Ch 2. Sanitation management
today and in future
Aeration lagoons in a city sewage
treatment plant (J-O Drangert)
Women washing clothes in a way
which optimises water use (R. Shrestha)
Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden
2.1 Sanitation arrangements
at household and community
levels
Learning objectives: to match
management with technology and
local conditions
Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden
Changes in our perceptions of urban flows
chemicals
Household,
community
or city
lake
Year 1900: nutrients from human waste were recycled ⇒ but
disposal of glass and metal in latrine bins made this impossible
⇒ Human-derived nutrients went into the water cycle
Year 2000: use of sewage sludge as fertiliser ⇒ but heavy
metals and hormones in wastewater made this impossible ⇒
Sludge went to landfill or incineration Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden
(a) An urban eco-house for a single family
Rainwater
catchment
Hot water solar heater
Roof tanks
Rainwater
catchment
Urinediverting
toilet
flower
garden
Dug well for
groundwater
recharge
SODIS
drinking water
Vegetable
garden with urine
Greywater
treatment
plant
& composted
faecal matter
Rainwater collection tank
Biosand filter for well water treatment
Courtesy of Roshan Shrestha, Nepal
(a 1) Rainwater
collection and storage
Bio-sand
filter for
well
water
Roof
catchment
for rain
Biosand filter
Rainwater
pipe
Underground
tank
Underground
tank &
rainwater
flushing
Well for
groundwater
recharge
Rainwater
overflow
Groundwater
pipe
recharge
Courtesy of Roshan Shrestha, Nepal
(a 2) Waterless
and odourless urine-diverting toilet
Porcelain
UD-toilet
Co-compost
bin Co-compost
bin
Resting bin for faeces
Shute
Collection
bin
Urine
tank
with
tap
Courtesy of Roshan Shrestha, Nepal
(a 3) Gardening
with greywater, urine and
composted faecal matter
Lawn and flowers on terrace garden
Reed bed for treating greywater
that is recycled on the terrace
SODIS treatment of drinking water
Courtesy of Roshan Shrestha, Nepal
(b) Self-contained neighbourhood with
six houses in a small town in Australia
Courtesy of Garry Scott, Compost Toilet Systems, Mullumbimby, Australia
(b 1) Some
ingenious technical details
Rainwater
filter box
Diversion
of clean
rainwater
Collection
tube for the
first rain
Fly trap – a simple
plastic bottle cut in two
Newly installed container
for excreta (Clivus Multrum)
Courtesy of Garry Scott, Compost Toilet Systems, Mullumbimby,
Australia
(c) A block of semi-detached ecosan houses
in Kimberley, South Africa
J-O Drangert, Linköping University
Sweden
Courtesy of SIPU
International, Sweden
(c 1) The
sanitation arrangements at each house
Bio-solids
Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden
(c 2) Design
solutions in Kimberley, South Africa
plastic
Small garden
bucket
Waterless urinal
opening
to remove
bucket
Door to reach
the bucket
from outside
of houseUDT in píeces
Kimberley
Greywater use
in the garden
Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden
(d)
Eco-blocks in water-scarce Erdos, China
Pond with
effluent
Greywater
treatment
plant
Composting
station
4-5 storey
buildings
Surrounding
farmland
Surrounding
farmland
Source: Zhu Quiang 2008
(d 1) Sanitation
Source: Zhu Quiang 2008
arrangements in Erdos eco-town
(d 2) Resident
Bent vent pipes
to evacuate bin
assessment in Erdos
Ventilated
cabinet
Four types of problems – frequency of occurrence in August 2008
Source: Zhu Quiang, 2008
(e) High-rise housing complex in the
water-scarce city of Bangalore, India
J-O Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden
(e 1) Mini-wastewater
treatment plant in the cellar
Carbon
filter
Pressure
sand filter
Sedimentation and aeration tanks
Dewatering
compressor
J-O Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden
(e 2) Experiences
and future trends
Ganesh Consultancy & Analytical Services, Bangalore (Mini-WWTP)
(f) Self-contained housing complex
25 L
WC
50 L
15 L
10 L
wetland
STP 130
70 L
well
water
80 L
55 L
groundwater
recharge
groundwater
Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping university, Sweden
Restoring nature in urban settings
Source: Financial Times, 2011
Strategies for sanitation improvements
Principle:
•
•
•
•
•
Organic ≠ other solid waste
Stormwater ≠ sewage
Industrial ≠ household wastewater
Toilet water ≠ greywater
Faeces ≠ urine
Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden