Chapter 25
Porcine Endoparasites and Ectoparasites
Dr. Dipa Brahmbhatt VMD, MPH, MS
Reading Assignment
Chapter 25: Common Porcine Diseases
ECTOPARASITES
Sarcoptes scabiei – Mange mite
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•
•
•
•
LC: 3 weeks
CS: pruritis and papules.
Dx: Skin scrapings
Tx: Ivermectin
ZOONOTIC
Haematopinus suis – Hog Louse
• Pediculosis, host
specific, contagious
• LC: 3 weeks
• CS: pruritis
• Dx: check skin
• Tx: Amitraz, Ivermectin
• Prevention: Hygiene
Figure 7-4 A, Thousands of nits can be cemented by female lice to the haircoat of domesticated animals. This calf’s tail contains
thousands of nits. B, Pediculosis can be defined as infestation by either chewing or sucking lice, in this case, Haematopinus suis
infestation in a pig. C, Appearance of operculated nits viewed by compound microscope.
(From Hendrix CM, Robinson E: Diagnostic parasitology for veterinary technicians, ed 3, St Louis, 2006, Mosby.)
Endoparasites
Ascaris suum - roundworm
• Ascariasis
• LC: 8 weeks
• CS: unthriftiness, failure to gain
weight, rough hair coat,
pendulous abdomen, chronic
paroxysmal coughing and
occasionally, abdominal
expiratory dyspnea (“thumping”).
• Dx: fecal flotation, worms –
intestines, milk spots - liver
• Tx: Ivermectin, fenbendazole,
Picture Credit:
dichlorvos, doramectin,
http://caltest.vet.upenn.edu/merial/swine/s
hygromycin, levamisole,
wine_6.htm (original image no longer
piperazine
available)
• ZOONOTIC: ingestion of eggs
Image: Ascaris suum in small intestine of pig.
Figure 6-48 Characteristic ovum of Ascaris suum, the swine ascarid or the large intestinal roundworm of pigs. The eggs are oval and
golden brown, with a thick, albuminous shell bearing prominent projections. They measure 70 to 89 µm by 37 to 40 µm.
(From Hendrix CM, Robinson E: Diagnostic parasitology for veterinary technicians, ed 3, St Louis, 2006, Mosby.)
Trichuris suis - whipworm
• PPP: 6 weeks
• CS: diarrhea,
unthriftiness
• Dx: fecal flotation,
adults - LI
• Tx: Ivermectin,
dichlorvos, hygromycin,
levamisole,
fenbendazole
Strongyloides ransomi threadworm
• PPP: 7 days
• CS: severe diarrhea: 10
– 14 days with high
mortality
• Dx: fecal flotation
• Tx: Ivermectin,
dichlorvos, hygromycin,
fenbendazole
Eimeria spp. - coccidia
•
•
•
•
PPP: 14 days
CS: piglets: enterocolitis
Dx: fecal flotation
Tx: piglets –
sulfamethazine; sows decoquinate
Isospora suis - coccidia
•
•
•
•
PPP: 14 days
CS: piglets: 6 – 21 days, stunted, mortality
Dx: fecal flotation
Tx: piglets – sulfamethazine; sows decoquinate
Figure 6-52 Oocyst of Isospora suis.
(From Hendrix CM, Robinson E: Diagnostic parasitology for veterinary technicians, ed 3, St Louis, 2006, Mosby.)
Metastrongylus spp. – Lung worm
• PPP: 1 month
• CS: coughing, poor
growth
• Dx: fecal flotation;
Adults - LI
• Tx: Ivermectin,
doramectin,
fenbendazole,
levamisole
Lung of pig showing lesions caused by lungworm
(Metastrongylus).
Oesophagostomum dentatum –
nodular worm
• PPP: 40 days
• CS: asymptomatic, nodules
– gut: enteritis
• Dx: fecal flotation; Adults –
LI
• Condemnation intestine
• Tx: Ivermectin, doramectin,
fenbendazole, levamisole,
pyrantel tartrate,
hygromycin, dichlorvos
Ascarops strongylina – stomach
worm
• PPP: 6 weeks
– Dung beetle:
intermediate host
• CS: nonpathogenic
• Dx: fecal sedimentation;
Adults – stomach
• Tx: Ivermectin,
doramectin, dichlorvos
Ascarops strongylina, egg. Courtesy of Dr.
Dietrich Barth, Merial
Stephanurus dentatus – kidney
worm
• PPP: 8 – 16 months
• CS: loss of weight,
condemnation organs –
migrating larvae
• Dx: eggs – urine
sedimentation; adults –
cysts perirenal fat and
pelvis of kidney; larvae liver
• Tx: Ivermectin,
doramectin
Figure 6-53 Egg of Stephanurus dentatus, the swine kidney worm. These eggs are strongyle type; that is, they are oval, thin-shelled
eggs containing 4 to 16 cells and measuring 90 to 120 µm by 43 to 70 µm. Eggs can be recovered from the urine by urine
sedimentation.
(From Hendrix CM, Robinson E: Diagnostic parasitology for veterinary technicians, ed 3, St Louis, 2006, Mosby.)
Trichinella spiralis – Trichina worm
• LC: 4 days; 20 days for larvae to
be infective
• Dx: necopsy
• Tx: none, don’t feed uncooked
garbage to pigs, cook all meat to
recommended temperature and
time
• ZOONOTIC: ingestion of raw
meat
Taenia solium – Pork tapeworm
• Taeniasis, cysticercosis
• LC: 2 months, swine
intermediate host
• Dx: necopsy – cysterci;
serologic test – humans/
pigs; eggs feces - humans
• Tx: none, don’t feed human
feces, cook all meat to
recommended temperature
and time
• ZOONOTIC: ingestion of
raw meat
Taenia solium cysticerci in the masseter
muscle of an adult pig.
(Photo courtesy of Dr. A. Lee Willingham III,
WHO/FAO Collaborating Center for Parasitic
Zoonoses, Denmark
Balantidium coli
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•
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Protozoa
LC: 6 – 14 days
CS: mild – severe enteritis
Dx: necopsy - LI ; fecal flotation
Tx: Tetracycline, metronidazole
ZOONOTIC
Figure 6-51 A, Balantidium coli of swine in histopathologic section. This photomicrograph was taken at low magnification. Note that
B. coli is quite large and easily visible (arrows). B, B. coli of swine in histopathologic section. This photomicrograph was taken at
higher magnification than A.
(From Hendrix CM, Robinson E: Diagnostic parasitology for veterinary technicians, ed 3, St Louis, 2006, Mosby.)
Figure 6-50 Trophozoite stage of Balantidium coli, the “ciliated protozoan” found in the large intestine of swine. The trophozoites
may be 150 by 120 µm, with a sausage- to kidney-shaped macronucleus. They are covered with numerous rows of cilia and move
about the microscopic field with lively motility. The cyst is spherical to ovoid and 40 to 60 µm in diameter, with a slight greenish-yellow
color.
(From Hendrix CM, Robinson E: Diagnostic parasitology for veterinary technicians, ed 3, St Louis, 2006, Mosby.)
Treatments
References
• K Holtgrew-Bohling , Large Animal Clinical Procedures for
Veterinary Technicians, 2nd Edition, Mosby, 2012, ISBN:
97803223077323
• Laboratory procedures for Veterinary Technicians, 5th edition,
2007, Hendrix C.M; Sirois M.
• http://vetmed.iastate.edu/vdpam/new-vdpamemployees/food-supply-veterinary-medicine/swine/swinediseases
• http://www.flockandherd.net.au/other/reader/sarcoptes%20
pigs.html
• http://www.ent.iastate.edu/imagegallery/
• http://nematode.net/NN3_frontpage.cgi?navbar_selection=s
peciestable&subnav_selection=Ascaris_suum
References
• http://www.ecvpath.org/october-2008/
• http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/dxendopar/parasitepages/
hooklungstrongyloides/s_ransomi.html
• http://parasitology.cvm.ncsu.edu/quiz/swine/exam2/swinequ
izEA.php
• http://uk.merial.com/producers/swine/woe/woe_04.asp
• http://vetpda.ucdavis.edu/parasitolog/Parasite.cfm?ID=94
• http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/
bc/22605.htm
• http://www.wormbook.org/chapters/www_genomesTrichinel
la/genomesTrichinella.html
• http://www.cesa.life.ku.dk/Cysticercosis.aspx