2.
The use of persistent pesticides may have contributed to the protection against many pests including household pests. One of the principal features of these pesticides is their long residual life and persistence in the environment. Accumulation of these pesticides in animal tissues had serious adverse effects which led to their ban and restrictions.
Termite control in China relied heavily on the use of Chlordane and Mirex for many years because of their effectiveness, persistence and low cost. Since the Stockholm
Convention went into force, China has ratified it and expressed the need to phase out these chemicals by replacing them with safer alternatives.
The World Bank’s Pest Management Safeguard Policy (OP 4.09 and BP 4.01 Annex C) was established to address these concerns and to assist borrowers to manage pests in an appropriate manner. A major provision of the Safeguard Policy is the preparation of a comprehensive Pest Management Plan, or PMP, that will outline the various elements of and actions needed to be taken to adequately address these concerns during project implementation.
Objectives of the Pest Management Plan
The primary goal of this project is to assist China in developing an Integrated Pest
Management (IPM) Strategy for termite prevention and control. The ultimate goal of the strategy is the reduction of the use of chlordane and other pesticides using alternative methods based on the ecology and behavior of termites. This strategy is based on baiting termites with an Insect Growth Regulator and/or a chemical toxicant. In both cases, the chemicals will be used only where and when needed which will result in a drastic decline in pesticide use.
According to Annex C of BP 4.01, a Pest Management Plan is a "comprehensive plan, developed when there are significant pest management issues such as:
(a) new land-use development or changed cultivation practices in an area,
(b) significant expansion into new areas,
(c) diversification into new crops in agriculture,
(d) intensification of existing low-technology systems,

(e) proposed procurement of relatively hazardous pest control products or methods, or
(f) specific environmental or health concerns (e.g., proximity of protected areas or important aquatic resources; worker safety).
A pest management plan is also developed when proposed financing of pest control products represents a large component of the project."
With respect to its objectives and execution, BP 4.01 - Annex C stipulates that: "A pest management plan reflects the policies set out in OP 4.09, Pest Management. The plan is designed to minimize potential adverse impacts on human health and the environment and to advance ecologically based Integrated Pest Management (IPM). The plan is based on on-site evaluations of local conditions conducted by appropriate technical specialists with experience in participatory IPM."
(a) The PMP is developed as part of the Environmental Assessment (EA)
This Pest Management Plan is developed as part of the Environmental Assessment which is elaborated for the project. Annex C of BP 4.01 states that ,: "… the EA covers potential issues related to pest management and considers appropriate alternative designs or mitigation measures. Depending on the issues identified, the environmental management plan includes a pest management plan."
In this case, the PMP will constitute a major part of the EA. The other major portion is related to plant closure and decontamination of sites.
The consultant will be specialized in one or more of the following fields:

Structural and Urban Pest Management and/or related field;

Proven experience in the design and implementation of IPM strategies

Practical experience (not less than 10 years) in termite control (IPM practices including chemical and non-chemical alternatives to chlordane and mirex)

Relevant professional experience in China (country experience and knowledge would be a major asset)

Strong ability to conduct both quantitative and qualitative analyses;

Familiarity with the Stockholm Convention on POPs;

Basic knowledge of GEF and WB projects desired but not required

Proficiency in English (spoken and written); Some understanding of Chinese would be desirable


Good communication skills
The consultant will have experience in the identification and the analysis of technical and policy constraints with respect to urban pest management projects in developing countries. She/he should be capable of working, using a strongly participatory approach, with the (potential) Borrower's technical and policy staff.
In consultation with the project Task Team Leader (TTL) and the Borrower, the
Consultant will prepare the PMP, addressing the following 4 major issues, namely:
(a) Pest management approaches (in this case the Baiting System)
(b) Pesticide use and management (Chlordane and Mirex use as well as the other chemicals used in termite control)
(c) Policy, regulatory Framework and institutional capacity, and
(d) Monitoring and evaluation
Details of these components may be elaborated upon as follows:
4a. Pest management approaches
(a) Current and anticipated termite problems, relevant to the project

Prepare an overview of the major termite problems experienced in China, especially by homeowners in the demonstration area.
 Provide estimates (preferably based on local studies) of economic losses
 that can be attributed to the termite damage.
Assess the potential changes in termite problems that can be anticipated as a result of the project's activities.
(b) Current and proposed pest management practices
Describe the current methods for pest or vector management practised in the country. Describe the non-chemical pest control methods, IPM or IVM approaches that are available in the country.
Assess the activities of the national and provincial termite control services aimed at providing termite management advice/service to contractors and homeowners.
Evaluate to which extent the system includes integrated pest management. Assess the extent to which termite management information is transmitted to end users.
Assess the economic and environmental sustainability of the present and proposed termite management practices.

Inventorize the termite control methods or approaches that have been field-tested or introduced in the past in the country, but which have not established themselves as current practices. Evaluate the reasons for this lack of success.
Describe any new termite control methods or approaches that are being tested or introduced into the country.
Assess the potential changes in termite management that can be anticipated as a result of the project activities.
(c) Relevant IPM experience within the project area, country or region.
Describe any IPM methods locally available for the management of the major termite species that are the target of the project, and if appropriate for other species in the region.
Assess the strengths and weaknesses of implementation of IPM activities in the country to guide the choice of activities that could be carried out during project implementation.
Identify relevant existing IPM or IVM projects or programs which are operational in the country and which should be approached for collaboration.
Review the development and conduct of IPM research programs within any national, regional or international research centers, relevant to the project activities.
(d) Assessment of proposed or current pest management approaches, and recommendations for adjustment where necessary.
Where the current practices, or those proposed under the project, are not consistent with the principles of IPM, the discrepancies should be discussed.
Either a detailed technical justification should be provided for this discrepancy, or a strategy should be proposed to bring termite management activities under the project into line with IPM.
4b. Pesticide use and management
(a) Review of present, proposed and/or envisaged pesticide use.

Compile a list of pesticides in use in the country for termite control. Classify the
(commercial formulations of the) pesticides according to the WHO classification of pesticides by hazard.
Describe the current pesticide use patterns in the country and assess whether pesticides are used in the context of IPM.
(b) Indication of type and quantity of pesticides envisaged to be financed by the project and/or assessment of increase in pesticide use resulting from the project.
Estimate the quantity (in volume and value ) of pesticides envisaged to be financed
(either directly or indirectly, e.g. through credit provision) by the project.
If pesticides are not financed by the project, identify project activities that may lead to increased pesticide use, and estimate this increase.
For both the above mentioned situations, evaluate if higher pesticide use would also result in increased dependence on pesticides.
(c) Circumstances of pesticide use and the ability of end-users to handle products within acceptable risk margins
Assess user access to, and use of, protective gear and appropriate application equipment; levels of knowledge and skills of users to handle pesticides correctly; users' product knowledge and understanding of hazards and risks; appropriateness of on-site storage facilities for pesticides;
(d) Assessment of risks
Evaluate the actual potential environmental, occupational and public health risks associated with the transport, storage, distribution and use of the proposed products under local circumstances, and the disposal of empty containers.
Assess to what extent the project's activities will increase or reduce such risks.
(e) Pre-requisites and/or measures required to reduce specific risks associated with envisaged pesticide use under the project .
Identify the strengths and weaknesses in the country for proper handling of pesticides and propose the measures needed in the project to guarantee judicious use of pesticides. For example, outline details of training activities to build capacities in pesticide management, risk reduction, use of appropriate application

equipment and protective gear, and recognition of circumstances leading to pesticide poisoning.
(f) Selection of pesticides authorized for procurement under the project
If required, prepare provisional lists of pesticides which may be procured under the project taking into consideration (a) the criteria in OP 4.09 on Pest
Management, (b) the above hazards and risks, and (c) the availability of newer and less hazardous products and techniques
4c. Policy, regulatory framework and institutional capacity
(a) Policies on Pesticide
Give an idea on how new pesticides are registered for the specific uses. How do they relate to the distribution and use?
Inventorize the presence and quality of pesticide legislation. Assess if a pesticide registration scheme has been set up and is operational. Assess if a pesticide distributor and/or user licensing scheme exists.
Evaluate if local pesticide production and/or formulation is appropriately regulated.
(b) Assessment of the country's regulatory framework for control of the distribution and use of pesticides
Evaluate if the country has the institutional and financial capacity to enforce the above mentioned legislation. In doing so, assess if:


 sufficient trained personnel is available for inspection and control tasks;
 the government actively monitors pesticide use and storage; pesticide products are properly packaged and labeled; effective measures can be taken to limit access to Class II pesticides to licensed users if the use of such products is proposed (a specific requirement
OP in 4.09);
 the government monitors the quality of imported/locally produced pesticides
(is there a quality control laboratory);

 poisoning statistics are available medical staff at rural clinics are trained to recognize and treat pesticide poisoning, and are antidotes available in demonstration areas;
Assess the system for managing unwanted and obsolete pesticides; to what extent might the project activities contribute to the accumulation of obsolete pesticides?

(c) Description of the construction code as it relates to termite control. Address the policy on the 15 year warranty and how it impacts termite control operations.
(d) Describe and assess all policies related to the ban or restrictions of Chlordane and mirex production and use..
(e) Assessment of the institutional capacity for implementing IPM
4d. Strengthening of national capacities
If necessary, propose an action plan containing appropriate measures, in project sub-components, to strengthen the national capacities to improve the regulatory system for pesticides, and implement ecologically sound management of termite pests
Identify which components should be covered by the project, and which may be funded/executed under other (existing) government or donor activities.
Estimate the financial requirements and suggest funding mechanisms for the implementation of the plan.
4e. Monitoring and evaluation
(a) Description of activities that require local monitoring during implementation and during supervision missions
Describe these activities and propose realistic performance indicators that can be used to evaluate progress towards the implementation of sustainable termite management, effectiveness of measures to mitigate pesticide risks, progress in strengthening regulatory framework and institutional capacity, etc.
(b) Monitoring and supervision plan, implementation responsibilities, required expertise and cost coverage.
Prepare a monitoring and supervision plan that would be adopted during project supervisory missions. For example, in the plan include the types of expertise required at different stages of project implementation, actual monitoring activities and detailed budget.

For the Pest Management Plan to be accepted as part of the project/program, it is essential that it is fully supported by the Borrower and other national key actors. A lack of ownership by the interested parties will preclude effective implementation of the plan.
Therefore, the development of the PMP should, like the development of the rest of the project, be a fully participatory process in which the consultant acts as a facilitator and a technical resource person.
The consultation process may include several or all of the stages discussed below. This will depend to a large extent on the level of policy development and implementation of sound termite management that already exists in the country. It will also depend on the size of integrated pest management component envisaged under the project.
(a) Desk-top review of the available information by the consultant.
The consultant will review existing Bank documents regarding the project/program (PCD, PID, EA, PAD, according to availability). She/he will also obtain background information on termite and pesticide management in the country, and any existing relevant projects (e.g. through the World Bank, FAO,
WHO, UNEP, UNITAR web sites; the web site of the national government; web sites of relevant CGIAR Centers, etc.)
(b) First information meeting with key actors in the country
A first meeting with the key actors in termite management is held at the start of the mission in the country. The objective of the meeting is to inform about the goals of the mission; the Bank requirements with respect to pest management; the objectives of OP
4.09; the function of the PMP within the project appraisal process; the opportunities this may provide for the country to strengthen pest management; any practical issues pertaining to the organization of the mission.
(c) In-depth interactions with all the relevant national and provincial actors in the field of termite and pesticide management.
Such meetings should include, but are not limited to:
(i) Government institutions directly or indirectly involved in termite and pesticide management:

Ministry of Agriculture (Registration of pesticides)

Ministry of Environment, Environmental Protection Agency

Ministry of Construction
 National Pesticide Residue / Quality Control Laboratory

National (agricultural) Statistics Service


Pesticide / Chemicals Management Committee
(ii) Professional termite control associations and other Organizations
(iv) Agrochemicals Industry; Local chemical producers and Producers of
Biological Control Agents (if any)
(v) Bilateral and Multilateral Development Partners
(d) Elaboration of the first phase of PMP
Elaboration of the part of the PMP describes the present situation and the expected changes as a result of the project, and analyzes the constraints for the implementation of sound termite management (and possible non-compliance with
OP 4.09).
This part of the PMP is elaborated by the Consultant, preferably in conjunction with one or more national experts.
(e) Stakeholders consultation
A meeting is organized with all the stakeholders, and the TTL, to discuss the first phase PMP. The analysis of the Consultant is presented and modified where needed. Stakeholders are also invited to submit first round of proposals for strengthening of national capacities (if required).
(f) Elaboration of the second phase of the PMP
The second phase of the PMP describes the concrete activities that are proposed to be carried out under the project. It is elaborated by the Consultant, preferably in conjunction with national experts. Results of the stakeholders’ consultation on the first phase of the PMP are explicitly included.
Of particular importance is that the proposed activities are fully integrated in the general development approach of the project. Relationships between the proposed activities and any national development strategies, environmental protection policies, and economic and trade policies, need to be clearly defined.
(g) Stakeholders consultation
A meeting is organized with all the stakeholders, and the TTL, to discuss the second phase of the PMP. The proposals by the Consultant are presented and modified where needed. The overall PMP is adopted by the meeting.

(h) Finalization of the PMP
The consultant finalizes the PMP, based on the feedback from the second stakeholders meeting. Whenever explicit recommendations by the stakeholders meeting are not included in the final PMP, the Consultant will provide a justification for this in a separate memo to the Bank. The Consultant will also identify the key elements of the PMP that have to be included in the EA and/or the
PAD.
The Consultant will submit the following reports (depending on the organization of the mission): i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
The first phase draft PMP discussed during the 1st stakeholders consultation
The recommendations made by the 1st stakeholders consultation
The second phase draft PMP discussed during the 2nd stakeholders consultation
The recommendations made by the 2nd stakeholders meeting
The final PMP
A memo justifying which recommendations of the stakeholders meeting were not included in the PMP by the Consultant vii.
Paragraphs containing the key elements of the PMP that need to be included in the
EA and/or PAD
World Bank Operational Manual: Operational Policies OP 4.09 - Pest Management
(December 1998)
World Bank Operational Manual: Bank Procedures BP 4.01-Annex C - Application of
EA to Projects Involving Pest Management (January 1999)
World Bank Pest Management Guidebook (2003) (Website)
World Bank Environmental Assessment Handbook –
The WHO recommended classification of pesticides by hazard (2000-2002)