Chapter 2 Arthrology
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Section 1 The General Description
A. Definition of the arthrology
Arthrology treats of a connection between
two or more bones or between bone and
cartilage.
The bones are connected together by the
fibrous, cartilaginous or osseous tissues.
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B. Classification of articulation
2 main types:
synarthroses and diarthroses.
1. Synarthroses (immovable articulation)
They only have a little or no movement.
a) fibrous joints：sutures, syndesmoses)
b) cartilaginous joints：
synchondroses ——hyaline cartilages
symphyses —— fibrous cartilages.
c) synostoses
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fibrous joints：
sutures,
syndesmoses
cartilaginous joints：
synchondroses
symphyses
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synostoses
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2. Diarthroses
(synovial joints or movable articulations)
They provide free movement
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C. Essential structures of
a synovial joint
1. Articular surfaces
They have a layer of smooth hyaline
cartilage.
2. Articular (joint) capsule: 2 layers
Fibrous layer— superficial，thickness.
Synovial layer— deep, thin , slippery，
can produce synovia witch
lubricates the joint.
3. Joint cavity
a) a closed cavity and contains the synovial fluid.
b) It is negative to the atmosphere pressure.
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D. Accessory structures
of the synovial joints
1. Ligaments:
intracapsular
extracapsular
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2. articular disc，
articular labrum (lip)
articular meniscus
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3. Synovial folds and
synovial bursae.
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E. Movements of joint (diarthroses)
1. Flexion and extension(in the coronal axis)
2. Adduction and abduction(in the sagittal axis)
3. Rotation (in the vertical axis or around its own
axis)
4. pronation and supination (only for forearm)
medial rotation and external rotation.
5. Inversion and eversion
6. Circumduction (around 2 or 3 axises)
7. Gliding or slipping(in the plane joint)
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Flexion and extension(in the coronal axis)
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Adduction and abduction(in the sagittal axis)
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eversion and Inversion
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Rotation (in the vertical axis or
around its own axis)
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F. Types of synovial joints
According to the axis ——
1. The polyaxial joints
a) plane joint(gliding joint):
only a little of glide.
b) ball- and –socket joint(spheroid joint):
flexion and extension,
adduction and abduction,
medial and lateral rotation,
circumduction.
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2. The biaxial joints
a) Ellipsoid joint (condyloid joint)
flexion and extension,
adduction and abduction,
circumduction.
b) Saddle joints(sellar joint):
flexion and extension,
adduction and abduction,
circumduction.
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3. The uniaxial joints
a) Hinge joint (trochlear joint)
only flexion and extension.
b) Pivot joint
rotation around a long axis.
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Section 2
The Joints of the bones of
Trunk
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cervical curvature forward
thoracic curvature backward
lumbar curvature forward
sacral curvature backward
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6 ligaments:
（body )
(1,anterior longitudinal lig.
2, posterior longitudina
3, intervertibral disc )
ligaments flava
interspinal lig.
supraspinal lig.
intertransverse lig.
intervertibral disc
annulus fibrosus
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nucleus pulposus
Lumbosacral joint
Synosteoses
Craniovertibral joints:
atlantooccipital joints
median atlantoaxial joint
lateral atlantoaxial joints
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Thoracic joints:
1. Costovertebral joints:
costocapital joint
costotransverse joint
2. Sternocostal joints:
1st rib by synchondrosis
2nd-7th by Sternocostal joints
7th-10th : costal arch
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The thoracic
cage
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Section 3
The Joints of the bones of limbs
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1. The joints of the upper limb
A. The joints of the girdle of the upper limb
1. The sternoclavicular joint
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2. acromioclavicular joint
3. coracoclavicular ligment
4. coracoacromial ligment
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B. The joints of the free upper limb
1. The shoulder joint
coracohumeral lig.
glenoid labrum
tendon of long head of biceps brachii
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2. The elbow joint
humeroulnar joint—
humeroradial joint
proximal radioulnar joint
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3. The joints between ulnar and radius
proximal radioulnar joint
interosseous membranes of forarm
proximal radioulnar joint
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4. The joints of the hand
The wrist joint
The intercarpal joints
The carpometacarpal joints
The intermetacarpal joint
The metacarpophalangeal joints
The interphalangeal joints
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2. The joints of the lower limb
A) The joints of the pelvic girdle of the
lower limb
1. The pubic symphsis
2. The sacroiliac joint
3. The sacrotuberous and sacrospinous
ligaments
4. The obturator membrane
obturator canal
5. The pelvis
terminal line
greater pelvis
lesser pelvis
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B) The joints of the free lower limb
1. The hip joint
acetabulum
head of femur
acetabular labrum
transverse acetabular ligamenr
ligament of head of femur
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2. The knee joint
patellar ligament
tibial collateral ligament
fibular collateral ligament
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anterior cruciate ligament
posterior cruciate ligament
lateral meniscus
medial meniscus
alar folds
uprapatellar bursa
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3. The tibiofibular union
tibiofibular joint
crural interosseous membrane
tibiofibular syndesmosis
4. The joints of foot
The ankle joint
The intertarsal joints
The tarsometatarsal joints
The intermetatarsal joints
The metatarsophalangeal joints
The interphalangeal joints of foot
5. The arches of foot
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Section 4 The Joints of skull
most bones of the skull are connected together by
suture,
synchodroseis, or synostosis.
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The temporomandibular joint
head of mandibular condyle
temporal articular tubercle
mandibular fossa of temporal bone
temporomandibular ligament
articular disc
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