Chapter 2
The Arthrology
Section 3 Joints of limbs
陈龙菊
YunYang Medical College
【目的与要求】
掌握:
1. 肩关节、肘关节、腕关节、髋关节、膝 关节和
踝关节的构成、特点及运动。
2.髋骨与脊柱间的韧带连结，骨盆的组成与分部。
了解:
胸锁关节、肩锁关节、骶髂关节的构成，足弓的
构成及功能。
The General Description
Owing to the erect standing of human
being,the upper limb has been freed and
more movable from weight bearing and
become a laboring organ.The joints of the
upper limb are chiefly for the mobility in
action,whereas the joints of the lower limb
are for the stability.
Ⅰ. Joints of upper limb
Ⅰ) Joints of the girdle of the upper limb
1.Sternoclavicular joint胸锁关节
Joint formed by the sternal
end of clavicle and
clavicular notch of sternum
and the first costal
cartilage.
Its capsule is strengthed by
several ligaments.
2.Acromioclavicular
joint 肩锁关节
( plane joint)
3.Coracoacromial
ligament喙肩韧带
喙肩弓
Coracoclavicular lig.
喙锁韧带
Ⅱ)Joints of free upper limb
Incluing the
shoulder joint, the
elbow joint, the
joints of the ulna
and radius, the
wrist joint and the
joints of the hand.
1.Shoulder joint 肩关节
◆ Composition:
Joint formed by the head of
humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula.
◆Type of should joint
Synovial joint, ball-and-socket type.
◆ Feature:
Its capsule is thin and loose.
◆ Accessory
structures :
◆ Glenoid labrum盂唇
◆ Coracohumeral ligament 喙肱韧带
◆
Movements of shoulder joint
It is the most movable joint of the body.
flexion, extension, adduction, abduction
medial rotation, lateral rotation and
circumduction of the arm.
◆ Clinical application
Dislocation of the shoulder joint
头大盂小囊松薄
最易发生前下脱
2. Elbow joint 肘关节
Definition: Joint formed by the
trochlea of the humerus, the
trochlea notch of the ulna and the
head of the radius.
□ Humeroulnar joint 肱尺关节
□ Humeroradial joint肱桡关节
□ Proximal radioulnar joint
桡尺近侧关节
◆
Feature:
Compound joint
Its capsule is thin and loose anteriorly and
posteriorly.
◆
Ligaments:
1.Radial collateral ligament
桡侧副韧带:
2. Ulnar collateral ligament
尺侧副韧带:
3. Annular ligament of radius
桡骨环状韧带:
◆ Movements: flexion and
extension, rotation.
◆ Clinical application
Dislocation of the radial head
◆ Elbow landmarks
medial epicondyle
of the humerus
lateral epicondyle
of the humerus
tip of the olecranon
3.Joints between radius and ulnar
Proximal radioulnar joint
桡尺近侧关节
Distal radioulnar joint
桡尺远侧关节
Interosseous membrane of
forearm 前臂骨间膜
◆ Movements:pronation and supination
4.Joints of hand
1) Radiocarpal joint桡腕关节
◆ Definition: It is a typical
ellipsoid joint. The articular
fossa is formed by the distal
end of radius and under
surface of the articular disc
beneath the head of ulna; and
the articular head by the
proximal surface of scaphoid,
lunate, and triangular bones.
◆ Movements:(biaxial
joint)
Flexion, extension, abduction,
adduction and circumduction.
★ Carpometacarpal joint of
thumb 拇指腕掌关节
◆ Definition: Joint formed
by trapezium and base of
the first metacarpal.
◆ Feature:saddle joint
◆ Movement: flexion,
extension, adduction,
abduction, and opposition
Ⅱ.Joints of Lower limb
Ⅰ) Joints of pelvic girdle
1.Sacroiliac joint 骶髂关节
◆ Definition: It is formed by
the auricular surfaces of the
sacrum and the ilium.
◆ Feature:
Its capsule is very tight
and strengthened by
ligaments.
2.Vertebropelvic ligaments
1) Iliolumbal ligament髂腰韧带:
2) Sacrotuberous ligament
骶结节韧带
3) Sacrospinous ligament
骶棘韧带
These two ligaments convert
the sciatic notches the greater
and lesser sciatic foramen
坐骨大、小孔
3. Pubic symphysis
耻骨联合
4.Obturator membrane
闭孔膜
obturator canal
闭膜管
5. Pelvis骨盆
1)Composition:
2)Terminal line界线:formed by promontory of
sacrum, arcuate line, pecten pubis, pubis
tuberosity and upper border of pubic
symphysis .
3)Two portions:
◆
Greater pelvis
◆ Lesser pelvis
4)Lesser pelvis 小骨盆
(1)pelvic inlet 骨盆上口
(terminal line):
(2)Pelvic outlet 骨盆下口:
formed by tip of coccyx,
sacrotuberous ligament,
ischial tuberosity, ramus
of ischium, inferior ramus
of pubic, symphysis
(3)Pelvic cavity
(4)Pubic arch, subpubic
angle
骨盆的性差
骨盆形状
骨盆上口
骨盆下口
骨盆腔
骶骨
男性
窄而长
呈心形
狭小
呈漏斗形
窄长，
曲度大
骶骨岬
突出
明显
耻骨下角 70º ~ 75º
女性
宽而短
椭圆形
男性
宽大
圆筒形
宽短，
曲度小
突出
不明显
90º ~
100º 女性
70º~75º
90º~100º
The fracture of the pelvis.
Ⅱ) Joints of free lower limb
The joints of the free lower limb include
the hip joint, the knee joint, the joints
between the tibia and fibula and the joints
of the foot.
1. hip joint 髋关节
Definition of hip joint
Jointed formed by the head of the fumur and the
acetabulum of the hipbone.
Type of hip joint
Synovial, ball-and-socket(spheroid) type
Feature:
Acetabulum labrum 髋臼唇
transverse acetebular
ligament髋臼横韧带
The articular capsule is
strong and dense.
In the front the joint,it
attaches to the
intertrachanteric
line;behind, to the 2/3
parts of the neck.
down
Iliofemoral lig. 髂股韧带
Pubofemoral lig. 耻股韧带
Ischiofemoral ligament
坐股韧带
Ligament of head of
femur 股骨头韧带
Zona orbicularis 轮匝带
down
◆ Movements of hip joint:
flexion and extension
adduction and abduction
medial and lateral
rotationcircumduction
◆ Clinical application
The dislocation of the hip joint.
2.Knee joint 膝关节
(the largest and the
most complicated joint)
Composition:
lower end of femur,
upper end of tibia
and patella
◆
◆ Accessory
□
structures
Ligments:
Patellar lig. 髌韧带
Fibular collateral lig. 腓侧副韧带
Tibial collateral lig. 胫侧副韧带
Anterior cruciate lig. 前交叉韧带
Posterior cruciate lig 后交叉韧带
Obligue popliteal lig 膕斜韧带
down
□
Articular discs(menisci)
Medial meniscus内侧半月板 (C-shaped)
Lateral meniscus外侧半月板 (Oshaped)
lateral
Medial
□
Suprapatellar bursa 髌上囊
Infrapatellar bursa 髌下囊
Alar folds 翼状襞
◆ Movements of knee joint
flexion and extension
slight medial rotation
lateral rotation of the leg in flexed position
◆ Clinical application
Knee injury
Medial collateral ligament
Anterior cruciate ligament
Medial meniscus
Knee injury
3)Tibiofibular syndesmosis
胫腓连结
Tibiofibular joint 胫腓关节
◆ Crural interosseous
membrane 小腿骨间膜
◆ Anterior and posterior
tibiofibular ligaments
胫腓前、后韧带
◆
4)Joints of foot:
1)Talocrural joint 距小腿关节
(ankle joint) 踝关节
◆ Composition: lower ends
of tibia and fibula,
trochlea of talus
◆
Feature:
Articular capsule: thin
and loose in front and behind
◆
Movements
Dosiflexion (extension) and plantar flexion
(flexion)
2)The others:自学
Arches of the foot 足弓
◆ Composition : tarsals and metatarsals and
ligaments between them.
◆ Function: Give to foot strength stability and
resilience; protect plantar vessels and
nerves
Normal arch
Flatfoot
【Questions】
1. Which direction is easiest from the
dislocation of the shoulder joint?
2．What are the composition and accessory
structures of the knee joint?
Summary