A Typical Graph
This is an example of a
typical graph we are all
familiar with.
The graph is made up
of different “points” with
lines that connect
the points.
A Typical Graph
Y axis
Each point has two
values indicating place:
The “X” value that
runs along the horizontal
“X” axis
X axis
The “Y” value that
runs along the vertical
“Y” axis
A Typical Graph
Y
(3,8)
(9,5)
X value is always
stated first, followed
by the Y value
The “origin” is the
point where the two
axes intersect with
a value of (0,0)
X
(0,0)
Typical Graph
A point can also
have a negative (-)
value
Y
(-X,+Y)
(+X,+Y)
(0,0)
X
(-X,-Y)
Negative X
values are to the
left of the origin
(0,0)
(+X,-Y)
Negative Y
values are below
the origin
East West, North South on the Earth
• The X axis is the
equator.
Y
X
The Y axis is the
prime meridian that
runs through
Greenwich, England.
Lat/Long are the
two grid points by
which one can
locate any point on
Earth.
East West, North South on the Earth
N
W
S
Let each of the
four quarters
(quadrants) then
E be designated by
North or South
and East or
West.
East West, North South on the Earth
The N tells us
we’re north of the
(N, W)
(N, E)
equator. The S tells
us we’re south of the
equator.
(S, W)
(S, E)
The E tells us that
we’re east of the
prime meridian. The
W tells us that we’re
west of the prime
meridian.
East West, North South on the Earth
(N, W)
Prime Meridian
All points in North
America will have a
North latitude and a
West longitude
because it is North of
the equator and West
of the prime meridian.
East West, North South on the Earth
What would be
the latitude and
longitude directions
in Australia?
Prime Meridian
If you said South and East , you’re right!
Latitude is the
What is Latitude? distance from the
equator along the Y
axis.
90°N
All points along
the equator have a
value of 0 degrees.
Y
X
North pole =
90°N
90°S
South pole =
90°S
All values are in
What is Latitude?
90°N
Each degree of
latitude is divided
into 60 minutes.
Y
X
Each minute is
divided into 60
seconds.
90°S
This is also true of longitude.
What is Latitude?
90°N
For example,
Y
40° 02’ 51’’N
X
90°S
This is close to
the latitude where
you live.
And Longitude?
Longitude is the
distance from the
prime meridian along
the X axis.
Y
X
180°W
180°E
All points along the
prime meridian have
a value of 0 degrees
longitude.
Earth is divided into
two parts, or hemispheres, of east and
west longitude.
Meridians and Parallels?
Earth is divided
into 360 equal N-S
slices (meridians)
Y
X
- 180 west and 180
east of the prime
meridian
Earth is divided
into 180 equal E-W
slices (parallels)
180°W
180°E
- 90 north and 90
south of the
equator
Meridians and Parallels?
Meridians of
longitude run N and
S, but are used to
measure E and W.
Parallels of
latitude run E and
W, but are used to
measure N and S
What is our location?
90°N
Central Peoria’s
latitude and longitude
are approximately:
Y
X
40°, 44’, 24’’N
89°, 36’, 36’’W
90°S
So Where is (0,0)?
The origin point
(0,0) is where the
equator intersects
the prime meridian.
Point (0,0) is off
the western coast
of Africa in the
Atlantic Ocean.
In which quadrants are the following
latitudes and longitudes?
A
B
C
D
1.
41°N, 21°E
2.
37°N, 76°W
3. 72°S,
141°W
4.
7°S, 23°W
5.
15°N, 29°E
6.
34°S, 151°E
Let’s see how well you did...
1.
B
2.
A
3.
C
4.
C
5.
B
6.
D
Positioning on the Earth’s Surface
East is the direction of
rotation of the Earth
North Pole
Prime Meridian
Latitude: (90oN to 90oS)
Longitude: (180oE to 180oW)
0o Longitude
Tropic of Cancer
21st June
22nd Sept
20th March
Equator
Latitude 23½o North
oE
90
60o90
30
30
60
90
Wo
o
66½23½
o
900
22nd December
Tropic of Capricorn
Latitude 0o
Latitude 23½o South
Longitude 90o West
Longitude 90oEast
Longitude 60o West
Longitude 30o West
23½o
Longitude 60o East
South Pole
Longitude 30o East
Latitude and Longitude together enable the fixing of position on the Earth’s surface.
Now you are ready to find
some locations on a map!