Overview of Discrete Costing for
Manufacturing
OAUG MFG Discrete SIG Meeting
November 10, 2010
Douglas Volz
Douglas Volz Consulting
doug@volzconsulting.com
Agenda
 Inventory Structure
 High Level Review of Oracle Cost System Capabilities
 Costing Methods
 Oracle Cost Management Structure
 Discrete MFG and Costing
 Setting Standard Costs
 Setting Average, FIFO, LIFO Costs
 Month-End Accounting Close
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Slide 2
Agenda (Continued)
 Release 12 Cost Improvements
 Flexible Account Number Assignment
 Little Known Cost Features
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Slide 3
Inventory Structure
 Global Organization (Item Master)
Global
Organization
(Item Master)
 Inventory Organization
Inventory
Organization
 Subinventory
HDQTRS
Location
 Locators
FG
Subinventory
STORES
Subinventory
Locators
Locators
MRB
Subinventory
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WIP
Subinventory
Slide 4
Complex Financial Entities
Corporate
Consolidated
Ledger
Corporate Consolidated Ledger
(USD)
Secondary
Ledger
European
LSP’s
SLs
LSP’s
Switzerland
(CHE)
Korea
(KRW)
Asia-Pac
LEs
Swiss PL
(USD)
European PL
(USD)
Legal Entity
Korea LE
Asia-Pac
LEs
Swiss LE
Other
European
LEs
Operating
Unit
Korea OU
Asia-Pac
OUs
Switzerland
OU
Other
European
OUs
US OU
Asia-Pac
Dist. Centers
Swiss Dist.
Center
Europe
LSP Orgs
US LSP
Orgs
Switzerland
Org
Europe Dist.
Centers
US Dist.
Centers
Primary
Ledger
Inventory
Orgs
ORG
Korea
Item
Master
(ZZZ)
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USA PL
(USD)
CORP
LE
Other
LEs
Slide 5
Costing Concepts
 Costing Methods

Average Costing

Standard Costing

Periodic Costing

FIFO Costing

LIFO Costing
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Slide 6
Average Costing
 Oracle supports a moving or weighted average cost

The unit cost changes with each receipt transaction
 Unit costs reflect the average of the incoming receipts from
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
purchase order receipts,
purchase order returns
inter-organization receipts
and for manufacturing, for WIP assembly completions
miscellaneous issues may or may not affect the unit cost
 All issues occur at the existing average costs
 Assembly costs come from the cost of your assemblies built in WIP
 You may have indirect costs (material overheads, etc.) as well
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Slide 7
Standard Costing
 The primary objective of standard costing is to provide a
performance measurement system
 Unit costs are set up in advance as an expected cost
 Component costs (material costs) are defined using the projected
average acquisition costs, plus any associated indirect costs
 Assembly costs are rolled up using bills of material and routings
 Standards are reset periodically, depending on how quickly your
costs change
 All manufacturing and distribution activities are measured against
the expected costs
 Typical variances include:
 Purchase Price Variance,
 Invoice Price Variance
 Manufacturing Variances (material usage, resource efficiency, etc.)
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Slide 8
Other Costing Methods
 FIFO Costing
 FIFO costing values inventory by assuming that the oldest inventory (first

in) is the first to be used or sold (first out), but there is no necessary
relationship to the physical movement of specific items
FIFO supports WIP costing
 LIFO Costing
 LIFO costing values inventory by assuming that the most recently received

item (last in) is the first to be used or sold (first out), but there is no
necessary relationship to the physical movement of specific items
LIFO supports WIP costing
 Periodic Costing
 Periodic has dual costing capabilities, using Periodic Costing at month-end

and using transaction-based “real-time” costing prior to month-end
Periodic supports WIP costing
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Slide 9
Cost Structure
Global
Organization
(Item Master)
Inventory Cost
Organization
Sub-elements
Matl
Cost Element
Matl
1
Matl
2
Matl O/H
Cost Element
Matl O/H
1
Matl O/H
2
Resource
Cost Element
Res
1
Res
2
Overhead
Cost Element
O/H
1
O/H
2
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Outside
Processing Cost
Element
OSP
1
OSP
2
Slide 10
Organizational Costing

Costing is by Plant or Warehouse (called an inventory organization)

Each inventory organization has its own item material, labor, outside
processing, and overhead costs
•
•
Each inventory organization may have multiple cost versions, called Cost Types
You can have any number of cost types that are not active (unimplemented costs)

Each inventory organization can have its own costing method

There is only one “Active” cost type that is used to record your Subledger
Transactions
•

Standard costing uses the Frozen cost type, and average costing uses the Average cost
type …
Within an inventory organization, all items have the same costing method,
Average, or Standard or FIFO or LIFO or Periodic
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Slide 11
Cost Elements
 You have five available cost elements for each cost type
•
•
•
•
•
Material (supplier purchase costs)
Material Overhead (freight in, material handling, etc.)
Resource (labor, machines, other factors of production)
Outside Processing (subcontracting or outsourcing)
Overhead (Resource and Outside Processing Overhead)
 Only use the cost elements you need
 But you can have an unlimited number of sub-elements
•
•
•
•
•
Material (metal, plastic, etc.)
Material overhead (inter-co profit, in-bound freight, etc.)
Resources (labor, machine groups, etc.)
Outside Processing (subcontract vendor service1, service2, etc.)
Production Overheads (Factory Burdens, etc.)
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Slide 12
Oracle Cost Management Interaction
PUR provides PO's
and Receipts
BOM's/Routings for Roll Up
ACCOUNTS
PAYABLE
PURCHASING
Invoices/ INV Receipt
Payments Trans &
Exp Accr
COST
MANAGEMENT
Costs
Values Trans
Values INV
Stds Adj
Asset
Additions
Delivery
Trans
ENGINEERING
Items
Values
Trans
FIXED
ASSETS
Asset Cost
Accum Depr
Depr Exp
BOM's
GENERAL
LEDGER
Inventory/
WIP Trans
INVENTORY
ENG Items
planned in
MRP
WIP Consumption &
WIP Completions
Invoices/
Cash Receipt
Trans
CASH
MANAGEMENT
(Bank Recon)
WORK IN
PROCESS
Shipment
Transactions
Matl Requirements
BILL OF
MATERIAL
ACCOUNTS
RECEIVABLE
Misc Trans
for Warranty
Repair Parts
Invoice
Info
ORDER
ENTRY
WIP Supply
to MRP
MRP Release
to WIP
Items from BOM's
MRP
S/O Requirements
Repair
RMA's
SERVICE
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Slide 13
Inventory Costing
 Costs Into Inventory/Stores
 Purchase costs into Inventory: Material, Material Overhead, etc. costs
 For Standard Costing: Purchase Price Variances
 More Costing for Inventory Movement

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


Misc. Account Receipt / Issue
Physical Inventory, Cycle Counts
Consignment (WIP/OSP, purchase consignment)
Subinventory and location transfers
Customer shipments
Internal orders
Project shipments and transfers (PJM)
Logical Transactions (extended supply chain network)
 Supports many intercompany scenarios
 Internal orders
 Internal shipping and billing
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Slide 14
Discrete MFG and Costing
 All of the Costing Methods support WIP Costing
 Timing varies by how your charge to WIP
• Backflush, Assembly Pull, etc.
• Push
 Costs into WIP:
 Material Issues
 Material Overhead
 Earning Resources, Outside Processing and Overheads
 Costs out of WIP
 Scrap
 Assembly Completion
 Job Close Variances
 Only for Standard Costing
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Slide 15
Manufacturing Variance Summary
Costs-Incurred
Costs-Relieved
Variances
Previous-level costs
@ actual usage
-
Previous-level costs
@ standard
=
Material usage variance
Resource
-
Resource
=
Resource efficiency
Outside processing
-
Outside processing
=
Outside processing
efficiency
Overhead
-
Overhead
=
Overhead efficiency
Sources of:
• Components issued
• Resources earned
• OSP earned
• Overheads earned
• WIP completions
@ standard rolled
up costs
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Slide 16
Cost Reports and Inquiries
 Material Distribution Detail/Summary Reports
 WIP Account Detail/Summary Reports
 Discrete Job Value
 Expense Job Value Report
 WIP Value Report
 WIP Value Inquiries
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Slide 17
Setting Standard Costs
 Cost Mass Edits
 Item Cost Copies
 Cost Rollups (also across the Supply Chain)
 Standard Cost Updates
 Bills of Material Cost Inquiries and Reports
 Pending and Standard Cost Adjustment Reports
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Slide 18
Setting Average, FIFO, LIFO Costs
 Simulation Costing with Cost Rollups and Mass Edits
 Transaction-based updates of Average, FIFO, LIFO costs
 Manual cost updates
 PO retroactive price adjustments
 And if you are clever, using open interfaces for custom
updates
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Slide 19
Month-End Accounting Close
 Close by Inventory Organization
 Month-End Inventory, Receiving, WIP Value Reports
 Release 12, close in Inventory
 Transfer to G/L using Subledger Accounting (Create Accounting)
 Closing Inventory closes Receiving and WIP
 Purchasing has its own close (and also closes off Receiving)
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Slide 20
Month-End Inventory Value Reports
 Inventory Value Report
 Intransit Value Report
 Subinventory Account Value Report
(disabled in Release 12)
 All Inventories Value Report
 Receiving Value Report
 Receiving Value by Destination Report
(disabled in Release 12)
 WIP Value Report
 Period Close Value Summary Report
 Period Close Reconciliation Report (11.5.10 and 12)
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Slide 21
R12 Improvements Period Close Diagnostics
 Forms Drilldown
• Using the same Inventory Accounting Periods form you can drilldown
to associated forms to view the problem transactions
 New workflow to notify of failing transactions
 Period Close Pending Transactions Report
• Report for transactions holding up the inventory accounting period
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Slide 22
Reconciliation Improvements in R12
 Inventory Value Reports have an “as of date”
•
•
•
•
Inventory Value Report
Receiving Value Report
Intransit Value Report
All Inventories Value Report
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Slide 23
Flexible Account Number Assignment
 Release 12 Subledger Accounts allows you to extend the standard
oracle setups (all costing methods except periodic)
 Subledger Accounting rules govern how the final accounting
entries are created and sent to the G/L
Subledger Accounting Offers Major Improvements
Subledger Accounting Comes with Default Rules
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Slide 24
SLA for Product Line Accounting, Variance Recognition
Accounting
Configurations
Subledger
Journal Entries
Transactions
GL
Journal Entries
and Balances
Accounting
Program
Subledger
Balances
Accounting Events
Journal Entry Setup
Cost Management
SLA
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Slide 25
Basic Table Structure for SLA
Enter Transaction(s)
Accounting
Processor
Transaction
Accounting Tables
Receiving
Material
WIP
Create
Accounting
Module
Specific
Transaction
Accounting
Tables
One Common
Accounting
Subledger
Table
SLA Accounting Tables
G/L Tables
XLA_EVENTS
GL_LEDGERS
XLA_AE_HEADERS
GL_
INTERFACE
GL_JE_BATCHES
XLA_AE_LINES
GL_JE_HEADERS
XLA_DISTRIBUTION
_LINKS
GL_JE_LINES
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Slide 26
More Release 12: COGS Recognition
 In R12 the customer shipment entries go to deferred COGS
 Automates the matching of Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) for a sales order
line to the revenue that is billed for that sales order line.
Inventory
1. Customer Shipment
2. COGS Recognition
10
Deferred
COGS
“True”
COGS
10
10
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10
Slide 27
Related R12 BOM Features
 Fixed Component Usage Support:
Support for lot-based materials that have a fixed usage regardless of the
job size for discrete WIP jobs, OSFM lot-based jobs and Flow
Manufacturing
 Component Yield Support:
Flexibility to control the value of component yield factors at WIP job
level. The transaction logic now considers pre-yield BOM quantity per
assembly rather than the quantity inflated by shrinkage.
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Slide 28
Standard Features You May Not Be Using
 Currency setup
 Period open and close by organization hierarchy
 Material overhead absorption rules
 Transaction Value Historical Summary Report
 Period close snapshots
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Slide 29
Standard Features: Currency Setup
 You can change your item cost decimal precision at any time
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Slide 30
Standard Features:
Period Open/Close by Org Hierarchy
 You can open and close multiple inventory periods by organization
hierarchy
 Define your organization hierarchy using an Human Resources,
Purchasing or Inventory responsibility
 Using the Inventory Organization Parameters, Costing tab, make
sure your “Transfer to GL” settings are all the same for all orgs in
the same organization hierarchy
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Slide 31
Standard Features:
Period Open/Close by Org Hierarchy
 Open Period Control request
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Slide 32
Standard Features:
Period Open/Close by Org Hierarchy
 Close Period Control request
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Slide 33
Standard Features:
Mat’l Overhead Absorption Rules
 Explicitly say which ones do and do not earn material overhead
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Slide 34
Standard Features:
Transaction Value Historical Summary Report
 Rollback inventory value to any date you choose
 Choose which columns of information to view
 You have four columns to select
 The fifth column on the report is everything else
 Useful as a “roll-forward” audit report
 Useful to verify month-end inventory value report balances
 Two reports:
 Transaction Value Historical Summary (for Standard Costing)
 Transaction Value Historical Summary – Average Costing
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Slide 35
Standard Features:
Transaction Value Historical Summary
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Slide 36
Standard Features: Period Close Snapshot
 Period close snapshots (Release 11.5.10 onward)
 Prior to Release 11.5.10, the inventory period close only stored
summary values by inventory organization and subinventory
(blank subinventories are for intransit)
 When you close inventory you automatically store period-end
inventory values and costs by organization, subinventory and
item
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Slide 37
Desired Enhancements
 Multi-Org Reporting

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Multi-Org Material Account Summary Report
Multi-Org Receiving Account Summary Report
Multi-Org WIP Account Summary Report
Multi-Org All Inventories Value Report (with account numbers)
Multi-Org Inventory Value Report (with account numbers)
Multi-Org Receiving Value Report (with account numbers)
Multi-Org Expense Value Report (with account numbers)
Multi-Org WIP Value Report (R12 still has account numbers!)
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Slide 38
Summary
 Oracle Discrete Costing offers robust, flexible costing
 Multiple costing methods are supported
 Powerful mass edits, item cost copies and cost update
capabilities
 Account classification is much better with Subledger Accounting
 As you transact your cost accounting happens automatically
 Multi-org reporting is a continuing area of concern
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Slide 39
Acknowledgements
 Oracle Cost Development
 Partners in crime at our clients
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Slide 40
Thank You for Your Attendance and
Participation
Douglas A. Volz
Slide 41
Douglas Volz (doug@volzconsulting.com)
Professional Background
Doug Volz is a Senior Architect and Advisor for Oracle Application projects, with a particular interest in
Cost and Project Management. He has 30 years accumulated experience, including 5 years in Oracle
Development (co-designing Oracle Cost Management) and 12 years in industry in Cost and Accounting
Management positions. His Manufacturing and Cost systems experience covers project management,
software design/development, delivery and consulting services, for both Oracle Corporation, and
multiple international consulting firms. Prior to his systems career, Mr. Volz also held numerous
management accounting positions for telecommunications, defense, and electronics companies.
In his consulting roles, Doug has served over 100 clients. Many of these were multi-org, multi-currency
with global footprints. Countries include US, Mexico, UK, Netherlands, Belgium, Taiwan, P.R.O.C.,
Norway, Japan, Italy and Germany.
Doug leads the OAUG Cost Special Interest Group. He also advises and participates on the Oracle
Customer Advisory Board for Fusion Costing.
Core Expertise
Experience
 Multi-organization, Multi-currency ERP
Implementations
 Project Management and Senior Project Advisor
 Core manufacturing processes
 Cost Management
 Inventory
 Bills of Material
 WIP
 Systems Integration and Data Conversions
 Sample of clients served:
 Beckman Coulter (US)
 Matsushita (UK, Mexico)
 NTL (now Virgin Media)
 Logitech (US, Taiwan, P.R.C.)
 Celgene Corporation (US)
 NTL (UK, now Virgin Media)
 TCI International (US)
 Onninen AS (Norway)
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Slide 42
End of Presentation
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Slide 43