Chapter 9 an 10: EUROPE
IN THE MIDDLE AGES
GS-2.5 Summarize the functions of feudalism and manorialism in medieval
Europe, including the creation of nation-states as feudal institutions helped
monarchies to centralize power and the evolution of the relationship between
the secular states and Roman Catholic Church. (P, H)
OBJECTIVES: Summarize the new European civilizations that were formed
by the Germanic peoples, the legacy of the Romans, and the Church. Explain
the importance of having the support of the church. Explain the Carolingian
Empire.
Transforming the Roman
World
Section 1
Germanic Kingdoms
Visigoths and Ostrogoths
– Spain and Italy
– Roman structure of government
– Warrior class showing
increasing dominance
Angles and Saxons
– Emigrated from Denmark to
Britain
Franks
– France, Belgium, and Holland
– Clovis – first Germanic ruler to
convert to Christianity
http://www.history.com/topics/clovis-i/videos#darkages-the-franks---clovis-part-i
http://www.history.com/videos/dark-ages-thefranks---clovis-part-2#dark-ages-the-franks---clovispart-2
Germanic Society
Germans and Romans intermarried and
created a new society
Family basic unit of society, very important
Breaking a law was seen as an attack on
the person, as opposed to an attack on the
state
Wergild – fine system
Ordeal – “trial”
Ordeal
The Role of Church
4th Century – Christianity
supreme religion of
Europe
Organization
– Parish/Priest
– Bishopric/Diocese/Bishop
Rise of the Pope
– Bishop of Rome
– Claimed to have control
over all other clergy
– Gregory I
Monastic Life
Monks
– Saint Benedict
– Dedicate life to church
– Communal living in
monastery, headed by
an abbot
– Emphasis on labor
and prayer
– Life of poverty and
doing charity
Women in the Church
– Nuns/Abbesses
The Franks & The Rise of
Charlemagne
Charles Martel
– Defeats Muslims at Battle of
Tours, 732
– Son, Pepin, takes the throne
– Charles, son of Pepin, expands
Frankish kingdom, assumes
name “Charlemagne” or “Charles
the Great”
The Carolingian Empire
Emperor of the Romans
Intellectual Revival
FEUDALISM
Section 2
Objective: Analyze how the Viking, Magyars, and
Muslims invaded Europe during the ninth and tenth
centuries. Critique the collapse of the central authority
in the European world that led to a new political system
known as feudalism. Summarize the rise of European
Kingdoms and feudalism
Describe key characteristics of each kingdom.
New Invasion 9th/10th century
Magyars
– Migrated from Asia to
Hungary
Vikings
– Germanic people,
Scandinavia
– Normandy
Feudalism
Increased need for protection
– Centralized government inefficient
– Commoners going to powerful warlords for
protection in return for service
Vassalage
– Warriors swore and oath to a lord to serve
them militarily
– Lords took care of warriors needs (food,
shelter, clothing, etc.) by granting a fief.
– Warrior became a vassal of the Lord.
Feudal Society
Rise of the Knight
class
– Amored cavalry
– Granted a fief for his
service
– Backbone of
aristocracy
The Feudal Contract – Unwritten
social rules determining the
relationship between people.
KING
(LORD)
KNIGHTS
(WARRIOR
CLASS)
PEASANTS/SERFS
Nobility
Ruling class
Large land owners
Chivalry
– Code of ethics guide-lining behavior
– Emphasis on honor, fighting for glory, not personal
gain
Tournament
New roles for women
– Managing castles
– Propelled chivalry forward
Early Medieval Castle - UK
Tapestry Depicting Tournament
French Noblewomen
The Growth of European
Kingdoms
Objectives: Summarize the rise of European
Monarchies and their quest to extend power
and build strong states. Describe key
characteristics of each monarchy
England
Angles and
Saxons
The Norman
Conquest
– William of
Normandy
– The Battle of
Hastings, 1066
Henry II and
Eleanor of
Aquitaine
– Common law
– Power over
Church
Bayeaux Tapestry, Depicting Battle
of Hastings
Magna Carta & Parliament
Magna Carta
– Runnymede, 1215
– King John forced to recognize
that power of the monarch was
limited
The Rise of Parliament
– Edward I
– House of Commons - 2 knights
from every county, 2 people
from every town
– House of LordsAll nobles and
bishops
France
Carolingian Empire
divided; Kingdom of
France established 843
Capetian Dynasty
– Weak Kings – Authority over
Paris only
Phillip IV “The Fair”
– Expansion of territory
– 1302- Establishment of a
Parliament, Estates-General
The Holy Roman Empire
Otto I
Swore to protect the
pope, Crowned
‘Emperor of the
Romans”
Germany and Italy
Relatively weak office,
as the areas were
never consolidated into
a single monarchy
Russia
Migration of Slavs,
Swedish Vikings into
Rus
Establishment of Kiev
empire
13th Century,
Mongolian invasion
Mongols driven out in
1242
– Alexander Nevsky
– Established capital at
Moscow
The Byzantine Empire and
the Crusades
Section 4
Objective:Explain the rise and fall of the
Byzantine Empire. Identify the key reasons
for the fall or end to feudalism. Summarize
the crusades impact on Medieval society in
both the East and the West.
Justinian
Emperor Justinian,
527-565
– Capital of Constantinople
– Wanted to reestablish
empire in the entire
Mediterranean
– Italy, Spain, North Africa,
Asia Minor, Palestine and
Syria
– The Body of Civil LawCode of Roman laws
based on imperial law in
Eastern Roman Empire
Became the basis for
much of the legal system
of Europe.
From Eastern Roman Empire to
Byzantine Empire
After the death of Justinian the Eastern Roman Empire
had too much territory to protect far from
Constantinople.
– Loses of Justinian’s territories to Germans and
Muslims reduced Eastern empire
Remaining lands in the Balkans and Asia Minor called
the Byzantine Empire
– Greek replaced Latin as language
– Eastern Orthodox Church- Patriarch:
appointed head of the Church
Emperor was believed to have been chosen by god.
His power absolute.
Byzantine Empire
Constantinople
Largest medieval city
– Population 100,000+
Great center of trade
– The mid-point of trade
between China and
Western Europe
– ivory, spices, jewelry, fur
– Silk cloth became the
cities most lucrative
product
Hippodrome- gladiator fights
and chariot
Hagia Sophia- the church of
the holy Wisdom
The Macedonia Dynasty
Ruled 867-1081
– 10th and 11th century restored power to
empire, but ambitious military leaders and
aristocratic families led to downfall.
Economic prosperity
– Selling silk, metalworks
Expansion
– 1025 the byzantine empire was the largest it
had been since the beginning
Schism
Split between the Eastern Orthodox
Church and the Catholic Church of the
West
– 1054, Pope Leo IX and Patriarch Michael
Cerularius, excommunicated each other
1071: Turkish troops defeat Byzantine
forces, ending European rule of the
empire.
The Crusades
Military expeditions to the Holy Lands to
regain them from the Muslims from the
11th to the 13th centrury
Began as help to Alexius I, Byzantine
emperor, to keep Muslim Turks from
invading Constantinople.
Evolved into a quest to liberate Jerusalem
from the “infidels”
Council of Clermont – Urban II
The Crusades, (con’t.)
Crusading Armies
– Knights
– Religious Fervor
– Adventure
– Wealth
First Crusade
– French
– Led by Pope Urban II who wanted to free Jerusalem
from the Infidels- unbelievers/ Muslims
– Captured Antioch, 1098; Jerusalem, 1099
– Established “crusader” states; Italian port cities will
profit
– By 1140’s Muslims attack
The Crusades (con’t)
Second Crusade
– France and Germany
– Failure
1184 – Saladin attacks and takes
Jerusalem
The Third Crusade
– 1189 France, England, Germany
– Richard I (England) negotiated free pass to
Jerusalem for Christian pilgrims
The Crusades (con’t)
Fourth Crusade
Pope Innocent III
– Constantinople sacked, 1204
– Power of the Byzantine
diminished
The Children’s Crusade –
1212
Impacts of Crusades
– Increased trade to Europe
– Anti-Semitism
– Weakened power of nobles;
feudalism