In This Lesson:
Diversity and
Organization of
Life
(Lesson 5 of 5)
Today is Friday,
rd
October 23 , 2015
Pre-Class
What does the Golgi Apparatus do?
How about the lysosome?
You need a small bit o’ paper
towel too. Just sayin’…
http://classes.ansci.illinois.edu/ansc438/mamstructure/Golgi.GIF
Today’s Agenda
• Another way to sort life.
• Diversity and classification of life.
• Body organization.
• Where is this in my book?
– Academic: P. 190 and following…
– Honors: P. 6 and following…
By the end of this lesson…
• You should be able to place eukaryotic cells
within the larger scope of life on Earth.
• You should be able to describe the hierarchy
of organization within multicellular organisms.
Endosymbiosis
• The topic of the former core assessment was
endosymbiosis. What’s that?
• Here’s a simplified picture:
Prokaryote 
(with developing
nucleus)
 The first
eukaryote
 Prokaryote
http://endosymbiotichypothesis.files.wordpress.com/2010/09/endosymbiosis_c_la_784.jpg
Endosymbiosis
• If you need a reminder, both mitochondria and
chloroplasts have a double membrane and their
own DNA (which is not used for much) – unusual
for an organelle.
– They even have their own ribosomes!
• Scientists think this is evidence that mitochondria
and chloroplasts were once free-living bacteria –
living outside the cell.
– In other words, mitochondria and chloroplasts were
once free-living prokaryotes (bacteria).
Endosymbiosis
• Then, as other organisms began to photosynthesize,
levels of oxygen in the atmosphere rose dramatically.
• As a result, some prokaryotic cells (that could use the
excess oxygen to produce energy for the cell) invaded
others, later evolving to be mitochondria.
• Meanwhile the same thing occurred with the
organisms that were photosynthesizing, with those
prokaryotes evolving into chloroplasts.
– The biological concept of one thing invading/taking-in
another is called endosymbiosis.
Serial Endosymbiosis
O2
O2
O2
O2
O
Early Prokaryote2
[utilizes oxygen]
O2
O2
Early Prokaryote
[photosynthesizes]
O2
O2
O2
O2
O2
Oxygen levels spike…
O2
O2
O2
O2
O2
 Early eukaryote
with
mitochondria and
Early Prokaryote
[doesn’t tolerate oxygen] chloroplasts
Nucleus and
endomembrane system
develops from an infolding
of cell membrane (not
endosymbiosis)
Endosymbiosis
• In short:
– There are lots of bacteria on early Earth.
– Oxygen levels rise considerably.
– Small aerobic bacteria invade larger anaerobic bacteria
(which have nuclei developing) – endosymbiosis.
– Together, along with the formation of the nucleus, the
eukaryotic cell evolves.
– The smaller aerobic bacteria become today’s
mitochondria (with a similar process leading to
chloroplasts).
Endosymbiosis
http://schoolworkhelper.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Endosymbiosis.jpg
Classifying Life
• Remember that classifying life is very difficult.
• We went over the eight different
characteristics something must have to be
considered alive.
– There’s still room for “weirdness.”
• To start with, not even everything uses
oxygen.
– Aerobic: using oxygen
– Anaerobic: not using oxygen
Carl Linnaeus
• Developed the system of
classification we use
(KPCOFGS) around 1735.
• Has since been revised
to include Domain and
now all sorts of other
levels of classification.
http://gap.entclub.org/taxonomists/Linnaeus/Carolus_Linnaeus.jpg
The Diversity of Life
PROKARYOTES
http://scepticon.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/phylogenetictreeoflife.jpg
EUKARYOTES
Prokaryotes
• The vast majority of prokaryotes are
unicellular.
– They only have one cell.
– For our purposes we will consider them all to be
unicellular.
– And now, a photo gallery of some lovely
prokaryotes!
Bacillus Bacteria
http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm05/1116/16monera.htm
Cocci Bacteria
Spirilla Bacteria
Cyanobacteria (“Blue-Green Algae”)
http://user.uni-frankfurt.de/~schauder/cyanos/cylin2_bg.jpg
Eukaryotes
• Eukaryotes can be either unicellular or
multicellular.
– Remember, as long as it has a nucleus it’s a
eukaryote.
• Like eu!
– Plants, animals, and fungi are all eukaryotic, along
with a BUNCH of other stuff.
– Eukaryotes can look very different from one
another.
– Eukaryote photo gallery!
The Diversity of Life
PROKARYOTES
http://scepticon.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/phylogenetictreeoflife.jpg
EUKARYOTES
Paramecium
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Paramecium.jpg
Slime Mold
http://scientopia.org/blogs/scicurious/files/2010/10/slime-mold.jpg
Water Bear (micro-animal!)
http://www.technovelgy.com/graphics/content08/water-bear.jpg
Water Bear (micro-animal!)
http://starcraftscience.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/tardigrade1.jpg
Water Bear (micro-animal!)
http://thecontaminated.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/tardigrade-water-bear.jpg
Algae (True Algae)
http://infranetlab.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/09_02_23_algae_farm04.jpg
Blood-Tooth Fungus
http://bunkstrutts.files.wordpress.com/2007/10/blood_tooth_fungus1.jpg
You
http://cdn.crushable.com/files/2012/09/mama-june-shannon-nope.gif
Baobab Tree
http://www.scottbeaulier.com/BaobabTree.jpg
Ebola Virus (???)
http://mrbarlow.files.wordpress.com/2010/06/ebola.jpg
Tree of Life
• There is an ambitious website called the Tree of
Life Project.
• Its aim is to create a virtual tree of life connecting
all known forms of life.
– Kinda difficult. Just sayin’…
• Right now, you can trace a path from the roots of
the tree (the broadest category of life) to the
ends of the branches of the tree (the narrowest
categories of life).
• You can also go from the roots all the way out to
humans, and that’s your job for this little activity.
The Path from Our Roots
• Eukaryotes
– Animals
• Bilateria (animals with bilateral symmetry)
– Deuterostomia (animals that developed along a certain
pattern)
» Chordata (animals with backbones)
• Craniata (animals with skulls)
• Vertebrata (animals with spines)
• Gnathostomata (vertebrates with jaws)
• Sarcopterygii
The Path from Our Roots
• Sarcopterygii (Lobe-finned fish and land
vertebrates)
– Terrestrial vertebrates (land animals with
backbones)
• Amniota (egg-based)
– Synapsida (mammals)
» Therapsida (mammals)
• Mammalia (mammals)
• Eutheria (placental mammals)
• Primates
• Catarrhini (Humans, apes, Old-World
Monkeys)
The Path from Our Roots
• Catarrhini
– Hominidae (humans, great apes) (brace
yourselves)
• Homo (brace yourselves - humans)
– Homo sapiens
Levels of Organization
• In multicellular organisms, cells tend to
become specialized as they grow.
– They do different jobs.
– Stem cells are not yet specialized, but can become
virtually any kind of cell – they can differentiate.
• Between the cell and the complete organism
are several levels of organization.
• Now it’s your turn to use the BioScale.
Levels of Organization
• Using your whiteboards (and partners), fill in
the missing space in the BioScale below:
– (Draw it in your notebooks too)
Organism
Not to scale…
Cells
Organelles
Moving upward from cells…
• A group of cells that has a common job is
called a tissue.
• There are four major tissue types in the body:
– Epithelial (linings and membranes, barriers)
– Connective (structures and holds things)
– Muscle
– Nerve
Epithelial Tissue
http://www.stegen.k12.mo.us/tchrpges/sghs/ksulkowski/images/10_Simple_Squamous_Apical_Epithelial_Tissue.jpg
Connective Tissue
http://www.carlalbert.edu/dwann/tissue_images/connective%20tissue,%20loose,%20areolar.jpg
Muscular Tissue
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_v2GFIISzHOU/R7lRf2YflXI/AAAAAAAAAC8/V9Qdc86FSrc/s400/Muscular%2BTissue.jpg
Nerve Tissue
http://www.occc.edu/biologylabs/Images/Cells_Membranes/nuero.jpg
BioScale
Organism
?
?
Tissues
Cells
Organelles
Organic Molecules
Compounds
Atoms
Subatomic Particles
Levels of Organization
• Acting out the levels of organization
– Class bonding!
• Some of you will be tissues.
Moving up from tissues…
• A group of at least two or more different types
of tissues working together is called an organ.
• Examples of organs include:
– Heart
– Brain
– Liver
– Spleen
– Stomach
Trivia Question!
• What’s the biggest organ in the body?
– The skin.
• Your skin is your largest organ, and it has
several different kinds of tissues in it:
– Outside of skin (epidermis) – epithelial tissue.
– Inside of skin (dermis) – connective tissue.
• “Hey, your epidermis is showing!”
BioScale
Organism
?
Organs
Tissues
Cells
Organelles
Organic Molecules
Compounds
Atoms
Subatomic Particles
Levels of Organization
• Acting out the levels of organization
– Class bonding!
• Some of you will be tissues.
– Now those of you that were tissues were an organ
– the skin!
Moving up from organs…
• A group of at least two or more different types
of organs working together is called…
– An organ system!
• Examples of human organ systems include:
– Nervous system (nerves)
– Endocrine system (hormones)
– Circulatory system (arteries, veins, capillaries)
– Muscular System (muscles)
Organ Systems
Nervous System
Endocrine System
Circulatory System
Muscular System
Organ
Organism
Systems
BioScale
Organism
Organ Systems
Organs
Tissues
Cells
Organelles
Organic Molecules
Compounds
Atoms
Subatomic Particles
Levels of Organization
• Acting out the levels of organization
– Class bonding!
• We will all be an organ system.
– Some of us are epithelial tissue (epidermis)
– Some of us are connective tissue (dermis)
– Some of are adipose tissue (subcutaneous layer)
• With our powers combined, we become the
integumentary system (your skin, hair, and
other stuff).
Let’s have some closure…
• Draw in your notebook a diagram, pyramid,
concept map, (whatever you want) that would
represent how organisms, organ systems,
organs, tissues, and cells all relate.
– Here’s a start:
Organism
Cell Web-Hunt
• Use your worksheets and try the cell webhunt.
• There’s lots of cool animations.
• Remember, if this stuff looks weird, it’s what
your cells are doing RIGHT NOW!
• Linked from my website, but:
– http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/cell
s/insideacell/