Energy efficient residential
buildings in India
“International Conference on Growth with Stability in
Affordable Housing Markets”
Earth Science and Climate Change
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31st January,2012
Mili Majumdar,
Director
Sustainable Habitat Division
TERI New Delhi
Sustainable Habitats
Water Resources
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Modeling & Economic Analysis
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Urbanization & Population Growth
India's Urbanization

Population of India will reach from
current 1.2bn to 1.4bn by 2025

By 2030, 40.8% (600mn) of India’s
population will be living in urban
areas compared to current 28.4%
80
60
40
20
0
India's Population Growth
Census Years
Urban (%)
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Rural (%)
Population (Millions)
Percentage(%)
100
1,200
1,000
800
600
400
200
-
Census Years
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Urbanization & Housing Demand-Supply Dynamics
Supply shortfall since post-independence (1947)
In 2005, estimated demand 209.5 million, supply 189.5 million
Demand-Supply
250
200
150
100
50
0
1961
1971
1981
Demand Units (Mn)
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1991
2001 E
Supply Units (Mn)
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2005 E
Gap
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NCAER Income Group Forecasts for the top twenty cities
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Annual electricity consumption(611 Billion units) in
India-sectoral break up:2008-09
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Cumulative emissions & savings- Urban residential
buildings
Cumulative Emissions Comparison for Urban Residential Buildings
500.0
450.0
46%
400.0
Emissions
350.0
300.0
250.0
59%
200.0
150.0
100.0
50.0
0.0
2008
2009
2010
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2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Years
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2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
Baseline Existing
Baseline New
Alternate Existing
Alternate New
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Approaches to energy efficient housing
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Vernacular approach to design (passive architecture, local
materials, use of local labor): Low income/low cost
housing and mass housing programmes of the government;
certain pockets in India (Kerala and Auroville)
Adoption of Energy conservation building code in envelope
design, labelled appliances for households; particularly
applicable to middle and high income group housing
Green rated housing : Energy and resource efficiency
looked at holistically in addition to indoor environmental
quality and societal issues
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Use of low embodied energy technologies for housing
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Works of Charles Correa : Architectural expressions with dominance of
natural climate control measures
Orientation and shading
as per solar geometry
Excellent ventilation
Courtyard design and Sustainable Habitats
Sustainable
Habitats
Resources
Design
for
daytime
and nighttime
use of mature tree for Water
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shading
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Silkworm rearing house: Bangalore
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Thermal comfort requirement: Chawki room:
25 to 28 deg C with 70-90% RH
Rearing room: 23 to 25 deg C with 70-80%
RH
Non uniform heating/cooling leads to loss in
50-70% of yield
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Constructed solar passive silk worm rearing
house
Building section for silkworm
rearing house
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Silkworm rearing being carried out in
the constructed solar passive house
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Performance of solar passive silkworm rearing house in winter season of Bangalore
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Performance of the house
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First rearing was carried out in the month of
December.
Required temperatures for silkworm rearing
is 22deg C – 24degC.
Outside ambient temperatures monitored
during rearing were between 13deg C and
30deg C.
Inside the solar passive house the maintained
temperatures were between 20deg C to
24deg C.
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Adoption of Energy conservation building
code in envelope design, labelled appliances
for households: Potential for energy savings
and providing financial incentive
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Energy Efficient housing: Application of solar passive design in conjunction
with select measures from the Energy Conservation Building Code
Base Case parameters
• FALG brick wall with
cement plaster on both sides
• RCC roof
• 6mm single clear glass
with MS frame
• Incandescent lamp, T-12
• one-star window AC in
bedrooms and living room
ECBC compliant
• Wall insulation
• Roof insulation with
reflective coating
•Single glazed Window with
SC compliant with ECBC
• CFL, T-5
• five-star rated ACs in
bedrooms and living room
Assumptions
• People- 100% occupancy
for 24 hrs
• Lighting- 100% for 18hrs
-22hrs
• AC- Living room-12hr20hrs
• AC-Bedroom-13hr -14hr
-21hr-6hr
EPIbase :
152
EPIbase :
152
kWh/m2/annum
kWh/m2/annum
EPIECBCenvelope
:
111 kWh/m2/annum
Payback period: 47 years
Recommended case
• Wall shading
• Sakora roof with reflective
coating
• ECBC compliant window
• CFL, T-5
• five-star rated Acs in
bedrooms and living room
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EPIeff.light_fivestar
eAC :
79 kWh/m2/annum
Annual energy savings:
73 kWH/m2
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EPIrecommended
case 119
kWh/m2/annum
EPIeff.light_fivestar
eAC :
86 kWh/m2/annum
Annual energy savings:
66 kWh/m2
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The IT Toolkit entrance
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The assesment tool structure
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Savings
from
various
ECMs
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Saving potential
Energy Conservation
Measures –
• Efficient Envelope
Materials
• Efficient Lighting System
• Efficient AC system
• Solar Hot Water System
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Green rating for housing
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Green rating for housing
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•
•
GRIHA (Green Rating
for Integrated Habitat
Assessment)
LEED rating for homes
Ecohousing programme
in city on Pune
(Western India)
Market driven and partly incentivised
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GRIHA-Green Rating for Integrated
Habitat Assessment
Tool to facilitate design, construction, operation
of a green building ,and in turn ….measure
“greenness” of a building in India
What gets measured gets managed
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Key highlights of GRIHA
•
•
•
•
•
Sets out guidelines for design,
construction and operation

Sets performances benchmarks for key
resources like, energy and water
Facilitates integration of traditional
knowledge on architecture with present
day technology

Integrates all relevant Indian codes and
standards (e.g NBC 2005, ECBC 2007, IS
codes)
Is in complete alignment with government
policies and programs (e.g Environmental
clearance by the MoEF: GRIHA pre
certification gets fast track EIA clearance)
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Building types (new
constructions)
 Commercial
 Residential
5 climatic zones
 Hot – Dry
 Warm – Humid
 Composite
 Temperate
 Cold
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The Doon School Masters’ Houses
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Monitored indoor temperature profiles
show performance nearly equal (in
some cases better) than the
simulation studies (>>40 Centigrade
difference from conventional houses)
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Common wealth games village
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Sustainable site planning measures
(compensatory afforestation, topsoil
preservation, etc)
Water efficient landscape by adopting native
species, efficient irrigation systems and
limiting turf areas.
Building water consumption reduced by use
of high efficiency and low-flow fixtures.
Energy efficiency measures such as high
performance glass, roof insulation, energy
efficient lighting and variable refrigerant
volume based air conditioning shall reduce
the energy consumption of the apartments
significantly.
Solar photo voltaic system is proposed to
meet the 10% of total energy requirement for
internal lighting.
Waste water recycling and solid waste
management system are being planned.
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Incentives for GRIHA Rated Green Buildings
(governmemt projects only)
• Reimbursement of rating-cum-registration
fee for buildings with higher rating
• Incentives to architects/ design consultants
• Capital subsidy for SPV installations under
Ministry’s scheme
• Promotional activities (training, awareness
generation, capacity building programmes)
• Incentives to Urban Local Bodies
• First 200 Government buildings exempted
from paying registration fees in advance.
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Conclusion
•
•
•
•
•
Alternative/vernacular materials and
techniques need mainstreaming through
market push and acceptance among
developers/builders/design community
Local skill base needs enhancement
Policy impetus with enabling financial
mechanisms
Standards and norms for EE in housing
Awareness and capacity building
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Thank you for your attention
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