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1. To describe aquaculture and
understand its importance.
2. To examine the history of
aquaculture and observe its
present state.
3. To contrast aquaculture and
fishing.
2
• Is the act of raising and
harvesting fresh- and saltwater
plants and animals
• Incorporates raising fish and
shellfish under controlled
conditions for distribution and
consumption
• Includes raising tropical fish for
aquariums
3
• Was when aquaculture emerged in
China
– noticed fish were often washed into
ponds by monsoon floods
– inspired idea of “stocking” ponds to
provide families with food
– rice growers also noticed fish in the
rice fields and began practicing
polyculture
Polyculture – the raising of more than one species of
plant or animal at the same time in the same place 4
• Was the year when Fan Lai wrote “The
Classic of Fish Culture”
– earliest detailed study of fish culture
– describes the structure and function of
ponds which house and promote
propagation of carp
Propagate – to cause an organism to multiply
by any process of natural reproduction
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• Is considered the “Golden Age” of common
carp culture
– Chinese continued to cultivate carp and
spread the practice to neighboring
countries
– achieved progress in techniques of
culture as well as recorded culture
systems
• Is the time in which southern Asia began
describing the use of reservoirs to hold fish
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• Accounts for the rule of the Tang Dynasty in
China, which prohibited the cultivation of
carp
– found other species of fish to culture for
their food and overall livelihood
– discovered polyculture of fish in the same
pond compliment each other by eating
different types of food and staying in
different areas
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• Is the period when fry collection and
dispersal in natural waters became highly
developed
• Was the era in India in which Namasollasa
presented a publication concerning the
fattening of fish in reservoirs
• Is the time in which Chow Mit publishes
“Kwei Sin Chek Shik” which describes fish
transportation in bamboo baskets
Fry – the young of fish
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• Is when works concerning the
complete aquaculture process were
described, including the following:
– methods of raising fry to adults
– structure of ponds
– application of food
– disease control
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• Is the first time brakish water
aquaculture was used in Indonesia
• Is the period in which the “Complete
Book of Agriculture” was published in
China, including information on pond
cultivation
Brakish Water – water which is saltier than
fresh water but not as salty as seawater
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• Is the period in which communication
became readily available, allowing for the
spread of information among countries
• Allowed further fish culture methods to be
developed, including the following:
– fry production
– seasonal occurrences of fry
– transportation of fry
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• Consisted primarily of fish culture
• Includes Cornell University offering a
curriculum for aquaculture in 1812
• Involves the transplantation and propagation
of fish from their natural environments to new
ones
– allowed Americans to continue to
purchase fish they were accustomed to
overseas
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• Included identifying and
treating many diseases and
fungi present among fish
and their living environment
• Consisted of standardizing
common names of fish
• Consisted of finding
improved ways to transport
fish and fry
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• Universities began to develop
aquaculture courses
• Public interest in fishing rose, leading to
the production of the baitfish industry
• New methods for fish transport were
utilized, including the airplane
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• The Warmwater Training School at the
National Fish Hatchery was established in
Marion, Alabama
– provides training for federal hatchery
managers
• Feed costs were reduced after the first
dependable dry pellet diet for trout was
marketed
• An estimated 1.6 million ponds existed in the
United States by 1950
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• The Peace Corps extended practicing
aquaculture in developing countries
• Research improved feeding practices,
disease control and organism growth
– led to production on a larger scale and
industry expansion
• The Sea Grant College Program granted
federal funding to land grant colleges for
aquaculture research in 1966
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• Increase in catfish pond acreage
from 400 in 1960 to 40,000 in 1970
• Research allowed for better farming
techniques after finding specific
traits can be improved in fish
– allowed for better growth,
feed conversion and
efficiency
• The Food and Agriculture Act of
1977 stated Congress designate
aquaculture as a basic duty of the
Department of Agriculture
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• Aquatic bioengineering emerged
• The National Aquaculture Act of 1980
allowed for the establishment of the National
Aquaculture Development Plan
• Harvest limitations on commercial fishing
began being imposed
Bioengineering – the application of engineering
principles and techniques to problems in medicine and
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biology
• Production doubles from 1984 – 1994
• Many fishermen move from traditional
fishing to aquaculture
• Perception of aquaculture changes as
more people see it as a branch of
agriculture
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• Total value of world
aquaculture production in 2000
was reported as $56.5 billion
• Aquaculture production in
developing countries as well as
food-deficit countries has been
steadily growing since 1970
• Aquaculture production is
growing more rapidly than all
other food production
categories
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• Aquaculture production in the
United States has continued
to increase since the 1970’s
• United States’ fish and
shellfish exports have more
than doubled since 1985
• United States’ total
consumption and importation
of fish and shellfish products
have gradually increased
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• Differences include:
– aquaculture involves production and
growth while fishing only involves the
harvesting
– fish in aquaculture are kept in a controlled
environment while those caught in fishing
are from the wild
– cost efficiency as aquaculture yields a
higher income than fishing
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1. 500 B.C. – 500 A.D. is considered the
________ ________ of common carp
culture.
2. Aquaculture began in ________.
3. ________ is the raising of more than one
species of plant or animal at the same time
in the same place.
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4. ________ is when you cause an organism
to multiply by any process of natural
reproduction.
5. ________ offered an aquaculture
curriculum.
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6. Aquaculture emerged between 1000 and
2000 B.C.
a. true
b. false
7. Total value of world aquaculture production
in 2000 was reported as $56.5 billion.
a. true
b. false
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8. The Sea Grant College Program granted
federal funding to land grant colleges for
aquaculture research in 1984.
a. true
b. false
9. Brakish water is water which is saltier than
fresh water, but not as salty as seawater.
a. true
b. false
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10. The Food and Agriculture Act of 1977
allowed for the establishment of the
National Aquaculture Development Plan.
a. true
b. false
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• A Brief History of Aquaculture
www.aquaculturecenter.com
• History of Aquaculture
www7.taosnet.com
• History of Aquaculture
www.fao.org
• Aquaculture Today
www.northernaquafarms.com
• History, Status, and Future of Aquaculture in
the United States
www.aces.edu
• Aquaculture
www.aphis.usda.gov
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