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13th Amendment- Freed the slaves
14th Amendment- Due Process; everyone
equal before the law and entitled to same
rights
15th Amendment- Universal Male Suffrage
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De Jure- segregation based on law
De Facto- segregation based on tradition
(social and economic factors- not laws)
Disenfranchisement- deny a certain group
the right to vote
 KKK and lynchings will be a means to keep blacks
from voting
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Jim Crow Laws- laws preventing former
slaves from doing certain things
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Voting Restrictions
 Poll Tax- tax that was required in order to vote
 Literacy Tests- required tests to qualify for voting
 Grandfather Clause- people could still vote (even
if they didn’t pay tax or pass test) if their father or
grandfather was eligible to vote before Jan. 1,
1867
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Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
 Separation by race was
legal and did not violate
the 14th amendment
 “Separate but equal” was
constitutional
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Ida Wells
 Journalist- investigated and spoke publicly on
lynching
 Co-founded the National Association of Colored
Women
 Fought for civil rights, especially after Plessy
decision
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Booker T. Washington
 Born into slavery, educated
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after emancipation
Became head of Tuskegee
Normal and Industrial
Institute
Wanted whites and blacks to
work together for social
progress
Wanted economic
independence for black
Americans
Preached evolution and
integration, not revolution
Did not oppose segregation
Challenged by Ida Wells and
W.E.B. DuBois
W.E.B. DuBois
Disagreed with
Washington
Believed blacks should be
politically, legally and
socially active to become
truly equal
Niagara Movementmeeting of leading
African-Americans that led
to the founding of the
NAACP (National
Association for the
Advancement of Colored
People)
Washington
•Preached accomodation (for
now)- accept segregation
•Blacks better themselves
thru hard work and
education- economic
opportunities
DuBois
•Advocated political action and
a civil rights agenda
•Co-founder of NAACP
•Want immediate end to
segregation
•Achieve end to segregation by
fighting it politically- use court
system
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“Back to Africa
Movement”
 Move back go
Africa to find
homeland
 Important for
building “Black
Pride”
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Great Migration
 Movement of thousands of African-Americans to
northern cities in search of jobs
 Lead to an increase in de facto segregation in
urban cities (NYC, Philadelphia, Chicago, Detroit,
etc.)
 African Americans thought North would be
better- ability to open small businesses, buy or
rent property, send their children to public school
 Discrimination still exists in North