduces
the quality of water. Ocean acidification
affecting the marine ecological systems.
Limited supplies of fossil fuels (e.g. oil, gas,
coal), changes to transport modes, price
increases for fuels and other resources,
damage to the environment through
resource extraction activities.
Increase in methane gas emissions and
pollution risks. Soil leaching to waterways
and oceans. Health hazards associated with
uncontrolled waste disposal.
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SECTION 3: Legislation and regulations
3.1 Legislation and regulations
The Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (the EPBC Act) is the Australian
Government’s central piece of environmental legislation. It provides a legal framework to protect
and manage nationally and internationally important flora, fauna, ecological communities and
heritage places — defined in the EPBC Act as matters of national environmental significance.
Australia’s Federal, State and Territory governments manage fisheries on behalf of the Australian
people through consultation with the fishing industry, scientists, economists and other user groups,
such as those that represent traditional fishing, recreational fishing and the environment. These
management processes are used to implement controls, such as limits on catch or effort levels, and
regulations regarding fishing methods in order to manage Australia’s fisheries in a sustainable way.
Generally:
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State/Territory laws apply to coastal waters (up to 3 nautical miles)
Commonwealth laws apply from those waters out to the limit of the Australian fishing zone
(200 nautical miles).
Source: Australian Fisheries Management Authority, www.afma.gov.au
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3.2 Fisheries and the environment
The Commonwealth Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (DAFF) play an important
policy role in promoting the biological, economic and social sustainability of Australian fisheries,
particularly the fisheries managed by the Australian Government.
DAFF provides policy advice to the Australian Government on a range of fisheries environmental
issues, including general fisheries bycatch, seals and sea lions, seabird bycatch, and the conservation
and management of sharks.
The Australian Fisheries Management Authority (AFMA) is responsible for the implementation of
Commonwealth fisheries policy. In managing Commonwealth fisheries, AFMA pursues objectives as
outlined in:
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Fisheries Management Act 1991,
Fisheries Administration Act 1991
Torres Strait Fisheries Act 1984
In managing Commonwealth fisheries, AFMA applies the principles of ecologically sustainable
development and complies with the relevant sections of the Environment Protection and
Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999.
DAFF collaborates with the Australian Government Department of Sustainability, Environment,
Water, Population and Communities (DSEWPaC) to develop and implement policies that protect and
conserve the marine ecosystems and biodiversity while maintaining a profitable, competitive and
sustainable fishing industry. This includes contributing to the marine bioregional planning process
and contributing to policy for the management of a range of marine species.
Environmental legislation in Australia
Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999
Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Regulations 2000
Australian Fisheries Legislation
Fisheries Management Act 1991
Fisheries Management Regulations 1992
Fisheries Administration Act 1991
Fisheries (Administration) Regulations1992
Torres Strait Fisheries Act 1984
Torres Strait Fisheries Regulations 1985
Food Safety Standards
In addition there is separate State and Territory Legislation
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3.3 State and Territory legislation
All States/Territories have fisheries or aquaculture legislation. In New South Wales, Victoria,
Queensland and Western Australia, aquaculture is regulated under general fisheries legislation
covering commercial and recreational fishing, and aquaculture. Tasmania has two pieces of
legislation relating to marine and inland fisheries respectively. Separate legislation provides for
marine aquaculture leases in Victoria (Land Act 1958), Tasmania (Marine Farming Planning Act
1995), and potentially in Queensland (Land Act 1994). In contrast, South Australia has a single
dedicated Aquaculture Act (2001), as amended in 2003 and 2005), while Western Australia has
dedicated legislation for pearling (Pearling Act 1990).
Aquaculture production may also be subject to Commonwealth legislation, such as the Environment
Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act (1999) and the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Act
(1975) (the latter affects Queensland only). Other Commonwealth legislation that may be relevant
includes the Native Title Amendment Act (1998) that may affect the use of public land and waters.
Commonwealth quarantine legislation can affect aquaculture operators' access to new species,
broodstock and feed.
Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
http://www.fao.org/fishery/legalframework/nalo_australia/en
Legislative requirements may also require adherence to local government by-laws and regulations,
including regional land and water management plans.
Key Commonwealth Government Departments
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 Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (DAFF)
Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities
(DSEWPaC)
 Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency (DCCEE)
State and Territory Regulators may include:
 Environment Protection Authorities
 Departments of Primary Industries
Local Government by-laws and regulations including regional land and water
management plans.
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3.4 Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code
3.4.1 Food Safety Legislation in Australia
Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ) is a bilateral authority that develops standards for all
food produced or imported into Australia for sale. These standards should:
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Protect public health and safety by maintaining a safe food supply.
Provide consumers with information about food to enable informed choices.
Prevent misleading and deceptive conduct by food businesses.
FSANZ developed the Model Food Act (MFA) and revised the Food Standards Code to provide the
legislative framework integral to a nationally consistent approach to the production of safe food in
Australia. Regulatory control of the MFA falls under the relevant state legislation.
3.4.2 Primary Production and Processing Standard for Seafood (Australia only)
The Primary Production and Processing (PPP) Standard for Seafood (Standard 4.2.1) is part of a
series of national food safety Standards.
PPP Standards (which only apply in Australia) aim to strengthen food safety and traceability
throughout the food supply chain from paddock to plate.
Standard 4.2.1 took effect in May 2006. Under this Standard, a seafood business must identify
potential seafood safety hazards and implement controls that are consistent with the risk.
To help interested parties interpret the Standard, FSANZ developed a comprehensive guide called
Safe Seafood Australia now in its second edition.
The guide is intended primarily for government agencies responsible for enforcing the Australia New
Zealand Food Standards Code. The examples and explanations may also help seafood businesses
interpret the Standard. However, businesses wanting guidance on how to comply with the Standard
should also contact their State/Territory enforcement agency.
3.4.3 Fish and Fish Products (Standard 2.2.3)
This Standard was last updated on 11 July 2011. It defines the term 'fish' and requires the provision
of certain cooking instructions for raw fish which has been joined using a binding system without the
application of heat.
The Standard does not define specific names for fish. An Australian Fish Names Standard (AS SSA
5300) has been published which provides guidance on standard fish names to be used in Australia.
Hard copies of the Australian Fish Names Standard (AS-SSA 5300) are available from Seafood
Services Australia at www.seafood.net.au/shop .
A searchable database of Australian Standard Fish Names is available at www.fishnames.com.au . .
Source: Australian Government, ComLaw: www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2011C00569
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Why Fish Names Standards?
A Fish Names Standard is an important component of a Food Safety Plan. One of the important food
safety issues is being able to conduct a Food Recall. Without knowing the species for certain, a food
recall would be impossible.
3.4.4 Food enforcement contacts
In Australia, compliance with the Code for all foods is monitored by authorities in the States and
Territories.
3.5 Fish and fish products exports
A primary objective of the Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service (AQIS) Fish Exports Program
is to provide operational services, policy and technical advice to the export seafood industry to assist
in maintaining international market access. The provision of trained audit and inspection staff
supports this objective. The Fish Exports Program manages and facilitates exports according to
legislation, most important of which are the:
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Export Control Act 1982
Export Control (Prescribed Goods—General) Order 2005
Export Control (Fish and Fish Products) Orders 2005.
In order to prepare fish and fish products for export, land based establishments and vessels which
undertake processing, as defined in the Export Control (Fish and Fish Products) Orders 2005, are
required to be registered with AQIS as per the Export Control (Prescribed Goods—General) Order
2005. It is a condition of registration that the establishment has an AQIS approved food safety
management system in place, called an Approved Arrangement (AA), which meets the
requirements of the Export Control (Fish and Fish Products) Orders 2005.
An AA is a fully documented system which encompasses management commitment, good
manufacturing practices, process control and through chain traceability.
The AA will:
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enhance your food safety management system to meet importing country requirements and
better align with imported country requirements
be flexible and easy to upgrade/change to meet changing overseas requirements
assist in meeting new domestic requirements
provide customised training material for new and existing staff.
The AA ensures the integrity of products and documentation which is essential for AQIS to be able to
issue export permits and certification.
Source: Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service: www.daff.gov.au/aqis/export/fish
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3.6 Industry Codes of Conduct
The Australian Seafood Industry has been an early adopter of ecologically sustainable development
(ESD), having developed Codes of Conduct aligned to ESD principles in the late 1990s. These are:

Seafood Industry Code of Conduct
http://www.pir.sa.gov.au/fisheries/pdf_equivalents/seafood_industry_code_of_conduct

Australian Aquaculture Code of Conduct (1999)
http://www.pir.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/42955/code_of_conduct.pdf
Some seafood enterprises have developed their own Codes of Practice, for example:

Northern Prawn Fishery - Industry Code of Practice for Responsible Fishing
http://www.afma.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/npf_code.pdf

South East Trawl Fishing Industry – Industry Code of Practice for Responsible Fishing
http://www.fishwell.com.au/app_cmslib/media/lib/0908/m353_v1_general%20code%20of
%20practice%20-%20final.pdf
While other enterprises have adopted the National Codes, for example:

Gippsland Aquaculture Industry Network Inc. http://www.growfish.com.au/
“Fishers should, in full consultation with management and other regulatory agencies, assist in the
development of fisheries policies to ensure conservation of fish resources and protection of the
environment” – Northern Prawn Fishery Code of Practice
3.6.1 International Code
The Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries
ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/005/v9878e/v9878e00.pdf was initiated in 1991 by the FAO
Committee on Fisheries. The Code was unanimously adopted on 31 October 1995 by over 170
member Governments of the FAO Conference (including Australia).
The Code is voluntary. However, certain parts of it are based on relevant rules of international law.
The Code provides principles and standards applicable to the conservation, management and
development of all fisheries. It also covers the capture, processing and trade of fish and fishery
products, fishing operations, aquaculture, fisheries research and integration of fisheries into coastal
area management.
Source: www.daff.gov.au/fisheries/legal-arrangements/code-conduct
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Additional resources

Code of Conduct for Responsible Fishing and Aquaculture Operations
http://www.ntsc.com.au/pdfs/code_of_conduct.pdf

Environment Protection Authority Code of Practice for vessel and facility management (marine
and inland waters)
http://www.sa.gov.au/upload/franchise/Housing,%20property%20and%20land/PLG/code_of
_practice_authority_vessels.pdf

Environmental Code of Practice – Western Australia Abalone Aquaculture Association
http://www.aquaculturecouncilwa.com/assets/files/pdf/ABALONE%20CODE%20May04.pdf

WWF for a living planet – Code of Ethical Conduct
http://awsassets.wwf.org.au/downloads/mc062_code_of_ethical_conduct_11may11.pdf


Resource 4 Demystifying HACCP
Resource 7 The Model Food Act and the Food Standards Code
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Activity 2: Regulations and Codes of Conduct
Activity 2: Regulations and Codes of Conduct
Step 1:
 Access the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation
Regulations 2000: http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_reg/epabcr2000697/


Review the table of contents and identify sections that relate to your workplace in column
one below.
In the second column list your work practices that may relate to each of the sections.
Relevant sections of regulation
Example:
Subdivision 12.14 Dumping of Industrial Waste
Relevant work practices
Example:
Minimise all discharges and waste associated
with fishing, aquaculture and processing
activities
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Step 2:
 Review a Seafood Code of Practice/Conduct that applies to your workplace.
 List the Guiding Principles from the Code in the first column of the table below.
 In the second column list your work practices that would relate to relevant principles.
Guiding principle
Example:
1.1 support conservation and management
measures to ensure the sustainability of fish
resources at optimal levels
Relevant work practices
Example:
Adhere to industry standards for stock density ratios
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Step 3:
 Identify the relevant Environmental State/Territory legislation or regulations your
organisation must comply with.
 List the Legislation or Regulation in the first column below.
 In the second column list the relevant compliance requirements related to your work area.
Regulations
Relevant compliance requirements related to work
area
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SECTION 4: Resource usage
4.1 Ecological footprint
The ecological footprint is a measure of human demand on the Earth's ecosystems. It is a
standardised measure of demand for natural capital that may be contrasted with the planet's
ecological capacity to regenerate. It represents the amount of biologically productive land and sea
area necessary to supply the resources a human population consumes, and to assimilate associated
waste.
A nation's 'ecological footprint' is one description of its consumption in over 60 categories of
resources. It relates to the amount of biologically productive space required to provide the resources
used by that nation and to absorb its waste. The result is expressed in global hectares.
Australia's Ecological Footprint in the Living Planet Report 2008 was 7.8 global hectares (gha) per
person. This is 2.8 times the average global Footprint (2.7 gha), and well beyond the level of what
the planet can regenerate on an annual basis - an equivalent of about 2.1 (gha) per person per year.
The most significant factor contributing to the Australian Ecological Footprint is carbon dioxide
emissions from fossil fuels (constituting approximately half of the total Australian footprint).
Source: Environment Protection Authority (Victoria) www.epa.vic.gov.au
If all countries consumed the resources that Australians do, it would take the biocapacity of three
Earths to support their lifestyle. The message is clear and urgent. We have been exceeding the
Earth's ability to support our lifestyle. Habitats are being destroyed; the soil and waterways are
being irreparably degraded.
We must get back into balance! And we can.
Each of us can make simple changes that will add
up to a great deal of relief for our increasingly
fragile planet.
Composition of Australia’s Ecological Footprint
Source: World Wildlife Fund, 2008
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4.2 Water footprint facts and figures






There are 1,000 litres in a cubic metre of water.
To produce one cup of black coffee (without sugar) takes 140 litres of water.
During the drought in Brisbane the daily direct use in a household was 140 litres per person.
The average annual water footprint of a person in the US is 2,900 cubic metres.
The average annual water footprint of a person in Australia is 1,400 cubic metres.
An Olympic swimming pool holds 2,500 cubic metres of water.
Source: World Wildlife Fund:
www.wwf.org.au/our_work/people_and_the_environment/human_footprint/water_footprint
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Activity 3: What is your ecological footprint?
Activity 3: What is your ecological footprint?
Step 1: How much land area does it take to support your lifestyle? Access and take the quiz below.
The results will give you an indication of what your ecological footprint is. Discover your biggest
areas of resource consumption, and learn what you can do to tread more lightly on the earth.
Go to: www.wwf.org.au/our_work/people_and_the_environment/human_footprint/footprint_calculator OR
www.epa.vic.gov.au/ecologicalfootprint/calculators/default.asp
Step 2:
1. What were the outcomes of your calculations?
2. Discuss your ecological footprint results with other learners in your group. Then discuss how
you could reduce your ecological footprint. List four ways you could reduce your ecological
footprint.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Optional Activity
Watch this video, Change the way you think www.youtube.com/watch?v=nDTmjR_GG1w
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4.3 Embodied resources
The term ‘embodied resources’ is often used to describe the total resources required to produce a
product or service. An example would be the total primary energy (oil, gas, coal and water)
consumed during the growing and/or harvesting, processing, transportation, distribution, marketing
and sale of a seafood product.
In many cases these hidden or ‘embodied resources’ can represent up to 99% of the resources that
were used to create the product, leaving only 1% in the product itself.
Knowing more about embodied resources and the declining resource supply leads us to think more
about waste. This means where and how we can dispose of something we no longer need but also
what embodied resources we are wasting. Also, what happens to the waste? The shortage of landfill
to receive waste and the toxic liquids that leach from the waste onto the surrounding soil are
additional issues.
Life Cycle Analysis in Environmental Accounting
Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) is an assessment of all the environmental impacts of a product (or service)
from ‘cradle to grave’ i.e. from initial extraction and processing of raw materials to final disposal.
(Ayres et al, 1995) The exact definition is still the source of controversy. The Society of
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry divide LCA into four components:
1. Scoping.
2. The compilation of quantitative data on both direct and indirect materials /energy inputs
and waste emissions, both in production and disposal of a product or service (the Inventory).
3. Impact assessment (‘eco-profile analysis’) which includes classification of effects,
characterisation and valuation.
4. Improvement assessment which is the analysis of implication for purposes of prioritisation
and assessment of policy alternatives.
Source: http://sego.id.au/files/Environmental%20Accounting.pdf
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Activity 4: Embodied resources
CASE STUDY: One can of cola – Refer to Resource 1
One can of cola provides more detail regarding this Life Cycle Analysis as well as other statistics related to
aluminum use and recycling.
Almost everything we do in our modern industrial world has profound environmental consequences, and we
don’t even think about them most of the time. Consider the last time you had a can of soft drink and threw
the can in the rubbish bin.
Examine the following 'One Can of Cola' Life Cycle Analysis diagram, look at the processes required and
identify the range of resources used to produce a can of cola.
Step 1: List the range of resources used, including the resources that have not been mentioned.
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STEP 2: In the area below, map the resources required to get one of the products you work with to market.
Then list all the resources required to get your product to market.
YOUR PRODUCT
Resources required:
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Section 5: Sustainability and business
5.1 Relating sustainability to business
Growing environmental concerns, coupled with public pressure and stricter regulations are changing
the way people do business across the world. Industry is on a three-stage journey from
environmental compliance, through environmental risk management, to long-term sustainable
development strategies.
The sustainability concept in terms of environmental sustainability and resource usage can be
related to business as shown below:
Reduced inputs
Energy
Water
Materials
Human energy
Reduced costs,
environmental
and social
impacts
Same of
increased
outputs
Reduced energy or use of
renewable energy =
reduced greenhouse gas
emissions
Efficient water use = using
less/reuse
Same or more products
and/or services
Material and human
efficiency = less waste and
increased human
productivity
5.2 Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
Corporate social responsibility; or CSR is a term used by the business community to broadly describe
their sustainability principles.
The National Australia Bank recognises that operating in a responsible manner is not just about
doing the right thing. It's also about taking a sustainable approach to the creation of long-term
business value. The bank identifies five key benefits they derive from being a responsible business.
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5.2.1 The 5 R’s of Corporate Responsibility
Reputation

Protects and enhances reputation.
Relationships




Risks

Improves customer engagement, retention and attraction.
Boosts employee engagement and attracts and retains talent.
Drives constructive stakeholder relationships on difficult issues.
Drives the identification, assessment and management,
environmental, social and governance (ESGs) risks.
Improves the identification of opportunities in emerging green
and social marketplaces.
Resource efficiencies

Drives efficient use of resources.
Regulation


Places the business ahead of the regulatory curve.
Positions the business to shape the regulatory agenda.
5.2.2 ISO 26000 International Standard for social responsibility
An International Standard for social responsibility was published in 2010 as ISO 26000. ISO 26000
provides guidance to all types of organisations regardless of their size or location. The seven
principles of socially responsible behaviour identified in the Standard are:
Accountability
Transparency
Ethical
behaviour
Respect for
Stakeholder
Interests
Respect for the
Rule of Law
Respect for
International
Norms of
Behaviour
Respect for
Human Rights
An organisation is answerable to those affected by its decisions and activities, as well as
to society in general, for the overall impact on society and its decisions and activities. For
example: Stakeholder 'need to know' takes precedence over inconvenience and cost to
the company.
An organisation should disclose, in a clear, accurate manner and to a reasonable and
sufficient degree, the policies, decisions, and activities for which it is responsible,
including known and likely impacts.
An organisation’s behaviour should be based on the ethics of honesty, equity, and
integrity. The company deals with all stakeholders ethically.
In addition to owners, members, and customers or constituents, other individuals or
groups may also have rights, claims, or specific interests that should be taken into
account.
An organisation is to comply with all applicable laws and regulations. It informs those
within the organisation of their obligation to observe and to implement measures.
An organisation respects international norms of behaviour while adhering to the principle
of respect for the rule of law. An organisation should not stay silent in response to or
benefit from wrongful acts.
An organisation respects and fosters rights set out in the International Bill of Human
Rights. This includes situations where human rights are not protected.
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ISO 26000 then applies those principles to seven “core subjects” that describe socially responsible
areas of activity or focus. These are:
Corporate governance
Human
rights
Labour
practices
Environment
Fair
operating
practices
Consumer
issues
Community
involvement
Source: ISO26000 Schematic overview extract
5.3 Product Stewardship
Australian businesses, across a wide range of sectors, have been working to reduce the
environmental impacts of their operations and products. In many sectors industries have, or are
developing, voluntary Product Stewardship schemes.
Product Stewardship is an approach that recognises that manufacturers, importers, governments
and consumers have a shared responsibility for the environmental impacts of a product throughout
its full life cycle. Product Stewardship schemes establish a means for relevant parties in the product
chain to share responsibility for the products they produce, handle, purchase, use and discard.
Governments are keen to support manufacturers and importers of products in these efforts.
Source : http://www.ephc.gov.au/stewardship
The Commonwealth Product Stewardship Act 2011 came into effect on 8 August 2011. This
legislation provides the framework to effectively manage the environmental, health and safety
impacts of products, and in particular those impacts associated with the disposal of products.
The four main drivers for the increased interest in product stewardship are:




government legislation, including the threat of legislation, and pre-empting or avoiding
legislation
companies' own corporate responsibility charters, requiring greater environmental
responsibility
the desire to improve or protect brand reputation
pressure from consumers and environment organisations.
In Australia, Product Stewardship is increasingly being used alongside or in place of regulation. Many
industry sectors are active participants in Product Stewardship programs.
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The primary focus of AgStewardship Australia is Product Stewardship. This involves end users and
every sector of the supply chain, taking a shared responsibility for the environmental impacts of a
product, throughout its entire life cycle.
Source: Dow AgroSciences www.dowagro.com/stewardship
Product Stewardship in the agricultural sector is absolutely vital to protecting Australia’s reputation
as a producer of clean, green food and fibre products, and ensuring ongoing access to valuable
domestic and overseas markets.
5.4 Sustainable seafood stewardship
Consumer demand for sustainable seafood can act as an extremely powerful incentive for better
fisheries management. If consumers buy, or request seafood that comes from sustainable sources,
they are helping to protect our marine environment and ensure that seafood can be enjoyed for
many years to come.
5.4.1 Wild catch certification
The Marine Stewardship Council's fishery certification program and seafood ecolabel recognise and
reward sustainable fishing. They are a global organisation working with fisheries, seafood
companies, scientists, conservation groups and the public to promote the best environmental choice
in seafood.
The Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) is an independent, non-profit organisation set up in 1997 to
find a solution to the problem of overfishing. It has set an environmental standard for sustainable
fisheries. Seafood that meets this standard carries a distinctive blue MSC label. This gives consumers
a simple way to identify – and purchase – fish from well-managed sources.
The MSC standard has 3 overarching principles that every fishery must prove that it meets:
Principle
Principle 1: Sustainable fish stocks
The fishing activity must be at a level
which is sustainable for the fish
population. Any certified fishery must
operate so that fishing can continue
indefinitely and is not overexploiting
the resources.
Principle 2: Minimising environmental
impact
Fishing operations should be managed
to maintain the structure, productivity,
function and diversity of the ecosystem
on which the fishery depends.
Evidence examples
The Fishery has reliable data on the age and gender patterns of
fish populations to prevent too many young fish being caught
and that other factors that affect the health of the stock – such
as illegal fishing – have been considered.
Measures are in place to limit bycatch (living creatures caught
unintentionally, including other fish species and marine animals
such as turtles and dolphins). This could mean changing how
fish trimmings are discarded so that seabirds are not drawn
towards hazardous fishing gear.
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Principle
Principle 3: Effective management
The fishery must meet all local, national
and international laws and must have a
management system in place to
respond to changing circumstances and
maintain sustainability.
Evidence examples
Vessel owners have signed a Code of Conduct, shared GPS
data, or undertaken research to ensure their fishery is well
managed. Effective management also ensures that all vessels
will, for example, change their fishing gear or respect closed
zones, when required.
Source: Marine Stewardship Council www.msc.org
5.4.2 Aquaculture
The Aquaculture Stewardship Council (ASC) was founded in 2009 by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF)
and the Sustainable Trade Initiative (IDH) to manage the global standards for responsible
aquaculture. The ASC seek to increase the availability of aquaculture products certified as
sustainable and responsibly produced. The ASC’s consumer label provides third party assurance of
conformity with production and chain of custody standards and makes it easy for everyone to
choose ASC certified products.
The ASC Abalone Standard Version 1 October 2011 includes Seven Principles:
Principle
Principle 1:
Obey the law and comply with all
applicable legal requirements and
regulations where farming operation is
located.
Principle 2:
Avoid, remedy or mitigate significant
adverse effects on habitats and
biodiversity.
Principle 3:
Avoid and mitigate detrimental effects
to the health and genetic diversity of
wild populations
Principle 4:
Manage disease and pests in an
environmentally responsible manner
Principle 5:
Use resources efficiently
Principle 6:
Be a good neighbour and conscientious
coastal citizen
Criterion
1.1 All applicable legal requirements and regulations where
farming operation is located.
2.1 Critical habitat and species interactions Benthic impacts of seabased farming on depositional substrate.
2.2 Benthic impacts of sea-based farming on hard or rocky
substrate.
2.3 Effluents from land-based farming.
2.4 Chemical and hydrocarbon waste.
2.5 Biological waste (e.g. Shells, dead animals and sludge).
3.1 Escapes.
3.2 Genetic management.
3.3 Translocated broodstock and seed.
3.4 Exotics.
3.5 Transgenic abalone.
4.1 Disease and pest management practices.
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
6.1
Use of wild seaweed and kelp.
Manufactured feed.
Solid waste disposal.
Energy use.
Freshwater use.
Community relations and interaction.
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Principle
Principle 7:
Develop and operate farms in a socially
and culturally responsible manner
Criterion
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
Child labour.
Forced, bonded or compulsory labour.
Discrimination.
Health and safety.
Fair and decent wages.
Freedom of association and collective bargaining.
Non abusive disciplinary practices.
Working hours.
5.5 Environmental Management Systems
An environmental management system (EMS) is a program that can be used to identify, manage and
reduce an organisation's impact on the environment and generate reports on environmental
performance progress. It provides a systematic and methodical approach that an organisation
undertakes to manage its risks and opportunities relating to:






the environment
food safety and quality
occupational health and safety
profitability
public relations
other aspects of the organisation.
Many aspects of an organisation's EMS can be linked to the principles outlined in their Code of
Practice/Conduct.
An EMS does not set environmental standards, but sets out procedures designed to meet
environmental performance requirements that are most relevant to the organisation. It can also be
integrated with other management systems (such as occupational health and safety) to give a whole
of business approach.
By implementing an EMS, an organisation can ensure that addressing environmental issues is
explicitly incorporated into normal business operations.
An EMS may be enterprise-based or it may be a system developed by a common interest group, for
example, oyster growers within an estuary or a fishers' cooperative.
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5.5.1 Costs and benefits of an EMS
Potential costs
Potential benefits
Internal
 Staff (manager) time
 Other employee time
Note: Internal labour costs represent the bulk of
the EMS resources expended by most
organisations
External
 Potential consulting assistance
 Outside training of personnel









Improved environmental performance
Enhanced compliance
Pollution prevention
Resource conservation
New customers/markets
Increased efficiency/reduced costs
Enhanced employee morale
Enhanced image with public, regulators,
lenders, investors
Employee awareness of environmental
issues and responsibilities.
5.5.2 EMO ISO 14001 International Standard
The ISO 14000 series provides a framework for international best practice in the delivery of and
implementation of environmental management.
Many organisations choose to adopt an environmental management system (EMS) that conforms or
aligns to EMS ISO 14001. The EMS ISO 14001 Standard includes the following components:







Environmental policy.
Environmental aspects, impacts and legal obligations.
Environmental plan, objectives and targets.
Program of measurement, monitoring and reporting.
Program of internal assessments or auditing.
Management review of the system.
A documented system.
An organisation that has completed these requirements may seek EMS certification so as to
independently validate and assure the system.
Key components of the EMS
Source: http://ems.asn.au/about/iso14000
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5.5.3 NSW oyster EMS project
The future of the oyster industry depends not only on a healthy environment,
but also on the ability to demonstrate that growers are utilising the environment
in a responsible and sustainable manner. One way of doing this is to develop an
Environmental Management System (EMS) to show how environmental risks,
impacts and opportunities are managed.
The process of EMS development allows oyster farmers to identify risks arising
from internal, on-farm activities and also from external, catchment-based
activities. This risk assessment process can then be used to prioritise remedial
actions, reducing farmers’ exposure to risk by building resilience into their
business.
EMS Database: The NSW Oyster Industry EMS Database is now online. This interactive website
allows users to explore the coast and identify those estuaries that are committed to an EMS. With
the farmers’ authorisation it is hoped that the database will soon be able to provide direct access to
EMS, giving the public and other farmers the ability to view these documents.
Source: www.oceanwatch.org.au/our-work/ems-nsw-oysters/ems-database/
Additional resources

Resource 2 Tassal Sustainability Report 2011
o Full Report available at this link:
http://www.republicast.com/publications/a0a440a31fa04e2bb73922f8051e8b6a/default.ht
m#p=1&c=0&v=1

Tassal – Farming for the Future – The Tassal Salmon Journey…From Egg to Plate
http://www.tassal.com.au/images/stories/sustainability/110309%20Tassal%20A3%20Broch
ure_lr.pdf
Australian Organisations that meet the MSC environmental standard and are certified as
sustainable:
 West Australia Rock Lobster Fishery
 Lakes and Coorong Commercial Fishery
 Austral Fisheries (Australian Mackerel Icefish)
 Australian Heard Island and McDonald Islands Toothfish Fishery
 Spencer Gulf King Prawn Fishery
Under assessment:
 Northern Prawn Fishery
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Activity 5: Resource usage at work
Activity 5: Resource usage at work
Complete this activity sheet with members of your work group or if this is not possible, organise other
arrangements with your trainer.
 Use the table below to record the resources you use in one (selected) day at work.
 Add resources to the first column (Resource) according to your own job and workplace activities.
 Complete the 'Resource' column by listing the volume of the resource you consume for different tasks.
 In the second column (Unit of measurement) give the general unit of measurement for how the
resource can be measured.
 In the third column (Total usage in one day) give your total usage according to all amounts you use
multiplied by the unit of measurement.
o http://www.ehp.qld.gov.au/sustainability/pdf/ecobiz-conversionsandunits.pdf
Resource
Electricity:
One 100 watt light bulb
Unit of measurement
Hours/kilowatts
Total usage in one day
7 hours/0.7kW
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SECTION 6: Environment improvement process
Section 6 will provide you with the skills and knowledge to be able to identify environmentally
sustainable work practices in your own work area. It will provide guidance tools and activities for you
to investigate current practices, measure and document these practices, and help you find tools and
externals sources of information that can assist you.
In this section you will be required to complete a Workplace Project.
6.1 What is an environmentally sustainable work practice?
An environmentally sustainable work practice is a practice that:




identifies its key sustainability issues and procedures to reduce these issues, such as:
o more efficient use of electricity in a workplace can reduce the potential impacts of
climate change
o recycling waste could reduce the amount of waste sent to landfill
o ensuring fresh air flow in a workspace can improve indoor air quality
implements these identified procedures
monitors and reports on the procedures to ensure they continue and have the most
effective outcome
reviews the procedures to ensure continuous improvement.
Supporting documentation can also be developed to reinforce and also communicate the purpose of
the practices to stakeholders. These may include:
 environmental policy
 sustainable procurement policy.
Complete the Workplace Project to assist you with working through an Environment Improvement
Process relevant to your work area. It provides guidance information, tools and activities to assist
you with the steps involved.
6.1.2 Environmental policy
An environmental policy sits at the top of an organisation’s environmental management system and
articulates the overall intentions and direction of an organisation regarding its environmental
performance.
An environmental policy is made up of three components:



Compliance with all applicable legal requirements, and with other requirements to which
the organisation subscribes relating to its environmental aspects.
Prevention of pollution.
Continual improvement.
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Environmental
policy
PREVENTION
IMPROVEMENT
COMPLIANCE
3 pillars of environmental policy
Source: United States Environment Protection Agency, www.epa.gov/owm/iso14001/ems2001final.pdf
6.1.3 Sustainable procurement policy
Sustainable procurement is when companies buy goods based on environmental and social as well
as financial aspects.
Additional resource

Resource 3 Australian Prawn Farmers Association – Case Study Eco-efficiency
http://www.apfa.com.au/environment/eco-efficiency-case-study/
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Activity 6: Preparation for Workplace Project
Activity 6: Preparation for Workplace Project
Complete the table below for your own workplace or alternate place of work or study.
List your workplace
activities
What resources do you
use at work?
Resource
What the
environmental
implications of your
workplace activities?
Activity
What are the possible
or potential
environmental hazards
in your workplace?
How would you report
an environmental
incident?
Hazard
Measurable
How is it measured?
Possible environmental impacts
Possible effect




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What are the principal
Commonwealth Act
environmental laws and
regulations relevant to
your work?
What is the purpose or intent of this Act?
Relevant State or Territory Act
Key features of this Act - according to the relevant State Department
What procedures for sustainability are relevant to your work?
What do you do to ensure your work complies with these procedures?
Improving your work
practices
1.
Create a 10 point
checklist for minimizing
waste and improving
resource efficiency in
your work practices.
3.
2.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
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Summary of course
Introducing environmentally sustainable work practices can both reduce risk and increase business
opportunities. It can reduce risk by:


reducing capital costs and ongoing expenses – for example, by using less energy and being
more efficient with materials
decreasing exposure to possible litigation and costs through noncompliance with the law,
pollution incidents or hazards.
Opportunities are increased through:



retention of top talent and increase in staff productivity through improved work conditions
identification of niche market opportunities for ‘green’ products and services and early takeup of emerging technologies
higher customer retention (Willard, 2002).
When you have completed your Workplace Project you should be ready for assessment:


Check that you demonstrate all the requirements outlined in the Progressive Learning
Record
Finalise all the documentation in your Learning Portfolio.
Your Trainer will advise and support you through the final assessment process.
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Workplace Project: Environmental improvement process
Guidance for your project
The purpose of your workplace project is to provide you with the skills and knowledge required to
conduct an environmental improvement process in your work area.
If you do not have a current workplace, your trainer will work with you to make arrangements for
you to complete this project. This may be in a simulated work environment or perhaps through a
work experience placement.
You will need to work in collaboration with your work team to complete the project. There are six
steps with a range of tasks within each step for you to complete.
When you complete your project you will:


give an oral environmental sustainability presentation outlining the outcomes of your
project
submit a written report.
Remember to keep all your worksheets as you work through the steps to help you with preparing
your presentation and writing your report.
Your trainer will provide more details and discuss the assessment requirements before you start
your project.
Resources
The following references may assist you with completing your project:



Environment and Resource Efficiency Plan: Victoria Environmental Protection Authority
(Environment and Resource Efficiency Plan) www.epa.vic.gov.au/bus/erep/default.asp
EcoBiz: Queensland Department of Climate Change www.derm.qld.gov.au/ecobiz
EMS Green Chooser: Seafood Services Australia
www.seafoodservices.com.au/ems/greenchooser.php
(The Seafood EMS model helps to demystify environmental management systems (EMS) and concepts
such as continual improvement. This book sets out an easy-to-follow; eight step processes to help
seafood businesses and organisations choose and implement an EMS to suit their needs.)

Queensland Office of Climate Change - Conversions and Units
http://www.ehp.qld.gov.au/sustainability/pdf/ecobiz-conversionsandunits.pdf
(Conversion factor tables provided for energy, waste and water)

Hints and tips for improving resource efficiency
www.epa.vic.gov.au/bus/resource_efficiency/default.asp
(The Environment Protection Authority (EPA) Victoria has assembled a range of hints and tips aimed
at assisting you to improve the resource efficiency in your business.)
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Six Steps to Eco-Efficiency
You will need to work with your work area team to work through the Six Steps to Eco-Efficiency.
Source: Eco-Efficiency for Queensland Manufacturers,
www.derm.qld.gov.au/environmental_management/index.html
The Six Steps encompasses assessing current water and energy use, and waste generation. However
for this exercise you may focus on one of these resource areas. Consider a specific process that
your work area undertakes that would provide you with the opportunity to effectively work
through the six steps.
The skills and knowledge you acquire can then be equally adapted to assessing other water and
energy usage and waste generation.
As you work through the steps, take into account the information, activities and references provided
in this Learner Guide.
Step 1: Plan and organise
Successful environmental improvement relies on total commitment from management. A strongly
committed and enthusiastic team leader is required to establish and encourage teams and work
with staff from all areas of the business to keep activities on track.
Objectives for the project should be established and tasks assigned to individuals or team members
to help gather the information required. It is also important to decide on a communications strategy
early in the project.
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1.1 Checklist
Objective
Does your organisation have an Environmental
Policy?
Status
Gain management commitment
Engage team members (list members)
Set goal and targets (specify)
Example of objectives compared to targets
Objective
Reduce water usage
Target
Reduce water usage by 20% in (year)
Reduce energy usage
Adopt renewable energy usage by 20% in (year)
Improve employee awareness of environmental
issues
Hold monthly awareness training sessions
Create and display awareness posters
1.2 Communication and consultation strategies
As part of the planning and organising step, you need to decide on a communications strategy early
in the project. It is easy to put environment improvements in place but it will not be successful
unless all users of the area understand how they should behave and why they are expected to do so.
For example, the placement of recycling bins will not be effective unless staff are also educated and
encouraged to use them properly.
You need to consider the 'top down and bottom up' approach. Often those performing the duties
are the people who can provide performance improvement ideas and suggestions. On the other
hand, line and senior management will need to be consulted about any changes in procedures.
It is important to recognise that useful feedback can come from people at every level and in every
role across the organisation. This should not be underestimated when you are developing your
communication strategy. The communication and consultation strategy will assist with:



obtaining management commitment
identifying relevant participants (including team members) and engaging them
gathering information from a range of sources which may assist with identifying
improvement opportunities.
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1.3 Communication strategy for environmental improvement process
Date:
Organisation:
Site:
Program Coordinator:
Internal stakeholders:
Senior management, Accounts Section, Work Team members etc.
External stakeholders:
Industry Associations, Technical Advisors, Consultants, Other similar operators, Regulators, Suppliers
Aspect of
environmental
improvement process
Who will be affected
and who needs to be
kept informed?
Who will be
required to take a
measure of
responsibility?
Who can provide
useful feedback?
Best opportunity for
communication and
consultation
Key questions to ask or key messages to convey
Make notes about the feedback you will be
seeking and/or the key messages you wish to
convey.
Gaining management
commitment
Assessment (baseline)
Survey (physical)
Analysing assessment
results
Planning for action
Implementing Action
Plan
Reviewing progress
Reporting
Continuous
Improvement
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Step 2: Baseline assessment
How are resources currently used in the workplace?
Careful examination of existing conditions is required before any improvement options can be
identified. In terms of environmental performance, this means making an initial assessment (or
audit) of current resource usage and waste. There are two ways of assessing resource use:


A “baseline” assessment – collating and analysing documentation such as operating
procedures, amenities, resource consumption (including water and energy) and waste
disposal accounts and inventories.
A "physical survey" – requires monitoring, measuring and recording resource use through a
pre-planned process in a designated area for a selected resource.
The best results can usually be gained by using a combination of the assessment/survey approach.
The information gained will provide an important foundation for any improvements you identify that
can be made.
The resulting information you procure is called "baseline data", that is, the data against which you
can measure future performance to see what sort of improvements have been made following
implementation of an environmental improvement plan.
Following are a number of possible documents that may inform a desktop audit. Go through the list
and tick off those documents that are available and whether they are current or not. Put a cross if
the document is not applicable.
2.1 Baseline assessment checklist
Information source
Available: Yes/ No
Responsibility
Accounting information
Waste handling, treatment and disposal costs
Water and sewage costs
Product, energy and raw material costs
Operating and maintenance costs
Process information
Process flow diagrams
Material balance data
Energy balance data
Equipment list and specifications
Regulatory information
Waste license(s)
Trade waste agreements
Environmental monitoring/audit records
Water assessments
An example of a water survey follows. It shows how the baseline and survey assessments work
together to provide a clearer picture of current water resource use.
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Conducting a water assessment
Knowing where water is used is the first step toward saving water in the workplace.
A water assessment helps track water usage. Since water use varies greatly from one type of
seafood business to another and from site to site, water assessments should be designed for each
individual location.
The seafood industry uses water for a variety of processes including: vessel operations, catch, growout, harvest, post-harvest, routine maintenance and operations, cooling, sanitary and amenity use.
Prepare:






meet with operation and facilities personnel
gather utility records
consider plumbing information (if relevant)
examine historical water supply sources
research water use equipment and processes
consider energy use associated with water (e.g. temperature control).
Collect information regarding the water used within a facility or on a vessel, this may include:






talking to the people familiar with maintenance, operations and supplies
investigating cooling and heating systems
process and equipment water needs
sanitary and domestic use
maintenance and operations
irrigation.
Similar processes can be used for energy usage and waste management.
The following page provides example tables for survey data collection
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2.2 Baseline assessment data collection
Inputs
Annual quantity
Unit charge ($/unit)
Annual cost ($)
Chemicals/pesticides
Production material
Feedstock
Water potable (L)
Water alternative water source (L)
Water supplied by third party (L)
Electricity* (kWh)
Natural gas* (MJ)
LPG* (tonnes)
Fuel oil* (L)
Other…
* Note: this should be an average of the demand, market and supply charges as set out on the
energy bills.
Outputs
Quantity
generated/year
Unit charge ($/unit)
Annual cost of
disposal ($)
Trade waste (L)
Suspended solids (SS) (kg)
Sediment sludge waste (L)
Cardboard/paper (m2 or tonnes)
Glass (m2 or tonnes)
Plastics (m2 or tonnes)
Organics (m2 or tonnes)
General waste (m2 or tonnes)
Regulated waste
Other…
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Step 3: Site survey
Results of a site survey will build on the information that you found in the baseline assessment.
This physical assessment can help to identify ways to reduce resource use (and costs) through
practice modifications and pinpoint problem areas of waste, which may be improved through
equipment modification or behaviour change. These findings cannot be so readily revealed through
a desktop audit.
The assessment will vary according to the resource being measured, the type of industry process,
the product and the size of the designated area for assessing.
At the larger end of the scale, companies can hire consultants to undertake comprehensive audits of
a whole organisation.
At the smaller end, it is possible for an individual or workgroup to assess their resource use in a
small area through careful observation and record keeping over a designated period.
For this workplace project, you will be assessing the resources related to water, energy and waste
efficiencies. You may decide to start with the resource for which the greatest possible cost savings
are possible.
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3.1 Water use assessment
Facility being assessed:
Start date:
Area of equipment
End date:
Equipment
description
Type of water
used or
generated
Number of
appliances
Assessment period:
Equipment being assessed:
Hours
online/day
Days of
operation/week
Assessment period:
Equipment being assessed:
Energy
Estimated
Hours
consumption
efficiency %
online/day
Days of
operation/week
Input (L/hour)
Output (L/hour)
3.2 Energy use assessment
Facility being assessed:
Start date:
Equipment/location
Energy source
Energy units
End date:
Number of
appliances
3.3 Waste assessment
Facility being assessed:
Start date:
Area or section
Assessment period:
Waste category
Waste stream
(e.g. landfill)
End date:
Number of
containers
Container size
(cubic metres)
Equipment being assessed:
How full when
Number of collections/week
emptied
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Step 4: Action plan
Here you need to consider the facts that should be considered when assessing the feasibility of each
identified opportunity:



potential changes to processes
impact on product safety
ecological impacts, etc.
Action plans should list short, medium and long-term actions, and include resources, persons
responsible for implementation and priority for implementation.
From the baseline and survey data, you will then need to identify possible sustainability
opportunities and note these.
Draw up a table with the following (or your own) headings to document potential eco-efficiency
opportunities.


Items (possible opportunities)
o Potential resource savings
o Water
o Energy
o Solid waste
o Water waste
o Other e.g. Labour, maintenance
o Passed preliminary evaluation: Yes/No
Issues: compliance, technology, approval.
You will then need to evaluate the opportunities in relation to: feasibility, potential costs and
potential savings.
Example action plan
Eco-efficiency
opportunity
Capital
cost ($)
Estimated
operation
costs ($)
Estimated
annual
saving
(resource)
Estimated
annual
saving ($)
Actual
annual
saving
($)
Payback
(months)
Implementation
(date)
Person
responsible
WATER
ENERGY
WASTE
Etc…
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Step 5: Implementation
Adequate support and training (if required) needs to be provided to implement the Action Plan.
At this stage, it is a good idea to review and update your initial Communication Strategy. Consider
any changes required which could include adding new stakeholders, etc.
Providing feedback to the work group and other key stakeholders regarding the implementation of
the Action Plan will help to maintain momentum for the eco-efficiency target improvements. Key
Performance Indicators (KPIs) can be used to track the performance, for example:
Current performance
(per process)
Inputs
Target performance
(per process)
Water (L/process)
Electricity (kWh/process)
Etc...
Outputs
Solid waste (L/process)
Cardboard/paper (m3 or
tonnes/process)
Plastic (m3 or tonnes/process)
Etc...
Step 6: Monitoring and continuous improvement
Regular reassessment of the Action Plan and Communication Strategy is necessary to ensure
changes to operational procedures have been considered. Fostering a culture in the workplace of
continual improvement can lead to innovation ideas and a motivated workforce.
You will need to compare data from your baseline and survey assessments to track eco-efficiency
improvements. You can re-use the worksheets you have created to identify new baseline data.
Don’t forget as you continue your eco-efficiency journey:



Aim to continuously improve.
Seek new innovation ideas.
Reward yourself and your team.
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Progressive Learning Record
1. Investigate current practices in relation to resource usage
Performance criteria
-
Knowledge/skills required
-
Review current regulations relating to environmental issues and selects those relevant to own workplace
or work area.
Review organisation's existing environmental procedures that relate to environmental regulations.
Develop a communication strategy for ensuring work groups know about environmental procedures.
Develop an environmental improvement plan in consultation with workgroup.
Complete individual or group activities to:
Establish an environmental improvement project in the work area.
Identify most suitable resource(s) to target for resource efficiency improvement.
Analyse the purchasing strategies associated with identified resource(s) and identify methods to measure
use through existing organisation records.
Review current measurement methods and identify ways to improve current practices. Establishes
appropriate time scale for the resource measurement exercise.
Conduct baseline assessment of the target resource(s).
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
Input is sought from stakeholders, key personnel and specialists.
External sources of information and data are accessed, as required.
Alternative solutions to workplace environmental issues are evaluated.
Efficiency targets are set.
-
2. Set targets for improvements
Performance criteria
Comments
1.1 Environmental regulations applying to the enterprise are identified and procedures for assessing
compliance with regulations are evaluated for their effectiveness.
1.2 Information on the enterprise plan or system for environmental management and resource efficiency is
collected, and where appropriate, provided to the work group.
1.3 Information from a range of sources is collected, analysed and organised to provide information/advice and
tools/resources for improvement opportunities.
1.4 Current resource usage by members of the work group is measured and documented.
1.5 Current purchasing strategies are analysed, documented and opportunities for improvement investigated.
1.6 Current work processes for accessing information and data to assist in identifying areas for improvement
are analysed.
Comments
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Knowledge/skills required
-
-
Complete activities in collaboration with work group:
Develop a communication plan to identify key stakeholders and their roles.
Engage and gain feedback from key personnel with specialist viewpoint (purchasing officer, production line
staff and maintenance staff).
Access resources from external sources through web search, government agencies, other organisations,
industry associations and networks.
Use baseline data and research findings to general environmental improvement ideas.
Collaborate with work group and other stakeholders to establish criteria for choosing improvement options
(cost, timeframe).
Demonstrate considerations of a range of factors in the selection of an appropriate target.
3. Implement performance improvement strategies
Performance criteria
Knowledge/skills required
Comments
3.1 Techniques and tools are sourced to assist in achieving efficiency targets.
3.2 Continuous improvement strategies are applied to own work area and ideas and possible solutions are
communicated to the work group and management.
3.3 Environmental and resource efficiency improvement plans for own work group are integrated with other
operational activities and implemented.
3.4 Team members are supervised and supported to identify possible work areas for improved practices and
resource efficiency in work area.
3.5 Suggestions and ideas about environmental and resource efficiency management are sought from
stakeholders and acted upon, where appropriate.
3.6 Costing strategies are implemented to fully value environmental assets.
Complete activities in collaboration with work group:
Research a range of programs, systems and tools which can be applied to achieve targets.
Review and update communication plan to reflect initial baseline, survey and research findings and
facilitate continuous improvement strategies.
Effectively demonstrate ability to supervise and provide support to work area team members.
Evidence of ability to document processes and identify suitable input from a range of stakeholders.
Develop a worksheet to assist with recording costs and savings, which include environmental accounting
concepts.
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4. Monitor performance
Performance criteria
Knowledge/skills required
Comments
4.1 Tools and technology for evaluation and monitoring of environmental and resource efficiency performance
are used and/or developed.
4.2 Efficiency outcomes are documented and reports on targets are communicated to key personnel and
stakeholders.
4.3 Strategies and improvement plans are evaluated and new targets set, and new tools, technology and
strategies investigated and applied.
4.4 Successful strategies are promoted and participants acknowledged.
Complete activities in collaboration with work group:
Action plan is evaluated and updated to reflect outcomes of the identified environmental improvement
strategies.
Work with team and use other stakeholder feedback to develop continuous improvement actions and
update Action Plan.
Oral presentation and provision of written report documenting and communicating the processes and
outcomes to key stakeholders.
Enlist support of management in providing recognition to key stakeholders and work team members
responsible for the efficiency achievements.
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Glossary
ABARES
AFMA
AgStewardship
Australia
Aquaculture
Stewardship
Council (ASC)
AQIS
Australian
Packaging
Covenant
Biocapacity
By-catch
The Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences (ABARES) is a research
bureau within the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry. ABARES provides professionally
independent research, analysis and advice for government and private sector decision-makers on
significant issues affecting Australia’s agriculture, fisheries and forestry industries.
The Australian Fisheries Management Authority (AFMA) is responsible for the operational management
of Commonwealth fisheries.
The primary focus of AgStewardship Australia is Product Stewardship. This involves end users and every
sector of the supply chain, taking a shared responsibility for the environmental impacts of a product,
throughout its entire life cycle.
http://www.agstewardshipaustralia.org.au/aspx/aboutStewardship.aspx
The ASC is a global organisation working internationally with aquaculture producers, seafood processors,
retail and food service companies, scientists, conservation groups, social Non-Government Organisations
and the public to promote the best environmental and social choice practices in aquaculture.
http://www.asc-aqua.org
The Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service (AQIS) is part of the Australian Government
Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (DAFF).
AQIS manages quarantine controls at our borders to minimise the risk of exotic pests and diseases
entering the country. AQIS also provides import and export inspection and certification to help retain
Australia's highly favourable animal, plant and human health status and wide access to overseas export
markets.
The Australian Packaging Covenant (APC) is a voluntary initiative, by Government and Industry. It is
designed to minimise the environmental impacts arising from the disposal of used packaging, conserve
resources through better design and production processes and facilitate the re-use and recycling of used
packaging materials. Companies, Government Agencies and Industry Associations sign the Covenant and
commit to certain responsibilities which contribute to achieving the Covenant Performance Goals and
KPI’s. Anyone involved in the packaging supply chain is invited to sign the Covenant.
The Covenant establishes a framework for the effective life cycle management of consumer packaging
and paper products that will be delivered through a collaborative approach. The Covenant is based on the
waste hierarchy: that is, it puts high priority on avoiding and minimising packaging waste, followed by
reuse, recycling, recovery and finally, disposal.
Biocapacity is the capacity of an area to provide resources and absorb wastes. When the area's ecological
footprint exceeds its biocapacity, unsustainability occurs.
In its broadest sense, bycatch includes all living and non-living material (except for the target species)
which is caught while fishing, including by-product, discards and that part of the catch which doesn’t
reach the deck but is affected by interactions with the fishing gear. For the purposes of the
Commonwealth Bycatch Policy, bycatch is defined more narrowly as discards and that part of the catch
which doesn’t reach the deck but is affected by interactions with the fishing gear.
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DAFF
DCCEE
DSEWPaC
Ecological
Footprint
Commonwealth Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (DAFF) develop and implements
policies and programs to ensure Australia’s fisheries are competitive, profitable and sustainable. It
supports Australia’s domestic fisheries and aquaculture.
Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency is responsible for development and coordination of
domestic and international climate change policy; International climate negotiations; Design and
implementation of emissions trading; Mandatory renewable energy target policy, regulation and
coordination; Greenhouse emissions and energy consumption reporting; Climate change adaptation
strategy and coordination; Coordination of climate change science activities.
Commonwealth Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities
(DSEWPaC) is responsible for implementing the Australian Government's policies to protect our
environment and heritage, and to promote a sustainable way of life.
http://www.environment.gov.au
The ecological footprint is a measure of human demand on the Earth's ecosystems. It is a standardized
measure of demand for natural capital that may be contrasted with the planet's ecological capacity to
regenerate. It represents the amount of biologically productive land and sea area necessary to supply the
resources a human population consumes, and to assimilate associated waste.
http://www.wwf.org.au/our_work/people_and_the_environment/human_footprint/footprint_calculator/
or http://www.epa.vic.gov.au/ecologicalfootprint/calculators/default.asp<
EPBC Act
The Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (the EPBC Act) is the Australian
Government’s central piece of environmental legislation. It provides a legal framework to protect and
manage nationally and internationally important flora, fauna, ecological communities and heritage places
— defined in the EPBC Act as matters of national environmental significance.
The Environment Protection and Biodiversity Regulations were established on 5 July 2000 and
commenced on the same date as the EPBC Act (16 July 2000). The purpose of the regulations is to give
effect to the provisions of the EPBC Act. http://www.environment.gov.au/epbc/about/history.html
ESD
Ecologically sustainable development (ESD) is about developing and managing fishing systems that do not
damage the natural environments and ecosystems in which they are located.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) - Fisheries and Aquaculture Department The work of the Fisheries and Aquaculture Department centres on “Sustainable management and use of
fisheries and aquaculture resources” (Strategic Objective C) which embraces normative as well as
operational activities whether implemented from headquarters or from the field.
The FAO website provides extensive information regarding the structure and management of the
Australian Seafood Industry including Wild Catch and Aquaculture.
http://www.fao.org/fishery/legalframework/nalo_australia/en#tcNB0041
A global hectare refers to one hectare (approximately soccer field size) of biologically productive space
with world-average productivity.
The world’s most widely used sustainability reporting framework. This framework sets out the principles
and indicators that organisations can use to measure and report their economic, environmental, and
social performance. >https://www.globalreporting.org/Pages/default.aspx<
The GRI also provides supplements that expand on particular sectors, including the food processing
sector: https://www.globalreporting.org/resourcelibrary/GRI-Reporting-in-the-Food-Processing-Sector-in2009.pdf
FAO
Global hectare
Global
Reporting
Initiative (GRI)
HACCP
IPOAs
Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP) is an internationally recognised methodology for
preventing food safety hazards.
International Plans of Action - incorporated into the United Nations 'Code of Conduct for Responsible
Fisheries'.
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ISO 14001
ISO 26000
Life-Cycle
Analysis
Marine
Stewardship
Council
National Waste
Policy
Seafood
Services
Australia
Skills for
Sustainability
Sustainability
Triple Bottom
Line
Waste
hierarchy
The ISO 14000 series provides a framework for international best practice in the delivery of and
implementation of environmental management.
International Standard for Social Responsibility published in November 2010.
>http://www.iso.org/iso/sr_schematic-overview.pdf<
Life Cycle Analysis in Environmental Accounting is the) is an assessment of all the environmental impacts
of a product (or service) from ‘cradle to grave’ i.e. from initial extraction and processing of raw materials
to final disposal. (Ayres et al, 1995).
The Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) is an independent, non-profit organisation established in 1997 to
find a solution to the problem of overfishing. It has set an environmental standard for sustainable
fisheries, and seafood that meets this standard carries a distinctive blue MSC label. This gives consumers a
simple way to identify – and purchase – fish from well-managed sources.
The National Waste Policy heralds a new, coherent, efficient and environmentally responsible approach to
waste management in Australia. The policy, agreed by all Australian environment ministers in November
2009, sets Australia's waste management and resource recovery direction to 2020.
http://www.environment.gov.au/wastepolicy/index.html
Seafood Services Australia (SSA) was established by the Australian Seafood Industry Council (ASIC) and the
Fisheries Research and Development Corporation (FRDC) as a not for profit company. The company works
with industry to develop and commercialise new knowledge, processes and technology.
Skills for sustainability (also known as green skills), are the technical skills, knowledge, values and
attitudes needed in the workforce to develop and support sustainable social, economic and
environmental outcomes in business, industry and the community. (Green Skills Agreement, DEEWR,
2009)
Refer back to ESD
Triple Bottom Line - is also known as “people, planet, profit” or the “Three Pillars.” It captures
values and criteria for measuring an organisation’s economic, ecological and social success.
The waste hierarchy puts high priority on avoiding and minimising waste, followed by reuse,
recycling, recovery and finally, disposal.
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