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Euglenozoa
•
Flagellated protists which can be photosynthetic
•
Odd features

Protein pellicle instead of cell wall

Odd mitochondria (discoid cristae) so unique endosymbiont

Chromosomes remain condensed during interphase
•
400 species (many more likely unknown
parasites!)
•
Two sub-phyla:
1.
2.
Kinetoplasta (Trypanosoma gambiense) sleeping sickness
Euglenoida (Euglena) photosynthetic, chlorophyll a,b,
paramylum (aka paramylon = ß-1,3-glycan)
Euglena gracilis
Posterior extension
Mitochondrion
Pyrenoid
Nucleus
Paramylon grain
http://bio.rutgers.edu/euglena/
Chloroplasts
Protein pellicle
(striations)
Contractile vacuole
Anterior invagination
With internal short flagellum
Long flagellum rooted here also
(not shown)
http://www.acrennes.fr/pedagogie/svt/photo/microalg/euglena.jpg
Eyespot
Extant
Secondary Symbioses
Chlorophyte
algal
endosymbiosis
For euglenoids,
the chloroplast is
a secondary
endosymbiosis.
Euglenoid
mitochondria are
unique!
Extinct
Original Cell
Eubacterium
endosymbiosis
Though sketched here as
single events, these
endosymbioses were very
likely multiple events!
http://bio.rutgers.edu/euglena/
Cyanobacterium
endosymbiosis
http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imagsmall/amoebafeeding3.jpg
Amoeba proteus
A freshwater amoeboid protist
Engulfing a Staurastrum green alga
Contractile vacuole Food vacuoles
Nucleus
The pseudopodia assist in
locomotion and phagocytosis, but
they also secrete proteolytic
enzymes to digest particles
outside the cell.
http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/deep
east01/logs/sep24/media/Foram_600.jpg
Pseudopodia
Mitochondria
Marine relatives, the
foraminifera, secrete calcareous
shells, contributing to reefs and
sands.
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/techniques/hoffmangallery/images/stentor.jpg
Stentor polymorphus
Funnel-shaped protist
Cytostome rim is ciliated
Food swept into alveolus
Cilia
Contractile
vacuole
Nucleus
Holdfast
Micronucleus
Macronucleus
http://comuredsl.com/fotos/stentor.jpg
Phaeophyta (Kingdom Stramenopila)
•
Photosynthetic, mostly marine brown algae
•
Odd features

•
Body multicellular, supported by water, so simple thallus
•
Sometimes huge (45m!) thallus attached to substrate by holdfast
•
Occasionally pelagic (floating) Sargassum in Sargasso sea

Chloroplasts inside rough ER membrane

Photosynthetic pigments: chlorophyll a, c, fucoxanthin

Storage materials: laminarin polysaccharide

Wall polysaccharides: cellulose and alginic acid

Tinsel-type flagella on zoospores and gametes, so centriole
present

Gametangia: antheridia (male) and oogonia (female)

Gametes: isogamous, anisogamous, oogamous
1500 species
Here are some brown algae
which I hope you have or will
observe in laboratory…
Ectocarpus siliculosus
Sphacelaria (and diatom)
http://www.uog.edu/classes/botany/images/sphacelaria.jpg
http://www.zagaziguniversity.com/eduimg/Sci/Ectocarpu
s_Phaeo/ectocarpus_conifervoides_1271319570_g_543
w.jpg
Chlorophyte
algal
endosymbiosis
For brown algae,
the chloroplast is
also a secondary
endosymbiosis.
Cyanobacterium
endosymbiosis
Extinct
Original Cell
Eubacterium
endosymbiosis
rer
rough ER
nucleomorph
phaeoplast
http://tolweb.org/tree/ToLimages/nucleomorph.jpg
More
Secondary
Symbioses
Extant
Rhodophyta (A Separate Kingdom?)
•
Photosynthetic, mostly marine red algae
•
Odd features

•
Body multicellular, supported by water, so simple thallus
•
Thallus attached to substrate by holdfast
•
Rarely pelagic (floating)

Unique chloroplasts indicate unique endosymbiosis

Photosynthetic pigments: chlorophyll a, phycoerythrin,
phycocyanin…colors can be red, brown, purple, blue, green, blackish!

Storage materials: floridean starch in cytosol (-1,4-glycan)

Wall polysaccharides: cellulose and agar or carrageenan

No flagella, so centriole missing

Gametangia: spermatangia (male) and carpogonium (female)

Some species encrust with calcium carbonate…contribute to reefs
4000 species
Compsopogon
Here are some of the example
red algae. Some of these you
will or should have observed in
laboratory.
Caloglossa
http://www.dennerle.de/images/pflanzen/algen/bartmic.gif
Porphyridium
Callithamnion
http://www.cibnor.org/colecciones/malgas/i
mg/poc.jpg
http://www.biology.lsa.umich.edu/courses/bio458/Caloglossa.jpg
http://www.bio.utexas.edu/research/utex/pho
togallery/Callithamnion_baileyi_lb2306.jpg
Porphyridium
Cell Wall
Cell Membrane
Mitochondrion
Nucleus
Stellate Chloroplast
Floridean Starch
Vacuole
http://www.bio.mtu.edu/the_wall/phycodisc/RHODOPHYTA/gfx/PORPHYRIDIUM_UNICELL.jpg