D1.1 Atoms are the smallest form of elements. I.All matter is made of atoms. a. Hydrogen is most abundant in universe b. Oxygen is most abundant in Earth’s crust Oxygen II. Each element is made of a different atom. a. Atoms are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons. 1. nucleus: center of the atom; made up of protons and neutrons 2. electron: orbit the nucleus b.atomic # = protons c.atomic mass = protons + neutrons Page? Pages R58-9 Go S.T.E.M.! Formula: # of neutrons = atomic mass - atomic # *Always round atomic mass to the whole number Ex.) How many neutrons in a carbon atom? # of neutrons = atomic mass - atomic # Ex.) How many neutrons in a carbon atom? # of neutrons = atomic mass - atomic # = 12 - 6 = 6 neutrons *Always round atomic mass to the whole number How many neutrons in a nitrogen atom? How many neutrons in an einsteinium atom? Calculate the number of neutrons in an iron atom. Round atomic mass to the whole number. The number of electrons in an atom is equal to the number of protons. # of protons = # of electrons #p=#e Calculate the number of neutrons in an oxygen atom. Sketch in your notebook the structure of this atom. Calculate the number of neutrons in an oxygen atom. Sketch in your notebook the structure of this atom. Calculate the number of neutrons in an oxygen atom. Sketch in your notebook the structure of this atom. In your notebook, calculate the number neutrons, for the following elements. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Copper (Cu) Arsenic (As) Selenium (Se) Mercury (Hg) Plutonium (Pu) In your notebook, calculate the number of protons, neutrons, and elements, for the following elements. 1. Copper (Cu) 2. Arsenic (As) 3. Selenium (Se) 4. Mercury (Hg) 5. Plutonium (Pu) 6. Barium (Ba) 7. Xenon (Xe) 8. Krypton (Kr) 9. Potassium (K) 10.Americium (Am) In your notebook, calculate the number of protons, neutrons, and elements, for the following elements. 1.Copper (Cu) 2.Arsenic (As) 3.Selenium (Se) 4.Mercury (Hg) 5.Plutonium (Pu) 6.Barium (Ba) 7.Xenon (Xe) 8.Krypton (Kr) 9.Potassium (K) 10.Americium (Am) p=29, p=33, p=34, p=80, p=94, p=56, p=54, p=36, p=19, p=95, n=64-29=35 , e=29 n=75-33=42 , e=33 n=79-34=45 , e=34 n=201-80=121 , e=80 n=244-94=150 , e=94 n=137-56=81 , e=56 n=131-54=77 , e=54 n=84-36=48 , e=36 n=39-19=20 , e=19 n=243-95=148 , e=95 DO NOW: In your notebook, 1. Calculate the number of neutrons in the element Tellurium (Te). Put a box around the formula. 2. Calculate the number of particles in each element. Draw the atom. -Magnesium (Mg) -Aluminum (Al) QUIZ: On a piece of paper: 1. Calculate the number of neutrons in the element Silver (Ag). Put a box around the formula. 2. Calculate the number of particles in each element. Draw the atom. -Helium (He) -Beryllium (Be) -Fluorine (F) -Sodium (Na) QUIZ: On a piece of paper: 1. Calculate the number of particles in each element. Draw the atom. -Fluorine (F) -Sodium (Na) How to draw an atom: 1.Make a list of the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons. 2.Draw circles: label the protons with + label the neutrons with N 3.Draw a circle, surrounding the nucleus (p+n). 4.Draw circles: label the electrons with 5.Check your calculations, count your drawn particles, to make sure you have done this correctly. Practice Drawing Atoms: Draw these atoms, in your notebook. 1.Lithium 2.Boron 3.Carbon 4.Nitrogen 5.Oxygen 6.Hydrogen Drawing Atoms parts 214: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jZO6W-DEVLk Molecule basics: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vlSOESXQI7o quarks: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SMgi2j9Ks9k Electron on photon: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ofpOHIq6Wo&feature=endscreen&NR=1 DO NOW: In your notebook, Calculate the number of particles in each element. Draw the atom. Carbon (C) Helium (He) Why study atoms? Bonds examples, reactions. https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=yjge1WdCFPs Intro bonds ted vid https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=NgD9yHSJ29I Chem reactions : https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=fr6QGmefVBI Song Types bonds https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=QIfTT-_-xLo Why study atoms? Bonds examples, reactions. https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=yjge1WdCFPs Intro bonds ted vid https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=NgD9yHSJ29I Chem reactions : https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=fr6QGmefVBI Song Types bonds https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=QIfTT-_-xLo “Happy” atoms rule: An atom is least reactive when the outer orbital shell is full. Electron configurations: In the electron cloud, there are 4 orbitals on which electrons travel. Practice: a. Draw the Periodic Table Box. b. Calculate the number of particles in the atom. c. Draw the atom. Electrons should be in the correct energy level. Subtract electrons as you sit them. d. Is this atom happy? 1. Boron (B) Practice: a. Draw the Periodic Table Box. b. Calculate the number of particles in the atom. c. Draw the atom. Electrons should be in the correct energy level. Subtract electrons as you sit them. d. Is this atom happy? 2. Fluorine (F) Practice: a. Draw the Periodic Table Box. b. Calculate the number of particles in the atom. c. Draw the atom. Electrons should be in the correct energy level. Subtract electrons as you sit them. d. Is this atom happy? 3. Chlorine (Cl) Practice: a. Draw the Periodic Table Box. b. Calculate the number of particles in the atom. c. Draw the atom. Electrons should be in the correct energy level. Subtract electrons as you sit them. d. Is this atom happy? 4. Calcium (Ca) 5. Germanium (Ge) Practice: a. Draw the Periodic Table Box. b. Calculate the number of particles in the atom. c. Draw the atom. Electrons should be in the correct energy level. Subtract electrons as you sit them. d. Is this atom happy? 1. Titanium (Ti) Date: Pop Quiz a. Draw the Periodic Table Box. b. Calculate the number of particles in the atom. c. Draw the atom. Electrons should be in the correct energy level. Subtract electrons as you sit them. d. Is this atom happy? 1. Lithium (Li) 2. Neon (Ne) 3. Potassium (K) atomic compound: 2 or more atoms bonded together Compounds with the same type of atom (element) Compounds with different types of atoms (elements) chemical formula: an expression that shows 1.the # of different types of atoms in a compound 2.the ratio of different atoms chemical formula: Videos: 1.25: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SRR-4BLzNus Ted atom size vid: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yQP4UJhNn0I ratio: the number of one object in relation to the number of another object Examples: 10 apples per 1 bag 1 calculator per 3 students 2 hydrogen per 1 oxygen ratio: the number of one object in relation to the number of another object Examples: 2 hydrogen per 1 oxygen ratio: the number of one object in relation to to the number of another object Examples: 2 hydrogen per 1 oxygen Modeling Atomic Compounds Procedure: 1. Gather materials. 2. Read the board to find out which compound you are to build. 2.Read the board to find out which color = which element. 2.Build a model of the compound, using toothpicks to connect the atoms. Modeling Atomic Compounds #1 CO2 Modeling Atomic Compounds #1 C1O 2 # of carbon atoms = 1 WHITE # of oxygen atoms = 2 RED Modeling Atomic Compounds #2 H2O Modeling Atomic Compounds #2 H2O # of hydrogen atoms = 1 # of oxygen atoms = 1 BROWN TOOTSIE ROLL WHITE MARSHMALLOW Modeling Atomic Compounds #3 Na Cl Modeling Atomic Compounds #3 Na Cl # of sodium atoms = 1 CANDY CORN TRIANGLE # of chlorine atoms = 1 BROWN TOOTSIE ROLL Modeling Atomic Compounds #4 H2SO4 Modeling Atomic Compounds #4 H2SO4 # of hydrogen atoms = 2 CANDY CORN # of sulfur atoms = 1 MARSHMALLOW # of oxygen atoms = 4 WHITE RED TWIZZLER Modeling Atomic Compounds #5 C6H12O6 Modeling Atomic Compounds #5 C6H12O6 # of carbon atoms = 6 WHITE # of hydrogen atoms = 12 RED # of oxygen atoms = 6 BROWN Modeling Atomic Compounds #6 O2 Use 2 gummy bears of different colors. This compound is made up of 2 oxygen isotopes. Modeling Atomic Compounds #7 C H3 # of carbon atoms = Hydrogen atoms are isotopes. Use gummy bears. Modeling Atomic Compounds #7 C H3 # of carbon atoms = 1 Hydrogen atoms are isotopes. Use gummy bears. Modeling Atomic Compounds PHOTOSYNTHESIS! Modeling Atomic Compounds #7 C H3 # of carbon atoms = 1 Hydrogen atoms are isotopes. Use gummy bears. Modeling Atomic Compounds #8 6 H20 # of hydrogen atoms = # of oxygen atoms = Modeling Atomic Compounds #8 6 H20 # of hydrogen atoms =12 # of oxygen atoms = 6 BROWN TOOTSIE ROLLS No isotopes. RED D1.1 (1-5), Restate the Qs 1. The two atoms most common in Earth’s crust are oxygen and silicon. The two atoms most common in the human body are oxygen and carbon. D1.1 (1-5), Restate the Qs 2. The particles that make up an atom are protons, neutrons, and electrons. D1.1 (1-5), Restate the Qs 3. When an atom forms an ion, it gains or loses an electron. D1.1 (1-5), Restate the Qs 4. The size of a magnesium ion with a 2+ charge can be compared with that of a sodium ion with a single + charge. A 2+ charge means the atom has lost 2 electrons. A single + charge means the atom has lost 1 electron. A 2+ atom (ion) is smaller than a (1)+ atom (ion). D1.1 (1-5), Restate the Qs 5. Potassium-39 differs from potassium-41 because they have a different number of neutrons. Potassium-41 has two more neutrons than Potassium-39. How big is an atom? Tell us, Bill Nye! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MZ6-dpxLqUk On a separate sheet of paper, write 10 facts and 1 question. Other videos Sci show: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=thnDxFdkzZs Aurora sci show particle accelerator: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YFNhuQPVwXk bill nye: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cnXV7Ph3WPk&list=PL2mVBA_uqiUcn0P5U_NQHWOuY-JANQM5Q chanel: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bw5TE5o7JtE&list=PLPUFU9ubs44g79qQ6bjTPbicCDTfv6IEI D1.2 Elements make up the periodic table. Different types of atoms are organized onto a chart. This chart is called the Periodic Table of Elements. Science + Music = Awesome Asap 4.2 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-I7l8TgtuLQ Faster3: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zUDDiWtFtEM&list=RDzUDDiWtFt EM Elements can be organized by similarities The periodic table organizes the atoms of the elements by properties and atomic number row = “period” similar chemical properties The periodic table has distinct regions. Most elements are metals. Nonmetals and metalloids have a wide range of properties. Choose 3 colors. Make a key, of what each color stands for. Color the periodic table into 3 sections (as in this image): D1.3 The periodic table is a map of the elements. group: vertical column period: horizontal row Videos Sci Show: creation11 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0RRVV4Diomg Periodic table parts: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5MMWpeJ5dn4 Video 4.5min reactions Chemical http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lQap3cRnP28 +reverse: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C5tOEBmBAHg another: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p-g_0wyhV9E reactions: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UkBhW8Kj3r8 w/ heat: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ritaljhhk7s Nye: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=smkVzfZmDIU 23: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PlwuxpMh8nk Alka Seltzer Chemical reaction Why fizz? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TKpMTz06qrU atomic compound: two or more atoms bonded together 3 States of Matter? States of matter .....change of phase https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HAPc6JH85pM 5min non-Newtonian fluid: a state of matter; substance acts like a liquid when at rest, like a solid when pressure is applied pool: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f2XQ97XHjVw over speaker: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3zoTKXXNQIU Slow Mo: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G1Op_1yG6lQ science party: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D-wxnID2q4A More non-newtonian vids: Mythbusters: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D2aB3nCmIII Oobleck Dubb step: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yoB0pM2VASg Matter can undergo physical and chemical changes. physical change: 1. the visible structure of an object is changed, but not the molecular structure. 2. the object stays the same substance, but in a different physical shape. chemical change: 1. the molecular structure of an object is changed into a new substance. 2. all or some signs are present: -production of an odor -change in temperature -change in color -formation of bubbles -formation of a solid VID:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qqqmFFCwd7k Videos: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hcunQqbNEMQ how plastic made: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6eCt0VDg-Kc how recyled bottles made: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8QkxpQT967w chem reactions: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UkBhW8Kj3r8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BjyXIZtlHFo bill Nye: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PlwuxpMh8nk changes: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hcunQqbNEMQ Bozeman: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X328AWaJXvI chem reactions: ChemReactions4min Beautiful reactions: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T14D61Pd Yko energy: the ability to cause a change chemical reaction: results in the rearrangement of atoms, in a substance Examples of chemical reactions: Heating your house In a chemical reaction, energy is either released or absorbed. Energy is required to break the bonds between atoms. Examples of chemical reactions: Photosynthesis Examples of chemical reactions: wood burning (fire) Examples of chemical reactions: wood burning (fire) Examples of chemical reactions: wood burning (fire) Examples of chemical reactions: Metabolism (digesting food for energy) Examples of chemical reactions: Formation of gases into water Write 5 sentences: Describe a chemical reaction that you have observed in everyday life. Underline: 3 pieces of quantitative info Underline: 5 pieces of qualitative info How did the chemical reaction start? What did it look like? What was the end result? How did you know it was a chemical reaction? Ionic bonding: when a metal transfers one or more electrons to a nonmetal, forming a bond video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qf07-8Jhhpc Study by watching videos http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qf07-8Jhhpc Balancing equations: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UGf60kq_ZDI Sodium Chloride reaction atoms: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2LjxwUNSd FA isotopes: atoms of the same element, with different # of neutrons Scientists can calculate the age of rocks by studying the rate of decay of isotopes. These scientists study radioactive decay. animation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s9QIgY5_8ok end nuclear reactiosn: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dj4CTJy6U9M 4. Some atoms can change their identity radioactivity: the process by which the nucleus of an atom releases energy and particles A scientific model... Nuclear fission http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EKajmVgaOEM http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vjqIJW_Qr3c Radioactive decay 1. the process by which the neutrons in an atom change over time; 2. a method used to find out the age of fossils How vid: http://science.howstuffworks.com/29296-100-greatest-discoveries-radioactivity-video.htm half-life: the amount of time it takes for one-half of a particular atom to decay (and perhaps eventually turn into another element) Atoms form ions. ions: charged atoms; an atom that has lost or gained electrons Opposite charges attract (pull towards). Same charges repel (push away). Positive charge attracts negative charge. Positive charge repels positive charge. Negative charge repels negative charge. Opposite charges attract (pull towards). Same charges repel (push away). Atomic bonds Magnets Chemical bonds are formed due to the movement of electrons. Electrons are transferred (lost/gained) or shared. ionic bond: electrons are transferred (lost/gained) covalent bond: electrons are shared ionic bond: electrons are transferred (lost/gained) covalent bond: electrons are shared Chemical bonds are formed due to the movement of electrons. Magnetism is due to the movement of electrons. Electricity is due to the movement of electrons. Radioactive dating: the method of studying radioactive decay rates in order to measure the age of rocks info: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYvUSro7YUM How to express ratios verbally. 3:1 three to one ...book example: hydrogen to nitrogen H3N This is NOT the same as 1:3 1:2 CO2 in words? ratio of elements? 1:2 CO2 one to two ratio of elements? 1:2 CO2 one to two carbon to oxygen ratio? H 2O in words? ratio of elements? 2:1 two to one hydrogen to oxygen H 2O ratio? C6H12O6 in words? ratio of elements? 6:12:6 C6H12O6 six to twelve to six carbon to hydrogen to oxygen Unit D Section 2.1 I. Elements combine to form compounds Unit D Section 2.1 I. Elements combine to form compounds a. Compounds have different properties form the elements that make them. Unit D Section 2.1 I. Elements combine to form compounds a. Compounds have different properties form the elements that make them. i. compound: a substance made of atoms of 2 or more different elements Unit D Section 2.1 I. Elements combine to form compounds a. Compounds have different properties form the elements that make them. i. compound: a substance made of atoms of 2 or more different elements ii. chemical bonds: hold atoms together in large networks or small groups; determine the properties of a compound. Unit D Section 2.1 I. Elements combine to form compounds a. Compounds have different properties form the elements that make them. i. compound: a substance made of atoms of 2 or more different elements ii. chemical bonds: hold atoms together in large networks or small groups; determine the properties of a compound. iii. compound properties: depend upon type of atoms (element) and shape (arrangement of atoms) Unit D Section 2.1 I. Elements combine to form compounds a. Compounds have different properties form the elements that make them. i. compound: a substance made of atoms of 2 or more different elements ii. chemical bonds: hold atoms together in large networks or small groups; determine the properties of a compound. iii. compound properties: depend upon type of atoms (element) and shape (arrangement of atoms) iv. properties of compound may be different than the substances they make-up I. Elements combine to form compounds a. Compounds have different properties form the elements that make them. b. Atoms combine in predictable numbers. I. Elements combine to form compounds a. Compounds have different properties form the elements that make them. b. Atoms combine in predictable numbers. i. particular compounds contain a particular ratio of atoms; this ratio determines the substance I. Elements combine to form compounds a. Compounds have different properties form the elements that make them. b. Atoms combine in predictable numbers. i. particular compounds contain a particular ratio of atoms; this ratio determines the substance c. Chemical formulas i. chemical formula: represents the ratio of atoms in a chemical compound using element symbols I. Elements combine to form compounds a. Compounds have different properties form the elements that make them. b. Atoms combine in predictable numbers. i. particular compounds contain a particular ratio of atoms; this ratio determines the substance c. Chemical formulas i. chemical formula: represents the ratio of atoms in a chemical compound using element symbols ii. steps to writing a chemical formula 1. find the symbols for the element types 2. include a subscript to note how many atoms of each type of element; (the subscript 1 is never used) d. Same elements, different compounds i. different compounds can be formed of atoms of the same elements p44 2.1 Review Questions 1. In many cases, they are different. 2.1 Review Questions 1. In many cases, they are different. 2. 12 carbon atoms + 22 oxygen atoms + 11 oxygen atoms = 45 total atoms 2.1 Review Questions 1. In many cases, they are different. 2. 12 carbon atoms + 22 oxygen atoms + 11 oxygen atoms = 45 total atoms 3. Atoms can combine in many different ratios. 2.1 Review Questions 4. All atoms are in a 1:1 ratio. 5. Compare how they react with another substance 6. The carbon and oxygen atoms are in different ratios in the compounds. Videos Molecule basics: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vlSOESXQI7o 2.5 What the Bleep: Water mediation6min Water Strider types of bonds (cov+ionic) another Hydrogen Bonding (Polar) FUnction of neurotransmitters solute into solvent Acid Rain Bonds happy#: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QqjcCvzWwww dogs: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_M9khs87xQ8 quantitative: (adj) expressed as a quantity; information as expressed through numbers qualitative: (adj) expressed in a description; information as expressed through words (especially adjectives and adverbs) What is the charge of an electron? What is an ion? What is the charge of an electron? negative What is an ion? an atom with a (positive or negative) charge What determines an ion’s charge? If an atom loses an electron, then it becomes less negative and has a positive charge. If an atom gains an electron, then it becomes more negative and has a negative charge. Visual reminder: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zpaHPXVR8WU MAGNETS! How’s it made, magnets http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=noGGcyPHtdI Vinegar battery: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V_P27iln1Qk Solar cell: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Caf1JIz4X2I Earth’s magnetic field: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=izlqoHYZWqg Ferrofluid: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1EuyZ5Lml4k Magnetic field: Magnets exhibit (show) positive and negative charges. This attraction forms a magnetic field. Gravity pulls electrons from one side of the magnet to the other side. Vocabulary: magnetic field: invisible force that travels from positive to negative north pole: end of magnet that is positively charged south pole: end of magnet that is negatively charged Rules for drawing magnetic field lines: 1. Arrows start at the (positively charged) north pole to (negatively charged) the south pole 2. Arrows should never cross 3. The closer the field lines are to each other, the stronger the magnet “Electrons travel from positive to negative.” Vocabulary electricity: presence and motion of charged particles electric current: flow of electrons around a closed path (electric circuit) circuit: closed path on which electrons travel Electric charge: there are two types of electric charges - positive and negative Like charges repel. Unlike charges attract. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D2monVkCkX4 conductor: a material through which electrons flow easily insulator: a material that resists the flow of electrons Let’s practice making more circuits! The flow of electrons creates an electrical current. How many circuit combinations can you make? Electricity: Intro w/ vocb: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EJeAuQ7pkpc What are the four qualities of a scientist? -creative -curious -skeptical -observant What are the four qualities of a scientist? -creative -curious -skeptical -observant These qualities require self-direction, a personal responsibility to learn. static electricity: electrical force (push/pull of electrons) caused by a buildup of negative charges in one place and positive charges in another demo: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WxxmeI1gW0k http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VhWQ-r1LYXY&list=PL2EDE126FBA8519EF http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/balloons Static Electricity Lab - Observations 1. Interaction between balloon and wall Provide space between numbers for qualitative and quantitative data. -For each: 3 pieces of qualitative data, 3 pieces of quantitative data 2. Interaction between balloon and hair 3. Interaction between 2 pieces of tape, not touching 4. Interaction between 2 pieces of tape, overlapping 5. Interaction between pen and paper scraps