5.3
Can schools inspire good
hygiene and promote
ecological sanitation ?
School toilets
J-O Drangert, Linkoping university, Sweden
Variations in the quality of school toilets
Hygienic conditions for pupils and school staff
Incinerator for sanitary pads
Water ”tap” for washing hands
using 0.1 litre per hand wash
Courtesy of Maria Ines Matiz, Colombia and Subburaman, Scope, India
Siting: indoors or in the yard ?
Class
Class
rooms
rooms
toilets
Today
TOILETS OUTSIDE
Impact on
individual
Impact on
environment
Tomorrow
INSIDE TOILETS
- No hand washing
- Hand washing
- Soiled shoes or feet
- Clean shoes
- May choose not to use toilet
(due to cold, dirt, flies etc.)
- Attractive for girls
- Groundwater pollution
- No groundwater contamination
- Excreta stay in the ground
- Productive use possible
- Loss of nutrients
- Some smell when emptying
J-O Drangert, Linkoping university, Sweden
toilets
School toilet planning - FUNCTIONS
Criterion 1:
waiting time
Criterion 2:
Access to water
Criterion 3: No
disease spread
Adequate number of toilets
Use allowed all times of the day
Introduce female urinals
Enough time to eat
Complement existing source
Pupils bring along water
Hand washing before eating
Clean floors
Monitoring
Criterion X:
cleanliness
J-O Drangert, Linkoping university, Sweden
Construction & cost reduction
Girls’
school
urinals
School toilet in historic village
of Hougou Village, China
Courtesy of Peter Morgan, Zimbawe
School toilet design
Bird's
eye view:
Section
J-O Drangert, Linkoping university, Sweden
Smell of urine in the toilet room
Urine pipes and tanks
in inspection chamber
under the toilet floor
cubicle
cubicle
Inspection
chamber
Urine
tank
J-O Drangert, Linkoping university, Sweden
Girls´ school toilet
Girls´ urinals in a Musiri school, India with
a water storage for washing
Girls´ school toilet, Indonesia with
natural light and ventilation
Courtesy of Scope, India and Naning Adiwoso, Indonesia
Where does urine and faecal matter end up?
J-O Drangert, Linkoping university, Sweden
School gardens and production of food
Soil from
organic
compost,
Colombia
Plant trials in Zimbabwe with only water (left) and
also urine (right) given to canola, spinach and maize
Urine fertilised
plants in Brazil
Courtesy Ana
Claudia Braga
Courtesy of Peter Morgan, Zimbabwe and Maria Ines Matiz, Colombia
From garden via kitchen to the pupils’ plates
Beans for the meal
School toilet
Preparation of school meal
Courtesy of Kitchengarden Foundation, Australia
Example 1:
Urban and rural schools in Kenya
Girls´
observed
handwash
Boys´
observed
handwash
Girls
reported
toilet use
Boys
observed
toilet use
Clean
toilets
Water for
handwash
in toilet
School has all
three facilities
Water for
washing
hands in toilet
Number of
pupils per tap
O&M carried
out
Perceived
toilet
cleanliness
Perceived
privacy in
toilet
Girls´ school
absences
Source: V. Njuguna et al. 2009
No of
children
per tap
Example 2:
Rural schools in Colombia
Sanitary services in rural schools in Anapoima
Name
El Cabral
El Copial
El Consuelo
El Higuerón
Las Mercedes
Santa Lucía
San Antonio
La Guasima
Lutaima
La Palmichera
El Rosario
Santa Ana
Andalucía
Calichana
La Esmeralda
La Esperanza
Golconda
Panamá
Patio Bonito
Nº students
15
18
48
toilets
4
6
4
wash bowls
yes
yes
yes
TABLE #9
soap
yes
no
no
towel
yes
no
no
48
15
160
18
22
18
5
4
9
3
2
4
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
no
no
yes
yes
no
yes
no
no
yes
yes
34
18
2
2
yes
yes
no
no
no
no
19
1
yes
no
no
28
39
150
2
2
5
no
yes
yes
no
no
no
no
no
no
Courtesy of Maria Ines Matiz, El Bosque University, Colombia
Assessing conditions in schools in Colombia
TABLE#16
Name
Entry
Inside
Exit
El Bejucal
Guacamaya
Guacana
Nueva Charcolargo
El Naranjal
Naranjalito
Pantanos
Escuela Salcedo
Nueva rural La Vega
Cachimbulo
La Orqueta
Palmar
Esc. Nva. rural Meseta
Paloquemado
San Antonio
Daily aqueduct
service
Aqueduct Service,
every 3 days
Aqueduct service every
2 days. No service.
Depend on rain fall
and water truck.
Filters or boil
Sewer and
septic hole
Nothing
Open field
Courtesy of Maria Ines Matiz, El Bosque University, Colombia
Example 3:
Rural and urban schools in the Ukraine
J-O Drangert, Linkoping university, Sweden
Management options
Item
Conditions
(OK, fair, needs)
Measure to take
(repair, replace)
Who is
responsible
Cost estimate
Toilet room:
Toilet floor
Pedestal or pan
janitor
Water seal
Ventilation
Urine pipes
janitor
Water seal
H/master
Drainage pipe
Soak-away
Door and hinges
H/master
Plaster on walls
Paint of urinal
J-O Drangert, Linkoping university, Sweden
Management of school sanitation facilities
Courtesy of Oliver Ives, ‘Amanz’ abantu Services Ltd, South Africa
Population increase as a challenge
Number of additional teachers and classrooms required
to provide primary education for all new-born
Year
Population
Increase 000´ in
Total Newborn
New
classVII
rooms
Number of classes (000´) in Standard
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
0
23.0 690
1.150
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
23.7 710
1.185
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
1,000
2
24.4 732
1.220
2
1
-
-
-
-
-
3,000
3
25.1 754
1.257
3.1
2
1
-
-
-
-
6,100
4
25.8 774
1.290
4.1
3.1
2
1
-
-
-
10.200
5
26.6 797
1.330
5.2
4.1
3.1
2
1
-
-
15,400
6
27.4 821
1.369
6.3
5.2
4.1
3.1
2
1
-
21,700
7
28.2 846
1.410
7.3
6.3
5.2
4.1
3.1
2
1
29,000
J-O Drangert, Linkoping university, Sweden
-
Awareness raising
From Ajzen (2002)