TERMS OF REFERENCE: STUDY ON WASH CHALLENGES IN
PERI-URBAN AREAS OF NIGERIA
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Background
Peri-urban areas in Nigeria like in other parts of developing world are large settlements at the fringe of urban areas which are often not considered as part of overall urban development plans. They are often characterised by poor infrastructural development such as poor road network, limited access to water supply, poor electricity supply and inadequate access to improved sanitation facilities among others. The areas are usually densely populated thereby worsening the already dilapidated or non-existing infrastructural facilities.
Demographic information for per-urban areas are often not available as most classifications of data are for urban and rural areas. Available information shows a very rapid rate of urbanization of about 4% per annum in the country
1
occasioned by high rate of rural to urban migration. It is estimated that over 60% of the population live in urban areas and this is expected to rise to about 65% by 2025.
2 A significant percentage of those migrating from rural to urban areas end up in peri-urban areas due to their inability to afford the high cost of living associated with urban cities coupled with the fact that most of them are un-skilled and do not process the requisite qualifications and experiences to pick up jobs in the cities. All these have led to springing up of a lot of peri-urban areas around most of the major cities in the country.
Due to neglect and poor infrastructural facilities, most of the peri-urban areas have ended up as slums and Nigeria has the highest slum population of about 79.2% in urban areas
3
in the world. This poses a serious threat to the overall social-economic development of the country considering the high population of Nigerians residing in these neglected areas. Focusing attention on peri-urban areas in terms of overall development has become more imperative if the aspiration of Nigeria to be among the top 20 economies in the world by 2020 is to be fully achieved.
Inadequate access to improved Water supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) facilities is one of the recurring problems of peri-urban areas. While access to improved water supply and sanitation are known for urban and rural areas courtesy of several studies conducted in the country, very little is known about the situation in peri-urban areas which makes it extremely difficult to plan for appropriate interventions. It is estimated that about 73% of the urban population and 51% of the rural population have access to improved sources of drinking water while access to improved sanitation facilities are estimated at 41% and 26% for urban and rural areas respectively
4
. The WASH situations for peri-urban areas are most likely to be worse than the urban areas. Addressing the rights of people to safe water sources and adequate sanitation in peri-urban areas is very difficult due to inadequate information for effective programme planning and implementation.
The implications of poor access to improved drinking water supply and adequate sanitation facilities in peri-urban areas are enormous. Apart from disease burden usually associated with poor access, there are a lot of pressures on the existing urban schemes especially water supply
1 Federal Government of Nigeria, 2011: Executive Summary of the Nigeria Water Sector Roadmap.
2 Federal Government of Nigeria; 2009: Report of Vision 2020-National Working Group on Urban and Rural
Development
3 Federal Government of Nigeria; 2009: Report of Vision 2020-National Working Group on Urban and Rural
Development
4 National Bureau of Statistics (2011): Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2011- Summary Report

TERMS OF REFERENCE: STUDY ON WASH CHALLENGES IN
PERI-URBAN AREAS OF NIGERIA
2 which are often stretched beyond design capacities leading to increased overhead costs for operation and maintenance and eventual failure of the schemes.
Peri-urban areas present unique and complex challenges for appropriate WASH interventions based on the diverse characteristics of the areas which are totally different from rural and urban experiences. Lack of or limited experiences on appropriate WASH interventions in peri-urban areas is a contributory factor for the neglect of the areas as most WASH practitioners have experiences for interventions in rural and urban areas. Hence the need for better understanding of the situations in peri-urban areas towards designing technologically appropriate and socially and culturally acceptable WASH interventions. This study is a first step at addressing WASH issues in peri-urban areas in a more holistic and sustainable basis.
UNICEF is collaborating with Department of Water Quality Control and Sanitation of
Federal Ministry of Water Resource (FMWR) to conduct this study as part of the efforts of scaling up WASH delivery towards achieving national and global targets.
Objectives
The overall objective of this study is to obtain relevant information for designing appropriate
WASH interventions in selected peri-urban areas in the country. In addition, the study which is to be conducted in selected peri-urban areas in the country seeks to;

To determine key technical, physical, social and cultural challenges affecting WASH interventions.

To identify the roles and responsibilities of various stakeholders involve in provision of
WASH services.

To describe appropriate WASH technologies and interventions that could be implemented.

To determine mechanisms for funding of appropriate WASH interventions.

To determine availability and compliance with policy framework for provision of WASH services.
Table 1: Study Objectives
Main Objectives
To determine key technical, physical, social and cultural challenges affecting WASH interventions in selected peri-urban areas in the country.
To identify the roles and responsibilities of various stakeholders involve in provision of
WASH services in selected periurban areas.
To describe appropriate WASH technologies and interventions that
Specific Objectives

Describe settlement pattern and legal status of peri-urban areas as it relates to provision of WASH services;

Describe current water, sanitation and hygiene practices, access to improved WASH facilities and quality of water being consumed in selected peri-urban areas;

Examine wastewater generation, collection, disposal and management in selected peri-urban areas.

Describe decision making process for provision of household
WASH facilities in selected peri-urban areas.

Identify technical, cultural and social factors affecting WASH interventions in selected peri-urban areas.

Identify all stakeholders involve in WASH interventions in periurban areas.

Describe specific roles and responsibilities of the identified stakeholders.

Based on the existing situation, propose an appropriate institutional arrangement for effective WASH interventions in peri-urban areas.

Identify types of WASH technologies being used in selected periurban areas.

TERMS OF REFERENCE: STUDY ON WASH CHALLENGES IN
PERI-URBAN AREAS OF NIGERIA
3 could be implemented in selected peri-urban areas.
To determine mechanisms for funding of appropriate WASH interventions in peri-urban areas.
To determine availability and compliance with policy framework for provision of WASH services in selected peri-urban areas.

Determine the cost of provision of each type of identified WASH technology.

Identify who provided the WASH facilities for the communities/households.

Describe the management, operation and maintenance of each type of identified WASH technology in peri-urban areas.

Determine the level of reliability and adequacy of WASH facilities in peri-urban areas.

Determine if there is any tariff for operation and maintenance of
WASH facilities.

If there is tariff, describe the process for collection and management of the tariff including the amount collected for operation and maintenance of identified WASH technologies.

Determine the capacity of communities in the operation and maintenance of the identified WASH technologies.

Propose appropriate WASH technologies/interventions for implementation in selected peri-urban areas including the possibility of integrating peri-urban WASH services into the mainstream of urban WASH development plans.

Identify and describe all WASH interventions/projects in the selected peri-urban areas.

Determine the cost of the identified WASH interventions/projects.

Describe the funding source of the identified WASH interventions/projects.

Determine the percentage of household income spent on WASH in selected peri-urban areas.

Determine the willingness of communities/households to pay for improved WASH services in selected peri-urban areas.

Propose appropriate mechanisms for funding of WASH interventions in the peri-urban areas.

Identify all existing policies governing WASH interventions in peri-urban areas.

Examine the adequacy or otherwise of information on WASH interventions in peri-urban areas in existing policies.

Examine the compliance with policy provision in WASH interventions in peri-urban areas.
Scope of Work
The WASH Section of UNICEF Nigeria has the overall responsibility of coordinating this study in collaboration with Federal Ministry of Water Resources. The consultancy will be supervised by a team from UNICEF, Federal Ministry of Water Resources (FMWR) and
National Task Group on Sanitation (including Federal Ministry of Environment) and will involve desk review of all relevant documents and extensive field visits to 12 peri-urban areas/communities across the country. Two communities from each of the six geo-political zones (totalling 12) are being proposed for this study so as to take care of the diverse social, cultural and economic situations in the country (Table 2).

TERMS OF REFERENCE: STUDY ON WASH CHALLENGES IN
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Table 2: Proposed communities for the Study
S/N Proposed Peri-
Urban Settlements
1 Okpoko
Adjoining
City
Onitsha
LGA
Ogbaru
2
3
Osisioma
Ugbogiobo
Aba
Benin City
Aba
Ovia North
East
4
5
6
Oyigbo
Ido-Osun
Ojoo
7
8
Kolakofai
Vinikilang
9 Karu
10 Sabon Tasha
11 Mani
12 Dandagoro
Port Hacourt Oyigbo
Oshogbo
Ibadan
Jalingo
Jimeta
Abuja
Kaduna
Katsina
Sokoto
Egbedore
Akinyele
Ardo
Girei
Mani
Batagarawa
State
Anambra
Abia
Edo
Rivers
Osun
Oyo
Taraba
Adamawa
Karu Nasarawa
Kaduna South Kaduna
Katsina
Sokoto
Geo-political Zone
South -East
South – East
South – South
South-South
South-West
South-West
North – East
North - East
North – Central
North - Central
North-West
North-West
Information obtained from the 12 peri-urban areas will be used to design appropriate WASH interventions for these areas.
Specifically, the key tasks of this consultancy include, but not limited to;

Desk review of all available relevant documents on Water, Sanitation and Hygiene programme delivery in Nigeria including policies; surveys; programme evaluation reports; and other programme reports and publications.

Draft and share the study instruments (Interview protocol and questionnaires) with
UNICEF, FMWR and National Task Group on Sanitation (NTGS) and finalize based on inputs and comments received.

Hold Consultations and meetings with all relevant stakeholders to obtain information on
WASH programme with emphasis on strategies being adopted by each stakeholder for interventions in peri-urban areas, roles and responsibilities, funding mechanism, coordination and resource mobilization.

Prepare and share inception report and make a presentation on the report to UNICEF,
FMWR and NTGS.

Pre-test and validate the instruments document for data collection and share the findings with UNICEF, FMWR and NTGS.

Conduct field activities for data collection in selected peri-urban areas. The firm is expected to recruit, train and supervise a suitable team of field workers, including interviewers and field supervisors. All necessary logistic arrangements for the field work are expected to be made by the firm.

Carry out data analysis and prepare zero draft of the report. The draft report should include; in-depth review of WASH situations in peri-urban areas including key technical, social and economic factors as well as comprehensive review of WASH technologies that may be most applicable and appropriate recommendations for WASH interventions in peri-urban areas.

Prepare and submit progress report on status of implementing the assigned tasks in the contract. At least one progress report should be submitted within 3 months of contract award.

Share the zero draft report with UNICEF, FWMR and NTGS for comments.

TERMS OF REFERENCE: STUDY ON WASH CHALLENGES IN
PERI-URBAN AREAS OF NIGERIA
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
Prepare another draft of the report based on comments from UNICEF, FMWR and
NTGS.
 Facilitate a national stakeholders’ workshop to present the draft report.

Based on comments/inputs from stakeholders’ workshop, finalize and submit the study report to UNICEF.
All workshops from this study are to be funded separately through the government partner.
Methodology
The firm is expected to provide detailed technical proposal on their understanding of the assignment; general approach and methodology to be used in carrying out the assignments in the ToR including detailed workplan and timetable as well as financial proposal and any other relevant information that might be useful in assessing its capacity in carrying out this consultancy.
Duration
The assignments are to be completed within a period of 6 months from the date of award of contract. The workplan and timetable for the study are to be proposed by the firm in the inception report.
Deliverables
All reports shall be submitted in electronic form and hardcopy as necessary or required. The reports will be considered drafts upon initial receipts. Drafts will be reviewed and comments provided within 2 weeks of receipt, unless otherwise specified. The selected firm shall appropriately address all the issues raised and provide final report within two weeks of receiving the comments.
The main deliverables include:
1.
Inception Report and Presentation within 3 weeks of award of contract: An inception report with oral presentation to UNICEF, FMWR and NTGS should include; a.
Study objectives b.
Detailed workplan c.
Methods of data collection and justification d.
Sampling strategy e.
Study limitation f.
Key implementation challenges and risks g.
Additional study design considerations h.
Implementation work plan and time table i.
Draft survey instruments. j.
Final report outline.
10 hardcopies of inception reports are to be submitted.
2.
Progress Report within 12 weeks of award of contract. 10 hardcopies of progress reports are to be submitted.
3.
First Draft Report within 18 weeks of award of contract: This report will be presented to
UNICEF, FMWR and NTGS. 24 hardcopies of the report are to be submitted.

TERMS OF REFERENCE: STUDY ON WASH CHALLENGES IN
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4.
Stakeholders’ Workshop Report to be shared within 20 weeks of award of contract.
5.
Final Report within 24 weeks of award of contract: The final report will include; comprehensive review of WASH situations in peri-urban areas; detailed analysis of key findings, key recommendations for appropriate WASH interventions in peri-urban areas of the country. The outlines for the final report are to be presented as part of the inception report and approved by UNICEF. In addition, the final report should be edited and made ready for publication. Both electronic copy and 24 hard copies of the final reports are to be submitted to UNICEF and should include; a.
Clean and fully referenced electronic data sets for surveys in agreed format b.
Basic transcripts of all interviews and focus group discussions in an electronic format in English.
The final edited report is to be printed and circulated by Federal Ministry of Water
Resources.
Firm Qualifications
The selected firm should have a track record of at least five years of relevant experience in conducting similar studies. Experience working with ethnically diverse populations and studies in urban/peri-urban areas are essential.
The firm should pay special attention to the following when applying for the consultancy;

The development of a detailed work plan including mobilization and transportation of field staff.

System for the management and quality assurance of the study.

Complete CVs of the proposed staffing for key personnel and Field Staff.
Required Staff Expertise
Key personnel may only be replaced over the life of the contract with written permission of
UNICEF. The following are the suggested study team composition and qualifications but the firm is free to propose alternative team composition to achieve the assigned tasks in the ToR:

1 – Team Leader /Project Coordinator who will be the primary person responsible for the overall coordination of the implementation of assigned tasks. Experience in leading similar research studies and advanced University degree in Social Sciences, Public
Health, Engineering, Urban & Regional Planning or any other related technical field are required.

1- Social Scientist with experience on quantitative and qualitative surveys and analysis.
Education qualifications required are an advanced University degree in Social Sciences,
Statistics or related technical field. The Social Scientist will lead the data gathering and analysis process of the study.

1- Water/Civil Engineer with experience and track record on WASH development issues in the country including knowledge and design of appropriate technology options and community approaches to WASH development. Education qualifications required are an advanced University degree in Civil Engineering, Public Health Engineering or related technical field. The Water/Civil Engineer will provide the required leadership and support

TERMS OF REFERENCE: STUDY ON WASH CHALLENGES IN
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7 the study team with relevant information on appropriate WASH technology options and other related technical issues.

Qualitative field staff should have at least three years’ experience of field work and be fluent in English and main local languages. All qualitative field staff should have at least first degree and have significant experience in-depth interviews and focus group discussions.

Quantitative Interviewers (Survey Enumerators) should have at least three years’ experience of field work and fluent in relevant local languages with at least a higher
Diploma from recognized institutions.

Additional staffing requirements will be left to the firm to determine based on the proposed methodology and approach.
All proposed staff must work directly on the study.
Payments
This will be a lump sum contract payable as follows;

30% on presentation and acceptance of inception report

40% on submission and acceptance of first draft report.

30% on submission and acceptance of final report.