The Origin and
Diversification
of Eukaryotes
By: Julia Lawrence, Robert
June, and Zach Beecher
Ramifications of a Flexible Cell
Surface
 As
a cell grows, The cell needs to add
surface area without adding volume. The
is achieved by Infolding. Infolding creates
more surface area without increasing the
volume of the cell.
 Having a flexible surface also helps the
exchange materials with the envirnment
rapidly enough to grow and live.
Endosymbiosis and Organelles
 Endosymbiosis
– The theory of
endosymbiosis is that some organelles
have been taken from prokaryotes by
ancient eukaryotes.
 Initially, the organelle had a function to
detoxify oxygen by reducing it to water.
Now, this organelle is the mitochondria,
which makes ATP for our bodies.
Niches of the Protista
 Most
protists are aquatic. They live in
mostly marine environments. Some are
microscopic like plankton. Some can
grow larger than a football field. (kelp)
 The two largest groups are Algae and
protozoans. Algae are photosynthetic
protists. Protozoans are heterotrophic.
Protista Locomotion and diversity



Eukaryotes have different forms of
transportation. The most common are cilia,
flagella, and the pseudopods.
The surfaces of the cells can also be different.
Some have just a membrane, but most have
a stiffer structure to maintain it’s integrity.
Another difference is the vacuoles. Some
protists use contractile vacuoles, and some
use digestive vacuoles.
Relationships Among Eukaryotes
 Eukaryotes
groups
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

can be divided into five
Chromalveolates
Plantae
Excavates
Rhizaria
Unikonts
Chromalveolates


Clade of photosynthetic organisms with cellulose
in all cell walls
Divided into three groups

Alveolates


Stramenopiles


Consists of Apicomplexans, Dinoflagellates and
Ciliates
Consists of Brown Algae, Diatoms and Oomycetes
Haptophytes
Plantae
A
mostly photosynthetic Clade that can be further
divided into


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
Glaucophytes
Red Algae
Chlorophytes
Land Plants
Charophytes
Excavates
 Contains
many varied clades, some of
which lack mitochondria.
 Major clades include:



Diplomonads and Parabasalids
Heteroloboseans
Euglenids and Kinetoplastids
Rhizaria
 Unicellular
aquatic eukaryotes
Split into:
Cercozoans
 Foraminiferans
 Radiolarians

Unikonts
A
large clade that is close to the root
of the Eukaryote tree and consists of
two groups

Opisthokonts
 Fungi,
Animals, and
Choanoflagellates

Amobozoans
 Loboseans,
Plasmodial
slime molds and Cellular
slime molds
Sources
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