Creating a Database to Track the
Movements of the Four Primary
Hazelnut Pests in Georgia
Celal Tuncer
Professor of Entomology
Ondokuz Mayıs University, Faculty of Agriculture,
Dept. of Entomology, Samsun, Turkey
1
Aim of Study
1
Determining of abundance of 4 main hazelnut pests in hazelnut
growing area of Georgia (making distribution maps)
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


Selected pests:
Fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea)
Nut weevil (Curculio nucum),
Big bud mites (Phytocoptella avellana)
Long horn beetle (Obera linearis)
2 Fall webworm control methods in demonstration orchards
3
One international entomologist, one NEO expert and 4
Georgian entomologist, worked in the study
4
No. of visited orchards in this study. N= 796, 33 km roadside for FWW
Region
(Total survey)
Pest
Surveyed
Orchard
Surveyed Roadside
( 1 km each)
Ajara
(141)
Fall webworm
62
8
Hazelnut weevil
9
Big bud mites
30
Long horn beetle
40
Fall webworm
37
Hazelnut weevil
18
Big bud mites
155
Long horn beetle
155
Fall webworm
140
Hazelnut weevil
24
Big bud mites
23
Long horn beetle
19
Fall webworm
14
Hazelnut weevil
7
Big bud mites
42
Long horn beetle
21
Samegrelo
(365)
Guria-Imereti
(206)
Gali
(84)
12
4
9
Study Timeline
Project field period
May 30 – October1
Fall webworm
Jun 10 – Oct 10
Big bud mites
Jun 15 - Sep 1
Long horn beetle
Jun10 – Aug 15
Nut weevil
Evaluation
Aug 1 - Sep 15
Sept 20 – Nov 30
Today
2013 Jun
Expert-Check
Jul
Aug
Expert-Check
Sept
Oct
2013
Nov. 6-7
Presentation
METHODS
 FALL WEBWORM
 Fall webworm adult flights were monitored by light trap in
each region.
 Fall webworm larval colonies were counted on 10 hazelnut
ocak/orchard. Larval colonies were evaluated togather for 2
generation.
 Fall webworm colonies on the trees of main road sides were
counted visually for each generation while traveling by car, for
1 km distance and with 20 km/hour car speed,
 Visited towns for orchards: Ajara=5, Samegrelo=6, GuriaImereti=5 and Gali=3
7
Worldwide Distribution of Fall Webworm
Fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea Drury, Lep.:Arctiidae)
Adult and eggs
Larvae in
spring
Damage
Larvae in autumn
FALL WEBWORM: IDENTIFICATION
Adult : Adult moths have a wingspan of between 30–40 mm.
Forewings of male are white or have black spots arranged in a
number of rows; usually black spotted in spring and pale white
during summer.
Male from overwintered pupae
Summer male
Sexing Fall webworm
Left: Male ; Right: Female
For sexing: Use antenna, male: pectinate (comblike ) ; female: filiform (like thread) type
Eggs: The egg mass of Hyphantria cunea is almost green in color. Eggs
are laid as cluster. The egg batch contains 400-2500 eggs depending on
food plants. The eggs are usually deposited on the undersides of leaves.
The egg mass is lightly covered with scales from the female’s abdomen.
Fall webworm damage
Fall webworm damage
Damage in early larval stages
on Platanus sp.
Damage in late larval stages
on Hazelnut
Fall webworm damage
Larvae: Brownish-grey, can reach up to 40 mm when fully
developed, and has 12 small warts surmounted by
characteristic tufts of hair. Usually a dark stripe is evident
along the back with a yellow stripe on either side.
Pupae

Pupae are dark brown. 10-15 mm in length. Pupa bears
12 characteristic appendages at the posterior end.
Female pupae is bigger and heavier than male pupae.
Host Plants and Damage of Fall Webworm
Life cycle of Fall webworm
Biol.
Stages
Egg
Larvae
Pupae
Adult
MONTHS
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
Light trap for FWW
adult monitoring
Visual monitoring: Counting
larval nests on road-sides
METHODS
 FALL WEBWORM CONTROL
 Two seminars and one excursion field activity were carried out
in Samegrelo and Gali
 83 demonstration orchards were selected in Samegrelo and
Gali regions
 Different control methods of Fall webworm were introduced
including mechanical, biological and chemical
 Some tools were distributed to farmers: pruning scissors for
mechanical control, light traps for adult flight, climate data
loggers, and sprayers for chemical and biological control
 Some pesticides including biological and chemical were
provided
 Application of different methods for fall webworm were
trained
22
Equipments
Seminars and field excursions
Laboratory and field activities
25
Method
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NUT WEEVIL
Damage ratios were determined on harvested crop of hazelnut
by examining 500 nuts from each orchard.
Adults were monitored by beating sheet method.
Hazelnut weevil: key pest of hazelnut
Egg
Larvae
surveyed
Female
surveyed
Damaged nuts
Beating sheet method for nut weevil
28
Method
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BIG BUD MITES
Damaged bud numbers were counted visually in orchards, on
10 hazelnut ocak/orchard.
Hazelnut mites: (Phytoptus avellanae Nal. ; Cecidophyopsis
vermiformis Nal. Acarina:Eriophydae)
Mites in buds
Destroyed bud
İnfected
bud
Normal bud
Last form of bud,rose shape
Method
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LONG HORN BEETLE
Number of damage shoots were counted visually in orchards,
on 10 hazelnut ocak/orchard.
Hazelnut long horned beetle (Obera linearis)
(Col.:Cerambycidae)
Adult
Damage
Egg
wound
RESULTS…
Adult flight of Fall webworm, 2013, Batumi,
Georgia.
Fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea) distribution in
hazelnut orchards, 2013
No.of larval colony/
10 ocak
5
4
3
2
1
0
Ajara
Samegrelo
Guria-Imereti
Gali
Regions
36
No.of larval colony/10 ocak
No.of larval colony/10 ocak
5
4
Samegrelo
3
2
1
0
Martvili
Abasha
Poti
Zigdudi
Anaklia
No.of larval colony/10 ocak
6
Guria-Imereti
5
4
3
2
1
0
5
4
2
1
Khoni
Samtredia
Tskaltubo
Lanchkhuti
Chokhatauri
Ozurgeti
Kobuleti
Kelvachauri
Keda
Batumi
Sarpi
5
4
Gali
3
2
1
0
Kutaisi
Ajara
3
0
Tsalenjikha
7
No.of larval colony/10 ocak
Fall webworm (Hyphantria
cunea) distribution in hazelnut
orchards, Ajara, Samegrelo,
Guria and Gali, 2013
37
Nabakevi
Bargebi
Taligoni
Fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea) distribution in
hazelnut orchards, 2013
Region
Town
No. of colony/ 10 ocak
Kobuleti
0.7
Khelvachauri
0.7
Keda
0.0
Batumi
2.0
Sarpi/Gonio
0.54
Ajara
(0.79 )
Fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea) distribution in
hazelnut orchards, 2013
Region
Samegrelo
( 0.50)
Town
No. of colony/ 10 ocak
Martvili
0.0
Abasha
0.0
Poti
0.2
Zigdudi
1.81
Anaklia
0.5
Tsalenjikha
0.51
Fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea) distribution in
hazelnut orchards, 2013
Region
Guria
( 3.09)
Town
No. of colony/ 10
ocak
Kutaisi
0.0
Khoni
0.0
Samtredia
0.0
Tskaltubo
0.0
Ozurgeti
2,75
Lanchkhuti
6.80
Chokhatauri
0.74
Fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea) distribution in
hazelnut orchards, 2013
Region
Gali
( 2.53 )
Town
No. of colony/ 10 ocak
Nabakevi
2.83
Bargebi
2.25
Taligoni
2.50
Fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea) distribution in road sides, no. of
larval colony/1 km road side, 2013
No.of larval colony/
1 km roadside
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Ajara
Samegrelo
Guria
Gali
Regions
42
Fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea)
distribution in
road sides, no. of
larval colony/1 km road side, 2013
No.of larval colony/10 ocak
500
250
No.of larval colony/10 ocak
400
Ajara
300
200
100
225
200
Guria-Imereti
175
150
125
100
75
50
25
0
0
Lanchkhuti
Kobuleti
Kelvachauri
Keda
Batumi
Chokhatauri
Ozurgeti
Sarpi
Samegrelo
6
No.of larval colony/10 ocak
No.of larval colony/1 km roadside
7
5
4
3
2
1
0
8
6
4
2
0
Martvili
Abasha
Koki
O rsantia
Anaklia
Tsalenjikha
Didinedzi
O rulu
Shamgona
İngiri
Gali
10
43
Nabakevi
Bargebi
Taligoni
Fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea) distribution in road sides, no. of
larval colony/1 km road side, 2013
Region
Town
No. of colony/ 1 km road
sides
Kobuleti
20
Khelvachauri
4
Keda
2
Batumi
>500
Sarpi/Gonio
0
Ajara
( > 100)
Fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea) distribution in
no. of larval colony/1 km road side, 2013
Region
Samegrelo
( 2.78)
road sides,
Town
No. of colony/ 1 km road
sides
Didinedzi
4
Orulu
4
Koki
0
Orsantia
0
Shamgona
4
Ingiri
2
Tsalenjikha
4
Anaklia
6
Martvili
7
Fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea) distribution in
no. of larval colony/1 km road side, 2013
Region
road sides,
Town
No. of colony/ 1 km
road sides
Ozurgeti,
32
GuriaImereti
Lanchkhuti, Supsa road
71
( 131.0 )
Chokhatauri,
13
Ozurgeti, Ureki road
408
Fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea) distribution in
road sides, no. of larval colony/1 km road side, 2013
Region
Town
No. of colony/ 1 km
road sides
Nabakevi
8.67
Bargebi
7.33
Taligoni
6.0
Gali
(7.33 )
Hazelnut weevil (Curculio nucum) damage ratios in at harvested
hazelnut , Damage ratio (%) , n=500 nuts, 2013
Damage ratio (%)
10
8
6
4
2
0
Ajara
Samegrelo
Guria-Imereti
Gali
Regions
48
Hazelnut weevil (Curculio nucum) damage ratios in at
harvested hazelnut , Damage ratio (%) , n=500 nuts, 2013
Region
Ajara
(2.98 )
Town (variety)
Location
Village
Damaged
nuts
ratio
(%)
Mean of
town
Kobuleti-1
(Shveliskura)
41047’14’66’N
41048’38’95’E
Gvara
3.0
Kobuleti -2
(Berdznula)
41046’03’46’N
41049’40’87’E
Kveda Kandidi
3.4
Batumi -1
(ბერძნულა)
41032’30’40’N
41033’54’43’E
3.4
Batumi -2
(Khachapura)
41037’40’29’N
41038’37’06’E
3.2
Gonio-Sarpi
(Nemsa)
41033’33’39’N
41034’04’65’E
Kvariati
2.4
2.4
Khelvachauri-1
(Berdznula)
41034’27’09’N
41036’38’62’E
Charnali
2.6
2.4
Khelvachauri 2
(Berdznula)
41034’56’92’N
41036’39’82’E
Akhalsopeli
2.2
Keda-1 (Nemsa)
41036’09’26’N
41056’44’71’E
Gulebi
3.0
3.2
3.3
2.9
Hazelnut weevil (Curculio nucum) damage ratios in
harvested hazelnut , Damage ratio (%) , n=500 nuts, 2013
Region
Town
Zigdudi
Samegrelo
( 3.40 )
Location
Damaged
Mean of
nuts
town
ratio (%)
(%)
N420 31.075’, E0410 46.611’
1.2
N420 31. 775’, E041049.036’
2.0
N420 31.314’, E0410 47.387
1.0
N420 31. 775’, E041049.036’
1.2
N420 31.459’, E0410 46.716’
0.8
N420 30.511’, E0410 44.043’
1.8
N42026.559’, E041047.031’
4.0
N42026.408’, E041046.964’
6.8
N42024.088’, E041044.637’
1.0
N42024.632’, E041044.554’
1.2
1.52
11.0
Darcheli
4.0
7.4
7.47
Hazelnut weevil (Curculio nucum) damage ratios in
harvested hazelnut , Damage ratio (%) , n=500 nuts, 2013
Region
Town
Location
Damaged
nuts ratio
(%)
Mean of
town
(%)
Orulu
4.4
4.40
Ergeta
5.2
5.20
Tsalenjikha
N42033.287’, E042005.487’
2.0
N42035.295’, E042005.043’
2.0
N42032.477’, E042005.289’
2.0
N42038.299’,
E042004.444’
Samegrelo
(continued)
2.2
2.05
3.4
Anaklia
2.6
3.0
0.2
Poti
2.0
Martvili
2.6
1.1
2.5
Hazelnut weevil (Curculio nucum) damage ratios in at
harvested hazelnut , Damage ratio (%) , n=500 nuts, 2013
Region
Town
Lanchkhuti
GuriaImereti
( 8.80 )
Chokhatauri
Ozurgeti
Location
Damaged
nuts
ratio
(%)
42° 0.294'N 41° 57.437'E
1.6
42° 4.830'N 41° 55.446'E
18.2
42° 3.080'N 41° 57.347'E
20.67
42° 2.760'N 42° 4.233'E
14.20
42° 0.121'N 42° 17.048'E
10.47
41° 57.542'N 42° 5.391'E
2.40
41° 56.703'N 41°57.353'E
3.00
41° 52.472'N 42° 0.320'E
1.40
Mean of
town
(%)
13.67
10.47
2.27
Hazelnut weevil (Curculio nucum) damage ratios in at
harvested hazelnut , Damage ratio (%) , n=500 nuts, 2013
Region
Gali
Town
Damaged nuts ratio (%)
Nabekevi
9. 27
Bargebi
9.5
Tagiloni
9.20
( 9.32 )
Hazelnut weevil damage ratios at harvested
crops in hazelnut factories, Georgia, 2013.
Anka
Worldnuts
Euronuts
Ozurgeti
N=510
Guria
N=600
Samegrelo
N=500
0.0
0,83
2,40
TsalancikhaZigdudi
N=500
TsalancikhaZigdudi
n=200
TsalancikhaZigdudi
N=250
0,6
0.0
0.0
SamegreloGali n=550
Guria
n= 200
Guria
n= 400
0.0
4.0
3.25
Big bud mites (Phytoptus avellana) damage ratios,
Damaged buds/ 10 ocak , 2013
No. of damaged buds/
10 ocak
50
40
30
20
10
0
Ajara
Samegrelo
Guria-Imereti
Gali
Regions
55
Big bud mites (Phytoptus avellana) damage ratios,
Damaged buds/ 10 ocak , 2013
Regions
Ajara
( 7.58 )
Towns
Mean no. of
abnormal buds
Kobuleti
5.33
Khelvachauri
8.67
Keda
4.50
Batumi
6.50
Sarpi
5.33
Big bud mites (Phytoptus avellana) damage ratios,
Damaged buds/ 10 ocak , 2013
Regions
Samegrelo
( 7.82 )
Towns
mean no. of abnormal
buds
Anaklia
8.00
Poti
8.67
Martvili
Shamgona
8.16
7.00
Tsalenjikha
9.80
Zigdudi
5.30
Big bud mites (Phytoptus avellana) damage
ratios Damaged buds/ 10 ocak , 2013
Regions
Towns
Kutaisi
GuriaImereti
( 39.92 )
mean no. of abnormal
buds
104
Tskaltubo,
Partskanakanebi
26.00
Khoni, Patara
Jikhaishi, Kutiri
21.00
Samtredia
0.00
Ozurgeti
110.16
Lanchkhuti,
Shukhuti
5.50
Chokhatauri,
Guguti
12.75
Big bud mites (Phytoptus avellana) damage ratios,
Damaged buds/ 10 ocak , 2013
Regions
Towns
( mean no. of abnormal
buds)
Nabakevi
8.72
Bargebi
8 .60
Tagiloni
8.42
Gali
( 8.58 )
Long horn beetle (Oberea linearis) damage ratios,
Damaged shoots/ 10 ocak , 2013
No. of damaged shoots/
10 ocak
20
15
10
5
0
Ajara
Samegrelo
Guria-Imereti
Gali
Regions
60
Long horn beetle (Oberea linearis) damage ratios,
Damaged shoots/ 10 ocak , 2013
Regions
Towns
No. of damaged
shoots
Kobuleti
0.0
Kelvachauri
1.25
Keda
1.75
Batumi
0.0
Sarpi
0.25
Ajara
( 0.65 )
Long horn beetle (Oberea linearis) damage ratios,
Damaged shoots/ 10 ocak , 2013
Regions
Towns
Poti
Samegrelo
Anaklia
( 7.45 )
Martvili
Shamgona
Zigdudi
Tsalenjikha
No. of damaged
shoots
4.33
6.60
5.00
8.1
6.35
14.33
Long horn beetle (Oberea linearis) damage ratios,
Damaged shoots/ 10 ocak , 2013
Regions
GuriaImereti
( 4.32 )
Towns
No. of damaged
shoots
Kutaisi
0.00
Tskaltubo
0.00
Samtredia
21.25
Ozurgeti
0.00
Khoni
9.00
Lanchkhuti
0.00
Chokhatauri
0.00
Long horn beetle (Oberea linearis) damage ratios,
Damaged shoots/ 10 ocak , 2013
Regions
Towns
Nabakevi
Gali
( 17.77 )
Tagiloni
Bargebi
No. of damaged
shoots
20.66
15.83
16. 83
Economic Damage Thresholds Offer for Georgia
$ Fall webworm:
1. generation= 5 colonies/ 10 ocak
2. generation: 10 colonies/ 10 ocak
$ Hazelnut weevil: >1.32 insects/ 10 ocak or
damage > 1%
$ Big bud mites: 42 damaged buds/10 ocak
$ Long horn beetle: 12.5 damaged shoots/ 10
ocak
65
Other Pests observed
during the study in
Georgia
Other pests which were observed at low level
in Georgian hazelnut orchards
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




Anoplis roboris
Ledra aurita
Mycomyia coryli
Parthenolecanium corni
Phyllonorycter corylifoliella
Lymantria dispar
Myzocallis coryli
Agelastica alni
Phalera bucephala
Filbert aphid (Myzocallis coryli Goeze,
Hom.:Aphididae)
Gypsy moth
( Lymantria dispar )
Adults
Larvae
Phalera bucephala
Parthenolecanium corni
70
Agelastica alni
Anoplus
roboris
Mycomyia coryli
Yellow mosaic virus
71
Phyllonorycter
corylifoliella
Ledra aurita
Conclusions






Fall webworm population level was higher in Guria-Imereti and
Gali than Ajara and Samegrelo in hazelnut orchards.
On the trees at roadsides, Ajara (Batumi) and Guria-Imereti
(Ozurgeti) high populations.
Hazelnut weevil damage was highest in Guria-Imereti and Gali.
Damage ratio were 8.80 and 9.32%.
Big bud mites damage were highest in Guria-Imereti (nearly 4
damaged buds/ocak) but damaged buds were less than 1
damaged bud/ ocak in other 3 regions.
Long horn beetle damage was highest in Gali region (nearly 2
damaged shoots/ocak) and damaged shoots were lowest in
Ajara.
Nine other hazelnut pests were observed in Georgian hazelnut
orchards, in addition to one virus disease.
SPECIAL THANKS TO…







Dr. Kirk Ramer, Chief of Party, USAID NEO, Georgia
Dr. Rusudan Mdivani, Expert, USAID NEO, Georgia
Entomology experts: Angelina Nikolaishvili, Avtandil
Murvanidze, Zaira Gubeladze, Zurab Dzigua
All NEO workers..
For UNDP, for fruitful colloboration
Georgian hazelnut growers; we shared our foods and
times, changed knowledge and feelings..
WE DID EVERYTHING TOGATHER
FOR GEORGIA..
Thanks for your time
and
attention…
Dedicated to colloboration for science and peace in the world…