Welcome to this Seminar from Fluke Calibration…..
Spectrum Analyzer Calibration Essentials
This will be presentation from Fluke’s RF
Calibration.
and so, lets begin....
Welcome
We are very pleased to bring you this presentation, from Fluke Calibration’s RF.
The Fluke 9640A series
RF Reference Sources.
The key component in any RF & Microwave calibration system
This Seminars from Fluke Calibration aim to help you in your daily RF Calibration and Metrology
applications and are based on Fluke’s extensive experience in:
• the use and design of Calibration Instruments and MET/CAL Software
• our understanding of the unique problems faced when performing RF metrology
Thank you for your time, we hope you find the seminar both valuable and useful.
©2010 Fluke Corporation
Fluke Calibration Web Seminar
2
Welcome to this Seminar from Fluke Calibration…..
Spectrum Analyzer Calibration Essentials
Presenter:
Bill Gaviria
Regional Product Manager,
Electrical, RF and Software
Fluke Calibration
Office: +1.321.574.0728
Direct: +1.425.446.6031
Cell: +1.321.626.7845
Email: Bill.gaviria@flukecal.com
Web: www.flukecal.com
(UTC/GMT-5)
The game is changing ……
simplifying and streamlining RF & Microwave calibration
Welcome to this Fluke Calibration Web Seminar …..
RF and Microwave
Spectrum
Analyzer Calibration
Calibration Fundamentals
Essentials
Spectrum Analyzers represent one of the most common RF & Microwave
calibration workload items, with calibration procedures among the most
complex.
A typical spectrum analyzer calibration procedure includes around 20 tests
totaling in excess of 400 test points.
Todays topics:
• Examining key tests required for a complete & adequate calibration
• Relating tests to typical analyzer architectures and applications
• Simplifying test setups & accelerating procedures with purpose-designed
calibration equipment
What is a Spectrum Analyzer?
….a measuring instrument for representation and assessment of the frequency spectrum of a
signal in terms of frequency and level.
….allowing users to determine whether signals are free from harmonics, or to separate and
weight the components of a modulated signal at different frequencies, etc…
* RBW
Ref
0 dBm
Att
30 dB
300 Hz
Marker 1 [T1 ]
VBW 1 kHz
-9.91 dBm
SWT 5.6 s
500.000000000 MHz
0
1
• Somewhat simplified, similar to an AM superheterodyne
receiver
–
–
–
SGL
CLRWR
-40
Tuning is swept to display the required frequency range.
The mixer frequency-shifts (down-converts) the input
signal to an intermediate frequency (IF) for processing
IF or Resolution Bandwidth (RBW) filter provides ability
to distinguish (resolve) signals close in frequency
-50
-60
-70
-80
-90
-100
Center 500 MHz
• Most modern spectrum analyzers use two or three
down-convertors and digitize the signal.
Some of the IF filtering and logarithmic conversion can
be implemented in digital signal processing.
Low Cost
Traditional Analog
-20
-30
Atten
•
A
-10
1 AP
Modern High Performance
Mixer
Date:
50 kHz/
IF Gain
10.JAN.2005
IF Filter
12:11:38
Span 500 kHz
Det/Log
Amp
(RBW)
Local
Osc
Handheld
Sweep
Video
Filter
(VBW)
Display
Real Time
Frequency extension
Microwave spectrum analyzer
Attenuator
Tunable
Preselector
Filter
Harmonic
Mixer
IF Gain
IF Filter
Log Amp/Detector
(RBW)
Video
Filter
(VBW)
Local
Oscillator
Display
Sweep
•
LO Harmonics mixed with the input signal
•
Direct conversion to the low IF
•
Preselection bandpass filter ensures only
desired range of input frequencies mix
with LO to avoid false indications
•
Band changes automatic, providing
continuous frequency sweep display
Example: HP8563 26GHz Analyzer
30Hz – 2.9GHz
Band 0 = Normal operation, high 1st IF
2.75GHz – 6.46GHz
Band 1 = Preselected, low 1st IF
5.86GHz – 13.2GHz
Band 2 = Preselected, low 1st IF, LO 2nd harm
12.4GHz – 26.8GHz
Band 3 = Preselected, low 1st IF, LO 3rd harm
Generalized architecture
(Simplified block diagram. Practical implementations use double or triple conversion with high 1st IF frequency, and with preselector/harmonic
mixer for frequency extension. Also often include optional preamp for increased sensitivity).
Attenuator
Mixer
IF Gain
IF
Filter
Video
Filter
Log
Amp/Detector
(RBW)
(VBW)
Local Osc
Synthesizer
•
Signal digitised after analog IF
processing
•
Synthesized Local Oscillator
•
IF digitized directly by fast ADC for FFT
RBW filters and Log conversion
•
Cursors, trace storage, remote interface
•
‘Real Time’ architecture similar, signal
digitized over wide BW with DSP
frequency domain conversion
Low Cost
Traditional Analog
ADC
Processor
Controller
10MHz
Display
Freq Ref
Modern High Performance
Handheld
Real Time
Why calibrate?
• Spectrum analyzers are sophisticated measuring instruments
–
–
–
–
High performance, tight specifications
A multitude of measurement features
Applications require numeric data
No longer ‘indication only’
• So, calibrate the underlying analyzer performance, on which these measurement
features/personalities depend
• Need confidence that measurements are true indication of signal characteristics,
not artefacts or impairments introduced by the analyzer itself
3GPP WCDMA adjacent channel leakage ratio
measurement
Spurious close to carrier measurement
WCDMA code domain power measurement
Calibrated parameters
• Our analysis of spectrum analyzer cal procedures for 15 models from 5 manufacturers
found 80 different tests described...
• 20 tests performed on majority of models in study
• In general, common tests are:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Frequency Accuracy
Level Accuracy
Frequency Response
Attenuator Response
Display Linearity
Displayed Average Noise Level
Resolution Bandwidth Accuracy
Resolution Bandwidth Selectivity
Resolution Bandwidth Switching Accuracy
Sweep Time Accuracy
IF Image Response
Noise Sidebands
Residual FM
Residual & Spurious Responses
Harmonic Distortion
3rd order Intercept (TOI)
Tracking generator tests
Also including other spectrum analyzer calibration
standards documents:
German VDE VDI/VDE/DGQ/DKD 2622 Part 11
Chinese JJG501-2000
(Manufacturers often use specific test names and groupings, but most are similarly titled)
Typical procedure analysis
Analysis of published calibration procedure for a 26GHz analyzer:
E4407B 26 GHz
Example: The calibration guide published by
Agilent Technologies for its ESA series spectrum
analyzer product range is 640 pages long!
This tables summarizes tests and test point
frequencies for the E4407B model, totalling over
400 individual test points.
Majority of testing is at lower frequencies: 80% of testpoints <3GHz
Calibration Test
Test Signal Frequency/Range
Tested at LF Only
Frequency Span Accuracy
300MHz - 1.5GHz
√
Frequency Readout Accuracy
1.5GHz - 21GHz
Level Accuracy
Frequency Response
50MHz
√
√
√
9kHz - 26.5GHz
Attenuator Switching Accuracy
50MHz
√
Display Linearity
50MHz
√
No input required
Displayed Average Noise level
10MHz - 26.5GHz
Resolution Bandwidth Accuracy
50MHz
√
Resolution Bandwidth Selectivity
50MHz
√
Resolution Bandwidth Switching Accuracy
50MHz
√
Sweep Time Accuracy
500MHz
√
Spurious Responses
√
2GHz - 21.6GHz
Noise Sidebands
1GHz
√
Residual FM
1GHz
√
300MHz - 3.1GHz
√
Harmonic Distortion
rd
3 Order Intercept (TOI) & Gain Compression
Tests include HF
50MHz - 14GHz
√
Frequency performance
The display ‘X-axis’.....
* RBW
Ref
0 dBm
Att
30 dB
300 Hz
Marker 1 [T1 ]
VBW 1 kHz
-9.91 dBm
SWT 5.6 s
500.000000000 MHz
0
1
A
-10
SGL
1 AP
CLRWR
• Frequency reference determines basic frequency
accuracy
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
–
Reference accuracy & drift/ageing measured directly
-70
-80
-90
-100
• LO synthesiser performance influence frequency
span & readout accuracy
Center 500 MHz
Date: 10.JAN.2005
–
IF (RBW) filter group delay can cause centre frequency shift
during sweeping
–
LO synth resolution, frequency stepping regime, etc..
Atten
Mixer IF Gain
• Other Freq Ref & LO Synth influences
–
–
Phase noise, residual FM
50 kHz/
Span 500 kHz
12:11:38
IF Filter
Log
Amp/Det
Video
Filter
(VBW)
(RBW)
LO Synth
ADC
Processor
Controller
Not strictly ‘x-axis’ effects, but still key characteristics
10MHz
Freq Ref
Display
Amplitude performance
The display ‘Y-axis’.....
* RBW
• Majority of calibration tests & test points relate to
amplitude performance
–
Ref
0 dBm
Att
30 dB
300 Hz
Marker 1 [T1 ]
VBW 1 kHz
-9.91 dBm
SWT 5.6 s
500.000000000 MHz
0
1
A
-10
SGL
1 AP
CLRWR
-20
-30
And the majority of those are performed at frequencies well
below the analyzer upper frequency limit
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
• Amplitude performance is related to many elements
within the analyzer, eg:
-90
-100
Center 500 MHz
Date: 10.JAN.2005
–
–
–
–
Absolute accuracy related to the entire input-ADC chain
Frequency response related to the ‘front-end’ attenuator and
mixer
Harmonics, intermodulation and spurious responses mainly
related to the mixer
Linearity (scale fidelity/log conformance) related to log amp
& detector and/or the ADC
Atten
Mixer
IF
Gain
50 kHz/
12:11:38
IF Filter
Log
Amp/Det
(VBW)
ADC
Processor
Controller
• IF circuits and ADC common to all measurements
Enables many parameters/characteristics to be tested at a
single low frequency, where measurements are easier and
uncertainties are smaller
Video
Filter
(RBW)
LO Synth
–
Span 500 kHz
10MHz
Freq Ref
Display
Any questions so far …..
Use the WebEx Chat or Q&A features, please send your questions/comments to the session host……
©2010 Fluke Corporation
Fluke Calibration Web Seminar
13
Frequency/Span Accuracy
• Test of frequency span and readout accuracy
• Frequency reference accuracy generally tested directly
–
10MHz Ref O/P measured with counter, and frequency standard
• Displayed Center Frequency & Span affected by other
factors
Atten
–
LO synthesizer resolution, IF BW centre frequency alignment, IF
filter group delay, etc
–
Tested with accurate (calibrated) frequency synthesizer, locking
analyzer and frequency source to common 10MHz reference
–
Ref locking not used if frequency readout accuracy tested via
displayed signal frequency accuracy alone
Mixer
IF
Gain
IF Filter
Log
Amp/Det
Video
Filter
(VBW)
(RBW)
LO Synth
ADC
Processor
Controller
10MHz
Freq Ref
Display
Frequency/Span Accuracy
• Test of frequency span and readout accuracy
• Frequency reference accuracy generally tested directly
–
10MHz Ref O/P measured with counter, and frequency standard
• Displayed Center Frequency & Span affected by other
factors
Atten
–
LO synthesizer resolution, IF BW centre frequency alignment, IF
filter group delay, etc
–
Tested with accurate (calibrated) frequency synthesizer, locking
analyzer and frequency source to common 10MHz reference
–
Ref locking not used if frequency readout accuracy tested via
displayed signal frequency accuracy alone
Mixer
IF
Gain
IF Filter
Log
Amp/Det
Video
Filter
(VBW)
(RBW)
LO Synth
10MHz Ref I/P
ADC
10MHz Ref O/P
Processor
Controller
10MHz
The 9640A frequency counter feature replaces the counter traditionally
needed for the UUT Freq Ref accuracy test. The 9640A can be locked to
an external frequency standard if additional accuracy is required
10MHz Ref O/P
9640A Counter I/P
Display
Freq Ref
UUT Spectrum Analyzer
9640A Reference Source
Displayed Average Noise Level (DANL)
• Test of noise floor over the analyzer’s frequency range
–
–
Input terminated with 50Ω
Tested at higher RBW setting and normalised to 1Hz or 10Hz to reduce test time
• Residual/Spurious responses often included with DANL tests as the same
setup is required
UUT Spectrum Analyzer
Atten
Mixer
IF
Gain
IF Filter
Log
Amp/Det
(VBW)
(RBW)
LO Synth
Termination
Video
Filter
ADC
The 9640A ‘output off’ (STBY) condition provides a
convenient alternative to a 50Ω terminator, reducing the
number of items and setup changes required.
Processor
Controller
10MHz
Display
Freq Ref
UUT Spectrum Analyzer
9640A Reference Source
Frequency Response
• Test of amplitude response at fixed level over the analyzer’s
frequency range, relative to its response at a reference
frequency
–
May be tested at a number of levels/attenuator settings
• Requires accurate signal level at the analyzer input
–
–
UUT Spectrum Analyzer
9640A Reference Source
The 9640A provides accurately
levelled outputs directly to the
UUT input, from 1mHz to 4GHz
Signal generators do not provide sufficient accuracy, even for lowperformance analyzer models
Covering the frequency range (few Hz to many GHz) can be challenging,
traditionally requiring multiple generators and techniques
Using the 9640A, with its leveling head
connected directly to the UUT input
Atten
Mixer
IF
Gain
IF Filter
Log
Amp/Det
Video
Filter
(VBW)
(RBW)
LO Synth
ADC
Processor
Controller
10MHz
Freq Ref
Display
Using a power sensor and splitter at
higher frequencies (>4GHz)
Display Linearity/Scale Fidelity
• Test of amplitude linearity over wide dynamic range at fixed input
attenuator and reference level (IF gain) settings
– Tested at single frequency, typically 50 MHz
– Logarithmic scale, and also linear scale for many UUTs
– Traditionally a level generator with high precision attenuation linearity or calibrated step
attenuators used as calibration standards
Atten
Mixer
IF
Gain
IF Filter
Log
Amp/Det
Video
Filter
(VBW)
(RBW)
LO Synth
This test is much simpler and faster with the 9640A
– 9640A features provide the UUT error directly without any need
for calculations or use of attenuator calibration corrections
ADC
Processor
Controller
10MHz
Display
Freq Ref
UUT Spectrum Analyzer
9640A Reference Source
RBW Filter Bandwidth & Shape
• Test of IF (RBW) filter 3 dB and 60 dB response for each of the available
filter bandwidth settings
–
–
RBW (resolution bandwidth) accuracy tests 3dB BW
Shape factor = 60dB BW / 3dB BW
• Tested at single input frequency, usually 50 – 100 MHz
• Many procedures use analyzer cursor measurements,
relying on calibrated performance for linearity and
frequency span
3dB
60dB
–
Atten
Mixer
IF
Gain
IF Filter
Log
Amp/Det
• Other procedures require input of accurate attenuation
and frequency signals, effectively calibrating the specific
characteristics during the test
Video
Filter
ADC
Processor
Controller
10MHz
–
–
Traditionally requiring calibrated step attenuators
The 9640A provides a simpler, faster alternative
(VBW)
(RBW)
LO Synth
Simply requiring a stable input signal
10MHz Ref I/P
10MHz Ref O/P
Display
Freq Ref
UUT Spectrum Analyzer
9640A Reference Source
RBW Switching
• Tests that filter gain remains constant when changing filter bandwidth
setting
• Tested at single input frequency, usually 50 – 100 MHz
∆dB
• Procedure simply requires a stable input level
–
Atten
Mixer
IF
Gain
IF Filter
Log
Amp/Det
UUT and source often share common frequency reference
to avoid displayed frequency errors at narrow spans
Video
Filter
10MHz Ref I/P
(VBW)
(RBW)
LO Synth
10MHz Ref O/P
ADC
Processor
Controller
UUT Spectrum Analyzer
10MHz
Freq Ref
Display
9640A Reference Source
Any questions so far …..
Use the WebEx Chat or Q&A features, please send your questions/comments to the session host……
©2010 Fluke Corporation
Fluke Calibration Web Seminar
21
Sweep Time Accuracy
• Test of sweep timing accuracy
• Tested in zero span mode where display horizontal axis is time
–
Like an oscilloscope
• AM modulated signal produces time domain display
Atten
Mixer
IF
Gain
IF Filter
Log
Amp/Det
Video
Filter
(VBW)
(RBW)
LO Synth
ADC
The 9640A triangular AM feature is purpose designed for
spectrum analyzer sweep time calibration, providing a
simpler faster alternative to the traditional RF signal
generator modulated by a function generator
Processor
Controller
10MHz
Display
Freq Ref
UUT Spectrum Analyzer
9640A Reference Source
IF Image Rejection
• Tests for unwanted response at IF image frequencies
–
–
–
The analyzer responds to input signal at frequencies fLO + fIF and fLO - fIF
The analyzer design and choice of IF and local oscillator (LO) frequencies are intended to
ensure correct display of input signal content at only one frequency
However, some residual response remains at the “image” frequency
• Test frequencies are dependant on the particular analyzer design
–
–
Can be complicated with 2 & 3 stage downconversion
Use manufacturers test frequency recommendations
The IF image response test is often included with other
tests of unwanted/spurious responses: “Image, Multiple,
Out-Of-Band, responses”, “Other Input-related spurious
responses”, “Immunity to Interference”, etc
Atten
Mixer
IF
Gain
IF Filter
Log
Amp/Det
IR
Video
Filter
•
(VBW)
(RBW)
LO Synth
ADC
•
Processor
Controller
10MHz
Freq Ref
Display
•
A signal is input at f1 with the analyzer center frequency
also set to f1 to correctly display the signal at a specific
level
The signal and analyzer center frequencies are then both
set to the IF image frequency f2
The change in displayed signal level corresponds to the
analyzer IF image rejection
Noise Sidebands & Phase Noise
• Test of ability to discern close-in signals, related to local oscillator phase
noise
–
Noise sidebands: “noise level at frequency offsets above and below the carrier”
• Test of phase noise measurement capability
–
An important measurement feature in modern analyzers, at low and high offset frequencies
• Tested at a single input frequency (usually 1GHz)
–
–
–
Atten
Mixer
Requires low phase noise signal generator(s) used as
reference standard
Typically using UUT analyzer phase noise measurement
features
Phase noise usually normalised to 1Hz bandwidth, and
expressed as ratio to fundamental (carrier) signal
(dBc/Hz), for a given offset (∆f) from the signal frequency.
IF
Gain
IF Filter
Log
Amp/Det
Video
Filter
(VBW)
(RBW)
LO Synth
The 9640A provides low phase noise signals
capable of testing most spectrum analyzers, with
the 9640A-LPNX for the high-performance models
ADC
Processor
Controller
10MHz
Freq Ref
Display
UUT Spectrum Analyzer
9640A Reference Source
To avoid noise correlation the signal source and UUT
analyzer must not share a frequency reference.
Residual FM
• Test for any residual FM present on the analyzer local oscillator
• Tested at single input frequency (usually 1GHz)
–
Requires low residual FM signal generator as reference standard
• Test method uses linear portion of RBW filter as
FM slope demodulator
–
–
–
Atten
Mixer
RBW filter slope determined using marker features with
normal sweep display
Peak-peak residual FM displayed in zero-span mode,
adjusting center frequency to obtain on-screen display
Measure displayed signal pk-pk with markers, and
convert to FM by applying RBW filter slope detection
sensitivity
IF
Gain
IF Filter
Log
Amp/Det
Video
Filter
(VBW)
(RBW)
LO Synth
The 9640A provides low residual FM signals
capable of testing most spectrum analyzers with
the 9640A-LPNX for the high-performance models
ADC
Processor
Controller
10MHz
Freq Ref
Display
UUT Spectrum Analyzer
9640A Reference Source
Harmonics
• Test for any input signal harmonics generated internally by the analyzer
–
Typically analyzer harmonic suppression is quoted at a specific mixer level
• Requires low harmonic content input signal
–
Signal generators require low pass filtering to obtain sufficiently low harmonic content
•
•
•
A signal is input at f1 with the analyzer center frequency
also set to f1 to correctly display the signal at a specific
level
Without changing any other settings, the analyzer center
frequency is set to the 2nd harmonic frequency f2
The change in displayed signal level corresponds to the
analyzer 2nd harmonic suppression (rejection)
Note: Second harmonic intercept (SHI) is a mixer level independent
specification of harmonic performance, calculated from the harmonic
suppression and mixer level. Testing SHI allows use of higher signal
levels, relaxing signal source harmonic content requirements.
Atten
Mixer
IF
Gain
IF Filter
Log
Amp/Det
Video
Filter
(VBW)
(RBW)
LO Synth
ADC
The 9640A provides low harmonic content signals capable
of testing the majority of spectrum analyzer models
without the need for low pass filters
Processor
Controller
10MHz
Freq Ref
Display
UUT Spectrum Analyzer
9640A Reference Source
3rd Order Intercept (TOI)
• Test for unwanted intermodulation products generated internally
by the analyzer
– TOI is mixer level independent intercept value
• Tested with two equal level signals with a small (50kHz) frequency
difference
– Signals applied via a splitter or directional coupler
f1
f2
IR3
f2
f1
Using a power splitter
2f1 - f2
Atten
Mixer
IF
Gain
IF Filter
Log
Amp/Det
Video
Filter
(VBW)
(RBW)
LO Synth
ADC
Processor
Controller
10MHz
Freq Ref
2f2 - f1
Display
f2
Using a directional coupler/bridge.
Signal levels are adjusted to account for
differing coupler/bridge port losses.
f1
Gain Compression
• Tests for reduction in gain caused by increasing signal amplitude
• Tested by measuring change in displayed level of a small signal when a
large signal is also applied to the input
–
–
Signals traditionally applied via a splitter or directional coupler
Smaller signal around 35dB < larger signal at UUT I/P
f2
f1
Using a power splitter
Atten
Mixer
IF
Gain
IF Filter
Log
Amp/Det
Video
Filter
(VBW)
(RBW)
LO Synth
ADC
Processor
Controller
10MHz
Freq Ref
Display
f2
Using a directional
coupler/bridge.
f1
Using purpose designed equipment
• Typical 26GHz analyzer calibration procedure
requires 24 equipment setups
–
–
Employs 6 individual signal sources
Many are obsolete or presenting maintenance & support
difficulties, usually the lower frequency sources
• Cost effective alternative: deployment of a 9640A
Reference Source as core of spectrum analyzer
calibration system
–
–
–
–
–
24 setups reduced to 4 for a typical 26GHz analyzer
Majority of testing addressed by a single source
Automated system capacity increased up to 25%
Automated system operator intervention significantly
reduced, 90mins “walkaway” time in a 2 hour run
Operator efficiency greatly improved, by up to 60%
Fluke 9640A RF Reference Source
Using purpose designed equipment
• Displayed Noise Level
• Residual Responses
• Level Accuracy
• Frequency Response
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Frequency Accuracy
RBW Accuracy
Filter Shape
RBW Switching
Display Linearity
Attenuator Accuracy
Image Responses
• Display Linearity
• Attenuator Accuracy
• Noise Sidebands
• Phase Noise
• Residual FM
• 3rd Order Intercept
• Gain Compression
• Harmonics
• Sweep Time Accuracy
Further related information
White papers, application notes, etc, relevant to spectrum analyzer and other RF
and microwave calibrations....
•
Visit www.flukecal.com/products/rf-calibration , selecting
the ‘Knowledge and information’ tab from the 9640A RF
Reference Source page for related technical papers and
application notes, including:
–
–
–
–
–
–
•
These technical papers contain further useful references
–
•
Spectrum analyzer harmonics calibration
Phase noise in RF calibration
Attenuator calibration
Precision modulation measurement
RF & Microwave calibration fundamentals
Etc....
Including conference proceedings, technical journals and
other industry sources, etc...
Visit www.flukecal.com/rfvideos for several brief RF
demonstration videos, including
–
–
–
–
–
Spectrum analyzer calibration automation
Spectrum analyzer scale fidelity testing
Power sensor linearity testing
Benefits of the 9640A over traditional RF Cal methods
Other 9640A applications and features.....
©2011 Fluke Corporation
31
Calibration and metrology training
•
Instructor-Led Classroom Training
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
•
Instructor-Led Web-Based Training
–
–
•
MET/CAL Database Web-Based Training
MET/CAL Procedure Development Web-Based Training
Self-Paced Web-Based Training
–
–
–
–
–
•
MET-101 Basic Hands-on Metrology
MET-301 Advanced Hands-on Metrology
MET-302 Hands-on Metrology Statistics
Cal Lab Management for the 21st Century
Metrology for Cal Lab Personnel (A CCT prep course)
MET/CAL Database and Reports
MET/CAL Procedure Writing
MET/CAL Advanced Programming Techniques
On-Site Training
Product Specific Training
Introduction to Measurement and Calibration
Precision Electrical Measurement
Measurement Uncertainty
AC/DC Calibration and Metrology
Metrology for Cal Lab Personnel (A CCT prep course)
Self-Paced Training Tools
–
–
–
MET/CAL-CBT7 Computer Based Training
MET/CAL-CBT/PW Computer-Based Training
Cal-Book: Philosophy in Practice textbook
More information:
www.flukecal.com/fluketraining/courses
©2010 Fluke Corporation
Fluke Calibration Web Seminar
32
Thank you.
For material related to this session, visit our web site:
http://www.flukecal.com