Peace Operations
The Changing Face of Peacekeeping
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Content
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2.
3.
4.
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6.
The UN Charter
The Cold War and the founding operations
The Golden Age of peacekeeping
The second generation
The peacekeeping crisis
Recent trends
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1.The UN Charter
1.1. Collective security
1.2. The Security Council
1.3. Chapter VI
1.4. Chapter VII
1.5. The Military Staff Committee
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2. The Cold War and the
founding operations
2.1. Collective security: Korea
2.2. Legal creativity: « Uniting for Peace »
2.3. Operational creativity: peacekeeping
 1948 : Palestine
 1949 : India/Pakistan
 1956 : Suez
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3. The Golden Age of
peacekeeping
 10 operations between 1956 and 1974
 Practical experience
 Building of a “culture”
 No formal doctrine
 6 principles of “traditional” peacekeeping
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The 6 principles of « traditional »
peacekeeping
 UN operation
 Established cease fire
 Consent of warring parties
 Impartiality
 Balanced composition
 Limited use of force
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Traditional Peacekeeping :
an integrated strategy
ACTOR
PARAMETERS
PRE REQUISIT
ACTIVITY
6. Consent
7. Interposition
2. Composition
1. UN
3. Impartiality
4. Light weaponry
5. Cease fire
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First doctrinal attempt
 An Agenda for Peace (1992)
-Conflict Prevention
-Peacemaking
-Peacekeeping
-Peacebuilding
-Peace Enforcement
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4. The Second Generation
 International context : end of the Cold War
- New conflicts
- Unlocking of Security Council
 Quantitative changes: number, size, cost
 Qualitative changes: mandate, tasks, context
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Second doctrinal attempt
 Supplement to An Agenda for Peace (1995)
31 January
1988
31 January
1992
December 1994
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11
53
13
78
28
5
11
17
5
0
11 121
230.4
7
4
13 856
1 686.6
9
8
77 783
3 610
SC Resolutions
Conflicts
Ongoing Operations
Total
Traditional
Multidimensional
Personnel
Budget (millions $)
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ONUSAL
1991
MINURSO
1991
UNTAC
1992
UNAVEM
1991
UNTAG
1989
5. The crisis of peacekeeping
 Excess of credibility
 High ambitions
 Insufficient means
 The fatal trilogy : UNPROFOR, UNOSOM,
UNAMIR
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6. Recent trends
 Robust Operations
 Regionalization
 Unbalanced composition
 Wining hearts and mind
 Holistic approach of peace : long term,
multidimensional
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