United States Power Squadrons
®
Piloting Course
(Inland Navigation)
Chapter 8
Review
SEO – Dave West
dwest@voyager.net - 651-429-3840
Instructor – Art Mollica
artmollica@usfamily.net - 651-777-0277
Any questions on homework from Chapter 7?
1.
You discover your GPS data is not correct. You are in open water away from immediate
danger. You find the batteries in your backup unit are dead. Next you try to: (d) take
bearings on visible marks and plot on your chart. SG-Ch 7, ¶ 4
2.
Upon GPS failure, in addition to compass bearings to determine location, there are
several alternatives to be considered. Which of the following are NOT recommended?
(d) radio authorities to confirm location. WN-Ch 12, pg 146
3.
Depth can often be used to confirm your location by: (a) comparing the depth with
that charted for your assumed location. WN-Ch 12, pg 147
4.
Dead Reckoning allows you to determine your likely location by: (b) calculations
using 60D=ST with direction from your last known fix.
SG-Ch 7, ¶ 6
5.
Your GPS has failed. After your likely position is determined, your next action should be
(d) review any hazards along the route to your next waypoint.
WN-Ch 12, pg 147
Slide 2
Any questions on homework from Chapter 7?
Answer the next two questions using the figures below.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
6.
When labeling a chart for a Fix the proper symbol to use is: (d) 4
7.
When labeling a chart for a Dead Reckoning position the proper symbol to use is: (c) 3
SG-Ch 3, ¶ 8
8.
A reasonable estimate of heading accuracy (including compass accuracy, ability to read
the compass, sea action on the boat and helmsmanship) is: (b) +/- 5º SG-Ch 4, ¶ 30
9.
When using Dead Reckoning, it is a good idea to occasionally plot your position using
bearings, because of: (d) cumulative error and external forces. WN-Ch 2, pg 15
SG-Ch 3, fig 3-1
Slide 3
Cruise Part IV #13
13, You arrive at G “7” Fl G 4s at 1634 and increase your speed to 30kn. You arrive at G C “1” at
1642 and slow down to 5.0kn. You arrive at G C “3” at 1653 and drop off your son at 1715, he
takes the GPS with him. You return to G C “1”. You plan to spend the evening at Perkins
Cove with friends at a cookout. The most logical plan would be to go to R N “2” near the
breakwater at Perkins Cove. However, the sunset will be at 1821 and the entrance to the
cove could be dangerous in darkness. Looking over your chart you recognize the 40’
abandoned lighthouse which you know is illuminated to the west of Perkins Cove. Using the
tower and the Fl R 6s 24ft 5M “4” beacon as a range would lead you right to the entrance of
the cove. To avoid the breakwater you lay a course of 081ºM for G “3” Q G and plot the
range. Your speed will be 20kn.
a. What is the bearing of the range? 199ºM
BBG09
1642 C
M = 081
W -15W
T = 066
12a
T = 184
V +15W
M = 199
BBG03
BBG05
BBG07 1634 Visual
PCR02
BFCRW
PCFLR6
1642 Visual
Lts in line
199M
BFCG01
C 229M
S 5.0 D 0.9
BFCG03
1300 Visual
1653 Visual
Slide 4
Cruise Part IV #14
14, You leave G C “1” at 1802 and proceed as planned. At 1816 you decide to monitor your
progress to G “3” Q G. With your handbearing compass you take a bearing on the CHIMNEY
to the west of Haven Bluff. The bearing is 227ºM. At the same time you take a bearing on G
“7” Fl G 4s to your northwest. The bearing is 312ºM. The FIX indicates you’re right on course
and coincides with your DR plot.
a. What is the ETA of the intersection of the course and range? 1833
070M
b. What is the position ofCthe
intersection of the course and range?
S 25.0
L 41º 38.7’N Lo 71º 41.7’W
BBG09
1816 Brg
M = 312 227
V
-15W
T = 297 212
12a
T = 60D/S
T = 60x5.7/20
BBG05
T = 17
ETA = 1833
1816 DR
1816 – 1802 = 14
D = TS / 60
D = 14 x 20 / 60
BBG03
D = 280 / 60
D = 4.67 = 4.7nm
BBG07 1634 Visual
1816
PCR02
BFCRW
PCFLR6
1642 Visual
1802 Visual
BFCG01
C 229M C 049M
1802
Visual S 5.0 D 0.9
BFCG03
1300 Visual
1653 Visual
Lts in line
199M
Slide 5
Cruise Part IV #15
15, You pick up the range you developed at 1831 and change your course to 199ºM and
follow the range to the entrance of Perkins Cove. You change speed to 10kn. At 1845
you are between R N “2” and G C “1” and you change course to 168ºM and slow down to
5.0kn and continue to G C “7”. You arrive close aboard G C “7” at 1903. Again you
change course to 140ºM and arrive close aboard the dock at 1914. What a great day of
fishing and navigation.
a. Why can’t you head directly for the dock from G C “7”? Rocks off point in back of
dock
b. What publication would you look at to determine the time of sunset when you were
planning the cruise? Daily newspaper or www.sunrisesunset.com
c. If you had the GPS, what could you do differently? Identify R N “2” off Perkins Cove
as a waypoint
1845 C
M = 168
V -15W
T = 153
1903 C
M = 140
V -15W
T = 125
1914 Distance
1914 – 1903 = 11
D = TS / 60
D = 11 x 5 / 60
D = 55 / 60
D = 0.91 = 0.9nm
C 168M
S 5.0
PCR02
PCFLR6
Lts in line
199M
1903 Visual
C 140M
S 5.0
1914
Visual
Slide 6
Piloting Review
What areas/topics do you want reviewed?
Slide 7
Common reasons for low scores
 Not showing work
 Not showing TVM calculations
 Lack of knowledge of how to plot
 Not plotting DRs, especially when bearings are taken
Slide 8
How to pass the Final Exam
READ THROUGH THE ENTIRE EXAM BEFORE YOU BEGIN TO PLOT AND
FOLLOW ALL INSTRUCTIONS!
Show all Work!
 USPS wants to see that you know how to get the answer, not just
that you got it
 Explicit requirement in exam instructions
 Most common source of lost points
• Correct formula, wrong answer, part credit
 In general, show
– Formula
– Formula with numbers plugged in:
– Answer
Slide 9
Showing work for Time-Speed-Distance
Example 1: You depart at 0810 at a speed of 4.0 kts, how
far have you traveled at 0943?
Preliminary work:
0943 – 0810 = 93 min
Formula:
D = S T / 60
Formula with raw
numbers plugged in:
D = 4.0 x 93 / 60
Answer:
D = 6.2
Show all the yellow information
above in your exam booklet
Slide 10
Showing work for Time-Speed-Distance
Example 2: You depart at 0820 and travel 3.9 miles at 4.0
kts, what is your ETA?
Formula:
T = 60 D / S
Formula with raw
numbers plugged in:
T = 60 x 3.9 / 4.0
Answer:
T = 58.9 = 59
Post work:
ETA = 0820 + 59 = 0919
Show all the yellow information
above in your exam booklet
Slide 11
Showing work for TVM
Example 3: With your hand bearing compass, you measure
a bearing to the lighthouse of 255 degrees, plot and label it
Formula
TB
V
MB
Answer
240T
15W
255M
Show all the yellow information
above in your exam booklet
Slide 12
Measure directions in True, use TVM
 You will lose credit if TVM calculations not shown –
measure in true (explicit requirement in exam
instructions) and do (and show!) TVM calculations
 If you wish, you can measure against magnetic rose to
check
Slide 13
Plotting and Labeling
 Be sure to follow the plotting and labeling standards
• in your text
• on the USPS web site
 If uncertain, review the cruise plot
 Don’t forget to plot DRs when doing DR navigation!!
• At every “navigational event”
 Change of course
 Change of speed
 Taking a bearing
 Getting a FIX
• Not needed if within a qualified path using GPS
Slide 14
Plotting and Labeling
(con’t)
 Remember
• Fix times are horizontal
• DR times are
• If fix is not by bearings, you must show source
 For example, 1018 GPS
 When measuring longitude, don’t forget that it increases from
right to left in the western hemisphere (ie, Bowditch Bay)
 Don’t show ETAs on plot
• Not part of the Plotting and Labeling Standard
• Just put required ETAs (and supporting calculations!) in
answer book
Slide 15
Miscellaneous
 THINK – does your answer make sense??
 Try to use alternate methods to check your work. For
example, use the magnetic rose to check your TVM
calculations.
 Use the Coastal Explorer Viewer to check your course.
 Be careful, be neat. If an exam grader can’t figure out your
work (especially your plot) he/she can’t give it an accurate
grade!
Slide 16
Sample Questions
1. At 0810 you start on a course from RG “D” buoy to the N “2” entrance
buoy to Perkins Cove at a speed of 5.0kn. What is your course?
T - 152
a. 146º M
If you
don’t come within 1º of
V - +15W
b. 157º M
course
refigure your answer.
M - 167
c. 167º M
d. 174º M
2. What is the latitude of your 0910 DR position?
T = 0910 – 0810 = 60min
a. 41º 35.9’N
D = (S/T)
/ 60come within 0.1’ of
b. 41º 36.4’N
If you
don’t
D = (5.0remeasure
x 60) / 60 your answer.
c. 41º 38.6’N
position
D = 5.0
d. 41º 39.9’N
Your chart work must support your answer
and you must show your calculations
Slide 17
Give yourself enough time
Final exam takes most students
eight to twelve hours to complete
Don’t start the night before
it’s due!
Slide 18
Good Luck!
“Luck can be defined as the intersection of
preparation and opportunity”
You are prepared…
You now have opportunity
Exams must be returned to Dave West
by Friday, 23 March
Slide 19