CCFA Professional Education Committee Reading List
PRACTICE GUIDELINES1, 2
EPIDEMIOLOGY3, 4
IMAGING/DIAGNOSTICS5-12
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY/GENETICS13, 14
TREATMENT
5-ASA15-18
ANTIBIOTICS19-21
6MP/AZA22-24
MTX25, 26
CYCLOSPORINE27-29
BIOLOGICS30-33
RISKS OF TREATMENT24, 34-43
TREATMENT STRATEGIES17, 44-47
SURGERIES48, 49
POST-OP PROPHYLAXIS50-52
SELECTED TOPICS
FISTULAS53
COLON CANCER54-58
EXTRA-INTESTINAL MANIFESTATIONS59
OSTEOPOROSIS60
PREGNANCY61
VACCINATIONS62
MISCROSCOPIC COLITIS63, 64
POUCHITIS65, 66
Pediatric IBD67-88
1.
Lichtenstein GR, Hanauer SB, Sandborn WJ. Management of Crohn's disease in adults. Am J
Gastroenterol 2009;104:465-83; quiz 4, 84.
2.
Kornbluth A, Sachar DB. Ulcerative colitis practice guidelines in adults (update): American
College of Gastroenterology, Practice Parameters Committee. Am J Gastroenterol 2004;99:1371-85.
3.
Bernstein CN, Wajda A, Svenson LW, et al. The epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease in
Canada: a population-based study. Am J Gastroenterol 2006;101:1559-68.
4.
Loftus CG, Loftus EV, Jr., Harmsen WS, et al. Update on the incidence and prevalence of Crohn's
disease and ulcerative colitis in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1940-2000. Inflamm Bowel Dis
2007;13:254-61.
5.
Simpson P, Papadakis KA. Endoscopic evaluation of patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008;14:1287-97.
6.
Bousvaros A, Antonioli DA, Colletti RB, et al. Differentiating ulcerative colitis from Crohn disease
in children and young adults: report of a working group of the North American Society for Pediatric
Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and the Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America. J
Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2007;44:653-74.
7.
Solem CA, Loftus EV, Jr., Fletcher JG, et al. Small-bowel imaging in Crohn's disease: a
prospective, blinded, 4-way comparison trial. Gastrointest Endosc 2008;68:255-66.
8.
Dubinsky MC, Ofman JJ, Urman M, Targan SR, Seidman EG. Clinical utility of serodiagnostic
testing in suspected pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2001;96:758-65.
9.
Austin GL, Herfarth HH, Sandler RS. A critical evaluation of serologic markers for inflammatory
bowel disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007;5:545-7.
10.
Dubinsky MC, Kugathasan S, Mei L, et al. Increased Immune Reactivity Predicts Aggressive
Complicating Crohn's Disease in Children. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008.
11.
Siddiki HA, Fidler JL, Fletcher JG, et al. Prospective comparison of state-of-the-art MR
enterography and CT enterography in small-bowel Crohn's disease. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2009;193:11321.
12.
Langhorst J, Elsenbruch S, Koelzer J, Rueffer A, Michalsen A, Dobos GJ. Noninvasive markers in
the assessment of intestinal inflammation in inflammatory bowel diseases: performance of fecal
lactoferrin, calprotectin, and PMN-elastase, CRP, and clinical indices. Am J Gastroenterol 2008;103:1629.
13.
Kucharzik T, Maaser C, Lugering A, et al. Recent understanding of IBD pathogenesis: implications
for future therapies. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2006;12:1068-83.
14.
Cho JH. The genetics and immunopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Nature Rev
Immunol 2008;8:458-66.
15.
Hanauer S, Schwartz J, Robinson M, et al. Mesalamine capsules for treatment of active
ulcerative colitis: results of a controlled trial. Pentasa Study Group. Am J Gastroenterol 1993;88:1188-97.
16.
Singleton JW, Hanauer SB, Gitnick GL, et al. Mesalamine capsules for the treatment of active
Crohn's disease: results of a 16-week trial. Pentasa Crohn's Disease Study Group. Gastroenterology
1993;104:1293-301.
17.
Safdi M, DeMicco M, Sninsky C, et al. A double-blind comparison of oral versus rectal
mesalamine versus combination therapy in the treatment of distal ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol
1997;92:1867-71.
18.
Hanauer SB, Stromberg U. Oral Pentasa in the treatment of active Crohn's disease: A metaanalysis of double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004;2:379-88.
19.
Sutherland L, Singleton J, Sessions J, et al. Double blind, placebo controlled trial of
metronidazole in Crohn's disease. Gut 1991;32:1071-5.
20.
Steinhart AH, Feagan BG, Wong CJ, et al. Combined budesonide and antibiotic therapy for active
Crohn's disease: a randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology 2002;123:33-40.
21.
Sartor RB. Therapeutic manipulation of the enteric microflora in inflammatory bowel diseases:
antibiotics, probiotics, and prebiotics. Gastroenterology 2004;126:1620-33.
22.
Candy S, Wright J, Gerber M, Adams G, Gerig M, Goodman R. A controlled double blind study of
azathioprine in the management of Crohn's disease. Gut 1995;37:674-8.
23.
Prefontaine E, Sutherland LR, Macdonald JK, Cepoiu M. Azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine for
maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009:CD000067.
24.
Siegel CA, Sands BE. Review article: practical management of inflammatory bowel disease
patients taking immunomodulators. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2005;22:1-16.
25.
Feagan BG, Fedorak RN, Irvine EJ, et al. A comparison of methotrexate with placebo for the
maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease. North American Crohn's Study Group Investigators. N Engl
J Med 2000;342:1627-32.
26.
Feagan BG, Rochon J, Fedorak RN, et al. Methotrexate for the treatment of Crohn's disease. The
North American Crohn's Study Group Investigators. N Engl J Med 1995;332:292-7.
27.
D'Haens G, Lemmens L, Geboes K, et al. Intravenous cyclosporine versus intravenous
corticosteroids as single therapy for severe attacks of ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology
2001;120:1323-9.
28.
Kornbluth A, Present DH, Lichtiger S, Hanauer S. Cyclosporin for severe ulcerative colitis: a user's
guide. Am J Gastroenterol 1997;92:1424-8.
29.
Lichtiger S, Present DH, Kornbluth A, et al. Cyclosporine in severe ulcerative colitis refractory to
steroid therapy. N Engl J Med 1994;330:1841-5.
30.
Colombel JF, Sandborn WJ, Rutgeerts P, et al. Adalimumab for maintenance of clinical response
and remission in patients with Crohn's disease: the CHARM trial. Gastroenterology 2007;132:52-65. **
31.
Hanauer SB, Feagan BG, Lichtenstein GR, et al. Maintenance infliximab for Crohn's disease: the
ACCENT I randomised trial. Lancet 2002;359:1541-9.
32.
Sandborn WJ, Colombel JF, Enns R, et al. Natalizumab induction and maintenance therapy for
Crohn's disease. N Engl J Med 2005;353:1912-25.
33.
Schreiber S, Khaliq-Kareemi M, Lawrance IC, et al. Maintenance therapy with certolizumab pegol
for Crohn's disease. N Engl J Med 2007;357:239-50.
34.
Colombel JF, Loftus EV, Jr., Tremaine WJ, et al. The safety profile of infliximab in patients with
Crohn's disease: the Mayo clinic experience in 500 patients. Gastroenterology 2004;126:19-31.
35.
Kandiel A, Fraser AG, Korelitz BI, Brensinger C, Lewis JD. Increased risk of lymphoma among
inflammatory bowel disease patients treated with azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine. Gut
2005;54:1121-5.
36.
Peyrin-Biroulet L, Deltenre P, de Suray N, Branche J, Sandborn WJ, Colombel JF. Efficacy and
safety of tumor necrosis factor antagonists in Crohn's disease: meta-analysis of placebo-controlled trials.
Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008;6:644-53.
37.
Siegel CA, Marden SM, Persing SM, Larson RJ, Sands BE. Risk of Lymphoma Associated with
Combination Anti-TNF and Immunomodulator Therapy for the Treatment of Crohn's Disease: A MetaAnalysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009.
38.
Johnson FR, Ozdemir S, Mansfield C, et al. Crohn's disease patients' risk-benefit preferences:
serious adverse event risks versus treatment efficacy. Gastroenterology 2007;133:769-79.
39.
Lichtenstein GR, Feagan BG, Cohen RD, et al. Serious infections and mortality in association with
therapies for Crohn's disease: TREAT registry. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006;4:621-30.
40.
Toruner M, Loftus EV, Jr., Harmsen WS, et al. Risk factors for opportunistic infections in patients
with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 2008;134:929-36. **
41.
Van Staa TP, Travis S, Leufkens HG, Logan RF. 5-aminosalicylic acids and the risk of renal disease:
a large British epidemiologic study. Gastroenterology 2004;126:1733-9. **
42.
Rosh JR, Gross T, Mamula P, Griffiths A, Hyams J. Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma in adolescents
and young adults with Crohn's disease: a cautionary tale? Inflamm Bowel Dis 2007;13:1024-30.
43.
Van Assche G, Van Ranst M, Sciot R, et al. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after
natalizumab therapy for Crohn's disease. N Engl J Med 2005;353:362-8.
44.
D'Haens G, Baert F, van Assche G, et al. Early combined immunosuppression or conventional
management in patients with newly diagnosed Crohn's disease: an open randomised trial. Lancet
2008;371:660-7.
45.
Van Assche G, Magdelaine-Beuzelin C, D'Haens G, et al. Withdrawal of immunosuppression in
Crohn's disease treated with scheduled infliximab maintenance: a randomized trial. Gastroenterology
2008;134:1861-8.
46.
Rutgeerts P, Feagan BG, Lichtenstein GR, et al. Comparison of scheduled and episodic treatment
strategies of infliximab in Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 2004;126:402-13.
47.
Lemann M, Mary JY, Colombel JF, et al. A randomized, double-blind, controlled withdrawal trial
in Crohn's disease patients in long-term remission on azathioprine. Gastroenterology 2005;128:1812-8.
48.
Cima RR, Pemberton JH. Medical and surgical management of chronic ulcerative colitis. Arch
Surg 2005;140:300-10.
49.
Gardiner KR, Dasari BV. Operative management of small bowel Crohn's disease. Surg Clin North
Am 2007;87:587-610.
50.
D'Haens GR, Vermeire S, Van Assche G, et al. Therapy of metronidazole with azathioprine to
prevent postoperative recurrence of Crohn's disease: a controlled randomized trial. Gastroenterology
2008;135:1123-9.
51.
Regueiro M, Schraut W, Baidoo L, et al. Infliximab prevents Crohn's disease recurrence after ileal
resection. Gastroenterology 2009;136:441-50 e1; quiz 716.
52.
Sandborn WJ, Feagan BG. The efficacy of azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine for the prevention
of postoperative recurrence in patients with Crohn's disease remains uncertain. Gastroenterology
2004;127:990-3.
53.
Bressler B, Sands BE. Review article: Medical therapy for fistulizing Crohn's disease. Aliment
Pharmacol Ther 2006;24:1283-93.
54.
Ullman T, Croog V, Harpaz N, Sachar D, Itzkowitz S. Progression of flat low-grade dysplasia to
advanced neoplasia in patients with ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 2003;125:1311-9.
55.
Itzkowitz SH, Present DH. Consensus conference: Colorectal cancer screening and surveillance in
inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2005;11:314-21.
56.
Ullman T, Odze R, Farraye FA. Diagnosis and management of dysplasia in patients with ulcerative
colitis and Crohn's disease of the colon. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009;15:630-8.
57.
Friedman S, Rubin PH, Bodian C, Harpaz N, Present DH. Screening and surveillance colonoscopy
in chronic Crohn's colitis: results of a surveillance program spanning 25 years. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol
2008;6:993-8; quiz 53-4.
58.
Neurath MF, Kiesslich R. Is chromoendoscopy the new standard for cancer surveillance in
patients with ulcerative colitis? Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009;6:134-5.
59.
Barrie A, Regueiro M. Biologic therapy in the management of extraintestinal manifestations of
inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2007;13:1424-9.
60.
Lichtenstein GR, Sands BE, Pazianas M. Prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in
inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2006;12:797-813.
61.
Dubinsky M, Abraham B, Mahadevan U. Management of the pregnant IBD patient. Inflamm
Bowel Dis 2008;14:1736-50.
62.
Melmed GY. Vaccination strategies for patients with inflammatory bowel disease on
immunomodulators and biologics. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009.
63.
Chande N, MacDonald JK, McDonald JW. Interventions for treating microscopic colitis: a
Cochrane Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Functional Bowel Disorders Review Group systematic review
of randomized trials. Am J Gastroenterol 2009;104:235-41; quiz 4, 42.
64.
Pardi DS. Microscopic colitis: an update. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2004;10:860-70.
65.
Pardi DS, Shen B. Endoscopy in the management of patients after ileal pouch surgery for
ulcerative colitis. Endoscopy 2008;40:529-33.
66.
Shen B, Fazio VW, Remzi FH, Lashner BA. Clinical approach to diseases of ileal pouch-anal
anastomosis. Am J Gastroenterol 2005;100:2796-807.
67.
Kugathasan S, Judd RH, Hoffmann RG, Heikenen J, Telega G, Khan F, et al. Epidemiologic and
clinical characteristics of children with newly diagnosed inflammatory bowel disease in Wisconsin: a
statewide population-based study. J Pediatr 2003;143:525-31.
68.
Mack DR, Langton C, Markowitz J, LeLeiko N, Griffiths A, Bousvaros A, Evans J, Kugathasan S,
Otley A, Pfefferkorn M, Rosh J, Mezoff A, Moyer S, Oliva-Hemker M, Rothbaum R, Wyllie R, delRosario
JF, Keljo D, Lerer T, Hyams J. Laboratory values of children newly diagnosed with inflammatory bowel
disease. Pediatrics 2007;119:1113-19.
69.
Heyman MB, Kirschner BS, Gold BD, Ferry GD, Baldassano R, Cohen SA, Winter HS, Fain P, King
C, Smith T, El-Serag HB. Children with early-onset inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): analysis of a
pediatric IBD consortium registry. J Pediatr 2005;146:35–40.
70.
Mamula P, Telega GW, Markowitz JE, et al. Inflammatory bowel disease in children 5 years of
age and younger. Am J Gastroenterol 2002;97:2005–2010.
71.
Van Limbergen J, Russell RK, Drummond HE, et al. Definition of Phenotypic Characteristics of
Childhood-Onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Gastroenterology 2008;135:1114–1122.
72.
Gupta N, Bostrom AG, Kirschner BS, Ferry GD, Winter HS, Baldassano RN, Gold BD, Abramson O,
Smith T, Cohen SA, Heyman MB. Gender differences in presentation and course of disease in pediatric
patients with Crohn disease. Pediatrics. 2007 Dec;120(6):e1418-25.
73.
Dubner SE, Shults J, Baldassano RN, Zemel BS, Thayu M, Burnham JM, Herskovitz RM, Howard
KM, Leonard MB. Longitudinal assessment of bone density and structure in an incident cohort of
children with Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology. 2009 Jan;136(1):123-130.
74.
Pfefferkorn M, Burke G, Griffiths A, Markowitz J, Rosh J, Mack D, Otley A, Kugathasan S, Evans J,
Bousvaros A, Moyer MS, Wyllie R, Oliva-Hemker M, Carvalho R, Crandall W, Keljo D, Walters T, Leleiko N,
Hyams J. Growth Abnormalities Persist in Newly Diagnosed Children With Crohn Disease Despite Current
Treatment Paradigms.J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2009 Feb;48(2):168-174.
75.
Griffiths AM, Otley AR, Hyams J, et al. A Review of Activity Indices and End Points for Clinical
Trials in Children with Crohn’s Disease Inflamm Bowel Dis 2005;11:185–196.
76.
Turner D, Otley AR, Mack D, et al. Development, validation, and evaluation of a pediatric
ulcerative colitis activity index: a prospective multicenter study. Gastroenterology 2007;133:423-32.
77.
Day AS, Whitten KE, Sidler M, Lemberg DA. Systematic review: nutritional therapy in pediatric
Crohn’s Disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007;27:293–307.
78.
Markowitz J, Grancher K, Kohn N, et al. A multicenter trial of 6-mercaptopurine and prednisone
in children with newly diagnosed Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology 2000;119:895–902.
79.
Turner D, Grossman AB, Rosh J, et al. Methotrexate following unsuccessful thiopurine therapy in
pediatric Crohn’s disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2007;102:2804–2812.
80.
Hyams J, Crandall W, Kugathasan S et al. Induction and maintenance infliximab therapy for the
treatment of moderate-to-severe Crohn’s disease in children. Gastroenterology 2007,132:863–873.
81.
Gupta N, Cohen SA, Bostrom AG, Kirschner BS, Baldassano RN. Winter HS, Ferry GD, Smith, T,
Abramson O, Gold BD, Heyman MB. Risk Factors for Initial Surgery in Pediatric Patients With Crohn’s
Disease. Gastroenterology 2006;130:1069–1077.
82.
Hyams J, Markowitz J, Lerer T, Griffiths A, Mack D, Bousvaros A, et al. The natural history of
corticosteroid therapy for ulcerative colitis in children. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006;4:1118-23.
83.
Markowitz J, Hyams J, Mack D, Leleiko N, Evans J, Kugathasan S, et al. Corticosteroid therapy in
the age of infliximab: acute and 1-year outcomes in newly diagnosed children with Crohn’s disease. Clin
Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006;4:1124-9.
84.
Hyams JS, Davis P, Grancher K, Lerer T, Justinich CJ, Markowitz J. Clinical outcome of ulcerative
colitis in children. J Pediatr 1996;129:81-88
85.
Turner D, Walsh C, Benchimol E, Mann E, Thomas K, Chow CS, McLernon R, Swales JS, Walters T,
Steinhart A, Griffiths AM. Severe pediatric ulcerative colitis: incidence, outcomes, and optimal timing for
second line therapy. Gut 2008; 57:331-338.
86.
Szigethy E, Levy-Warren A, Whitton S, et al. Depressive symptoms and inflammatory bowel
disease in children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2004;39:395403.
87.
Mackner LM, Crandall WV. Psychological factors affecting pediatric inflammatory bowel disease.
2007: Curr Opin Pediatr 19:548–552.
88.
Mackner LM, Crandall WV. Oral Medication Adherence in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
Inflamm Bowel Dis 2005;11:1006–1012. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2005;11:1006–1012.