SKELETAL JOINT
Dr. Vareishang Tangpu
Assistant Professor in Zoology
RIE, Mysore - 06
There are 206 bones and 200 joints in
human body
Need Of Skeletal System
As a support and gives shape to the body
Movement of body parts
Protection of vital organs
?
If there are no joints
in our skeleton,
what will happen
to our activities?
The Skeletal Joints…
Well, the point where two or more bones meet is called a
joint. Some of our joints move, and other do not.
Structure of a joint
A Joint is made up of:-
Ligament
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Synovial capsule
Tendon
Ligament
Muscles
Articulating bones
(Femur & Tibia/Febula)
Synovial capsule
Task of Joints
• Bending actions, easy movements
etc are possible when the skeleton
provides flexibility.
• Such flexibility is brought about
by joining parts of skeletons.
• The structural and functional
association of two or more bones
that make the body parts to
perform tasks with ease are
brought about by joints.
Classification of joints
1. Immovable
2. Slightly movable
3. Movable
IMMOVABLE JOINT
SLIGHTLY MOVABLE JOINT
HIP BONE
MOVABLE JOINT
I. Gliding Joint
II. Ball and socket Joint
III. Hinge Joint
IV. Pivot Joint
I. GLIDING JOINT
• The first kind of joint is called a
gliding joint. Gliding joints
are found in our wrists, ankles,
and backbone.
• Gliding joints do what they say:
they glide past one another, and
help us move those body parts.
Carpals
II. BALL AND SOCKET
Hip joint, Arm joint
III. HINGE JOINT
• These joints move up
and down in one
direction, like a door
opening and closing.
This type of joint can be
found in our fingers,
elbows, and knees.
Move these joints in
your body.
A hinge joint allows extension and retraction of an appendage
IV. PIVOT JOINT
 Move your neck from
side to side.
 Can you feel how a
pivot joint moves?
 Joint between 1st and
2nd neck vertebrae.
 This type of joint lets
bones roll over each
other, like in our
forearms and neck.
Hyoid bone – the only jointless bone
A small, U-shaped bone situated
centrally in the upper part of the neck,
beneath the mandible but above the
larynx near the level of the third
cervical vertebra.
The hyoid is (uniquely in the vertebrate skeleton) not joined
to any other bone but is suspended by the stylohyoid
ligaments from the styloid process of each temporal bone at
the base of the skull. It is formed from three separate parts
– the body, and the left and right greater and lesser cornu
(horns) – which fuse in early adulthood. The function of the
hyoid is to provide an anchor point for the muscles of the
tongue and for those in the upper part of the front of the
neck.
The hyoid bone can be felt by pressing one's finger into the crease where the
chin becomes the neck.
I LOVE CRACKING KNUCKLES
• A joint area is surrounded by joint
fluid that protects the bones from
rubbing against each other.
• The gas nitrogen is dissolved in
your joint fluid. When you crack or
pop your knuckles, you're releasing
pressure, which makes the gas
come out and form a bubble. Don't
worry — the sound is not your
bones grinding together.
•That release of pressure allows a temporary increase in the joint's
range of motion, which is why it feels so good. The reason you can't
recrack your knuckles immediately after is because it takes a little
time for the gas to get redissolved back into the joint fluid.
Applications
Toy industry
Robot industry
Application in Orthopaedics
Dislocation (pelvic)
When a bone at joint is damaged, dislocation occurs. Seek doctor’s help
immediately
Dislocation (Finger)
Crooked and
swollen
Angle sprain
A sprain is caused when ligaments that bind the bones together in
a joint are stretched or torn due to various pressures
Can you identify this person who
underwent a Left knee surgery in year
2000?
Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Former PM
What type of joints do you operate?
a. By moving your arm up?
b. By moving your arm down?
c. By moving your arm back?
Answer - (a-c): A ball and joint
THANK
YOU
Osteoarthritis is the most common form
of arthritis.
It causes pain, swelling and reduced motion in your joints. It can
occur in any joint, but usually it affects your hands, knees, hips or
spine.
Osteoarthritis breaks down the cartilage in your joints. Cartilage is
the slippery tissue that covers the ends of bones in a joint. Healthy
cartilage absorbs the shock of movement. When you lose cartilage,
your bones rub together. Over time, this rubbing can permanently
damage the joint. Factors that may cause osteoarthritis include
Being overweight
Getting older
Injuring a joint
Therapies that manage osteoarthritis pain and improve function
include exercise, weight control, rest, pain relief, alternative
therapies and surgery.
Joint Disorders
A joint is where two or more bones come together, like the knee,
hip, elbow or shoulder. Joints can be damaged by many types of
injuries or diseases. Arthritis or simply years of use may cause a
joint to wear away. This can cause pain, stiffness and swelling.
Over time, a swollen joint can become severely damaged.
Treatment of joint problems depends on the cause. If you have
a sports injury, treatment often begins with the RICE (Rest, Ice,
Compression and Elevation) method to relieve pain, reduce
swelling and speed healing. Other possible treatments include
pain relievers, keeping the injured area from moving,
rehabilitation, and sometimes surgery. For arthritis, injuries, or
other diseases, you may need joint replacement surgery to
remove the damaged joint and put in a new one.
Knee cap
Knee replacement is surgery for people with severe knee damage.
Knee replacement can relieve pain and allow you to be more
active. Your doctor may recommend it if you have knee pain and
medicine and other treatments are not helping you anymore.
When you have a total knee replacement, the surgeon removes
damaged cartilage and bone from the surface of your knee joint
and replaces them with a man-made surface of metal and plastic.
In a partial knee replacement, the surgeon only replaces one part of
your knee joint. The surgery can cause scarring, blood clots and,
rarely, infections. After a knee replacement, you will no longer be
able to do certain activities, such as jogging and high-impact
sports.
Ankle Injuries and
Disorders
Your ankle bone and the ends of your two lower leg bones make
up the ankle joint. Your ligaments, which connect bones to one
another, stabilize and support it. Your muscles and tendons
move it.
The most common ankle problems are sprains and fractures. A
sprain is an injury to the ligaments. It may take a few weeks to
many months to heal completely. A fracture is a break in a bone.
You can also injure other parts of the ankle such as tendons,
which join muscles to bone, and cartilage, which cushions your
joints. Ankle sprains and fractures are common sports injuries.
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Ankylosing spondylitis is a type of arthritis of the spine. It causes
swelling between your vertebrae, which are the disks that make up
your spine, and in the joints between your spine and pelvis.
Ankylosing spondylitis is an autoimmune disease. This means your
immune system, which normally protects your body from infection,
attacks your body's own tissues. The disease is more common and
more severe in men. It often runs in families.
Early symptoms include back pain and stiffness. These problems
often start in late adolescence or early adulthood. Over time,
ankylosing spondylitis can fuse your vertebrae together, limiting
movement. Symptoms can worsen or improve or stop altogether.
The disease has no cure, but medicines can relieve the pain,
swelling and other symptoms. Exercise can also help.
Gout
Gout is a common, painful form of arthritis. It causes swollen,
red, hot and stiff joints. Gout occurs when uric acid builds up in
your blood. This happens if your body produces extra acid or does
not eliminate enough, or if you eat too many foods with purines,
such as liver and dried beans. Pseudogout has similar symptoms
and is sometimes confused with gout. However, it is caused by
calcium phosphate, not uric acid.
Often, gout first attacks your big toe. It can also attack ankles,
heels, knees, wrists, fingers and elbows.
You are more likely to get gout if you:1. Are a man, 2. Have
family member with gout, 3. Drink alcohol
At first, gout attacks usually get better in days. Eventually, attacks
last longer and occur more often. Uric acid buildup can lead
to kidney stones. Untreated gout can cause permanent joint and
kidney damage. You can treat gout with medicines.
Match the following
A. Movement of door
B. Movement of
grinding stone
C. Movement of legs at
hips
1. A-1 B-2 C-3
2. A-4 B-3 C-1
3. A-2 B-4 C-1
4. A-3 B-1 C-4
1.
2.
3.
4.
Pivot joint
Gliding joint
Hinge joint
Ball & socket joint
FAQ
1.
What holds the bones in a joint?
2.
Which structure connects two bones in a joint?
Answer 1
Answer 2
3.
When do two bones get disjointed?
Answer 3
4.
How can the disjointed bones be set right?
5.
Answer 4
Why does a sound come out when we crack our knuckles?
Answer 5
?
Why plastering is done over joints
when there is dislocation?
Activity
Visit and take advices from a
doctor to keep our skeletal
system in good condition
CORRECT!
WRONG
Answer 1
Ligament
Answer 2
Synovial Capsule
Answer 3
If a lot of pressure falls on the joint,
two bones get disjointed
Answer 4
It can be set right by applying pressure
in reverse direction
(by a physician/orthopedician)
Answer 5
• The sound is because of breaking
the vacuum present in the synovial
capsule.
Maximum number of joints are
found in shoulder bones
Various Types of Joints (Movable)
1. Gliding Joint
2. Ball and socket Joint
3. Hinge Joint
4. Pivot Joint
Various joints