Organizational Behavior
By : Anubha
• INDIVIDUAL PROCESSES – 1:
PERSONALITY
• Meaning; person situation debate;
psychological contracts; ability and
aptitude
• Differences in personality; Heredity,
learning, culture as determinants
• Personality traits and dimensions:
Approaches to understanding the
traits
• Psychological solving behaviours
• Personality traits
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Personality
How to define Personality
• Difficult task?
• Based on Individual influences – How we
behave is based on Who we are?
• And Situational influence – In which we
operate
• Abilities , Skills
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Personality
• The unique and relatively stable pattern
of behaviour, thoughts and emotions
shown by individual.
Eg Optimistic, confident, friendly….
Ajim Premji 2000.. Powerful man of the
world, pleasant personality, down to
earth, integrity, excellence….
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Personality
• A person’s general style of
interacting with the world
• People differ from one another
in ways that are relatively
consistent over time and place
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Characteristics
• When we speak of personality we are
referring to each individual unique blend
of traits that is relatively stable over a
period of time.
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Personality Theories and Assessment
Personality
• Definition
– Sum total of all typical ways of
acting, feeling, and thinking that
makes a person different from all
others
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Personality word is derived from the Latin word persona
which means to speak through.
Fred Luthan says – Personality mean how a person
affects other and how he understands and views
himself as well as the other pattern of inner and outer
measurable traits and the person-situation interaction.
Personality represent the “whole person”, includes
perception, learning, motivation.
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WHAT
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Biological Factors :
-Heredity – from ancestor to descendant
-Brain – Right brain and left brain imapct on individual
-Physical feature – External appearance
Family and Social Factors :
Influenced by his family and social group
Situational factor :
Personality may often change in different situation
Other factors :
Interest – Having various and different taste makes
personality
Character – Primarily means honesty. Esstential to study both
situation and individual for analysing behaviour.
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Determinants
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2-PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY OF ERIC ( ERIKSON
THEORY)
3-CHRIS ARGYRIS IMMATURITY ( MATURITY THEORY)
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1-PSYCHO SEXUAL THEORY (FREUD THEORY)
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Development
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Personality Theories and Assessment
Psychoanalytic Theory
• Freud’s theory and views
– Original interest in conversion disorder
– Three levels of consciousness
• Mind is iceberg; conscious,
preconscious, and unconscious mind
are levels
• Repression (Domination) pushes
thoughts into unconscious
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Conscious
Contact with
outside world
Preconscious
Material just
beneath surface
of awareness
Unconscious
Well below surface
of awareness;
difficult to retrieve
Ego
Reality principle
Secondary process
thinking
Superego
Moral
imperatives
Ideals
Id
Pleasure principle
Primary process
thinking
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Freud: Personality has 3 parts
Life
and death
instincts
Primary
process
thinking
Ego Ideal
Libido
Id
Sexual,
aggressive
urges
Reality
principle
Ego
Pleasure
principle
The selfish
beast
Superego
The conscience
The executive
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forces that by conscious and rational thought.
It has 3 aspect : ID (pleasure principle), EGO (reality principle), SUPER
EGO (societal and personal norm)
There are 4 universal stages of psycho sexual development which are
decisive in the formation of personality –
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This theory is based on notion that man is motivated by an unseen
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1-PSYCHO SEXUAL THEORY (FREUD THEORY)
ANAL (second to third year focus on libidinal energy shift from mouth
to anal region),
PHALLIC (focus on sexual gratification shifts to another erogenous
body zone) and
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ORAL (first year of life),
GENITAL (adult hood, interest in the opposite sex)
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Erikson criticized on the sexual and biological factors in the
developing personality given by freud.
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Infancy
– 1st yrs - trust vs mistrust
Early childhood – 2-3 yrs sense of autonomy
Play Age – 4-6 yrs – creative & imaginative abilities dev
School Age – 6-12 yrs – may learn new skills / inferiority
Adolescence – sense of identity
Young Adulthood – 20’s intimacy vs isolation
Adult hood – crises of generatively vs self absorption
Mature hood – sense of wisdom
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He emphasized more on social factor and gave 8 stages
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2-PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY OF ERIC ( ERIKSON THEORY)
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Personality of an individual develops along a continuum
from immaturity as an infant to maturity as an adult.
Based upon latent characteristics
Identified 7 characteristics
Passive – Active
Dependence – Independence
Free way of behaving – Diverse behaviour
Shallow Interest – Deep Interest
Short perspective – Long perspective
Subordinate position – Superordinate position
Lack of self awareness – Self awareness
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3-CHRIS ARGYRIS IMMATURITY ( MATURITY THEORY)
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Personality Theories and Assessment
Personality
• Trait theories
– Five-factor model of personality traits
• Five dimensions measured in personality
tests
– Neuroticism (anxious, worrisome)
– Extraversion (outgoing, social)
– Openness (creative, daring)
– Agreeableness (selfless, forgiving)
– Conscientiousness (reliable, hardworking)
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5 dimension of personality
• Extraversion – A tendency to seek simulation
and to enjoy the company of other people –
energetic, enthu, sociable, talkative at one end
and sober, reserved, silent, cautious on other
• Agreeableness – Tendency to be
compassionate (sympatric, feeling) towards
others. Good natured, cooperative, trusting,
helpful on one end and irritable, suspicious,
and uncooperative on other end.
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• Conscientiousness – A tendency to
show self discipline, hard working to
strive for competencies and
achievement. This dimension ranges
from well organized, careful, self
disciplined, responsible and precise at
one end and disorganized, impulsive,
careless and undependable at other end.
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• Neuroticism – A tendency to experience
unpleasant emotion easily. Poised, calm,
composed at one end to anxious, high
strung at other end.
• Openness to experience - A tendency to
enjoy new experience and new ideas.
Imaginative, witty having broad intt at
one end and down to earth, simple,
narrow intt at other end
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Intelligence – 3 types
• 1-Cognitive – The ability to understand
completes ideas to adapt effectively to the
environment, to learn from experience, to
engage in various form of reasoning and to
overcome obstacle with careful thought.
• Verbal Comprehension, reasoning, word
fluency, numerical ability, space visualization,
symbolic reasoning… statistician, architect etc
• ** Making sense out of common sense
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• 2 Practical Intelligence – Adeptness at
solving practical problems of every day life.
Knowledge about how to get the things
done.
• Action oriented – Involves Knowing HOW
and opposed to knowing THAT.. Athlete
can perform well but not able to put in
words
• Allows individual to achieve goals they
personally value
• Acquired without direct help from others 2-23
• 3 Emotional Intelligence – A cluster of
skills relating to the emotional side life.
(Eg. The ability to recognize and regulate
our own emotions, ability to recognize
and influence others emotion, self
motivation , ability to form effective long
term relationship with others
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Personality Theories and Assessment
Human Diversity
• Personality and culture
– Personality influenced by culture
– Individualistic culture (ie: U.S.) –
emphasize individual rights and
characteristics
• Feeling of pride, superiority
• Seek own goals over those of others
• More willing to use embarrassment and
aggression to prove oneself right
• Free time often spent in solitary
(lonely)pursuits
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Human Diversity
• Personality and culture
– Collective cultures (ie: Japan, China, India)
– emphasize individual in terms of rights,
duties, and expectations as member of a
group
– Leisure time more often spent with family
– Less aggressive in conflict; say things to
avoid embarrassment of others
– Characterized as having close ties,
respectful, and friendly
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Personality Theories and Assessment
Human Diversity
• All personality theories must consider
effects of culture
• People of different cultures tend to differ
in some important ways
• There is tremendous variation within
cultures
• Collective and individualistic traits are
found among members of all cultures
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Consensus b/w Ability and Attitude
• Ability – Capacity to do physical and
intellectual tasks
• Attitude – Capacity to learn the ability to
do physical and intellectual tasks.
• Aptitude is the ability to learn ability. If u
lack on either of them u tend to fail.
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How personalities differ
• Heredity – Genes predetermine an
individual physical characteristics.
Gender, race, size, appearance, health,
energy.
• Individual learn and acquire knowledge,
ability, value, attitude and learn there
own motives. Over a period of time there
pattern behaviour become their
personality
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• Culture – How individual, social sturcture
and culture belief influence one another
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16 PF- Jungian Aspect of MBTI
Source of energy
Extraverted
Characteristics
• Act first, think/reflect later
• Feel deprived when cutoff
from interaction with the
outside world
• Usually open to and
motivated by outside world
of people and things
• Enjoy wide variety and
change in people
relationships
Introverted Characteristics
• Think/reflect first, then Act
• Regularly require an
amount of "private time" to
recharge batteries
• Motivated internally, mind
is sometimes so active it is
"closed" to outside world
• Prefer one-to-one
communication and
relationships
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Collecting Information
Sensing Characteristics
• Mentally live in the Now,
attending to present
opportunities
• Using common sense and
creating practical solutions
is automatic-instinctual
• Memory recall is rich in
detail of facts and past
events
• Best improvise from past
experience
• Like clear and concrete
information; dislike
guessing when facts are
"fuzzy"
Intuitive Characteristics
• Mentally live in the Future,
attending to future
possibilities
• Using imagination and
creating/inventing new
possibilities is automaticinstinctual
• Memory recall emphasizes
patterns, contexts, and
connections
• Best improvise from
theoretical understanding
• Comfortable with
ambiguous, fuzzy data and
with guessing its meaning.
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Decision Making
Thinking Characteristics
• Instinctively search for
facts and logic in a
decision situation.
• Naturally notices tasks
and work to be
accomplished.
• Easily able to provide an
objective and critical
analysis.
• Accept conflict as a
natural, normal part of
relationships with people.
Feeling Characteristics
• Instinctively employ
personal feelings and
impact on people in
decision situations
• Naturally sensitive to
people needs and
reactions.
• Naturally seek consensus
and popular opinions.
• Unsettled by conflict; have
almost a toxic reaction to
disharmony.
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Understanding the world
ESTJ – most manager
Judging Characteristics
• Plan many of the details in
advance before moving
into action.
• Focus on task-related
action; complete
meaningful segments
before moving on.
• Work best and avoid
stress when able to keep
ahead of deadlines.
• Naturally use targets,
dates and standard
routines to manage life.
Perceiving Characteristics
• Comfortable moving into
action without a plan; plan
on-the-go.
• Like to multitask, have
variety, mix work and
play.
• Naturally tolerant of time
pressure; work best close
to the deadlines.
• Instinctively avoid
commitments which
interfere with flexibility,
freedom and variety
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Lifestyle approach
Type A & B
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Type A Personality
• The following are the characteristics of the type A
personality
• Type A’s has got a severe sense of time urgency. They
are always running and can hardly relax. If they sat
without doing something useful they may end up feeling
guilty
• Type A’s are over achievers, they usually get
themselves involved in many different unrelated
activities and perform well in them all.
• Type A's biggest problem is stress, they are usually
overwhelmed by the amount of tasks they have to do.
These tasks are usually a huge list that they planned for
themselves.
• Type A is usually competitive and has a high
challenging spirit.
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Personality
Types
Type A’s
1. are always moving, walking, and eating rapidly;
2. feel impatient with the rate at which most events take place;
3. strive to think or do two or more things at once;
4. cannot cope with leisure time;
5. are obsessed with numbers, measuring their success in
terms of how many or how much of everything they acquire.
Type B’s
1. never suffer from a sense of time urgency with its
accompanying impatience;
2. feel no need to display or discuss either their achievements
or accomplishments;
3. play for fun and relaxation, rather than to exhibit their
superiority at any cost;
4. can relax without guilt.
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• Type B Personality
• Type B personality is almost the opposite of Type A.
This type of person is relaxed by nature and has no
sense of time urgency
• Type Bs have got no problems relaxing or sitting
without doing anything
• Type Bs may delay the work they have to the last
moment and they usually don't get stressed that
easily.
• Type B could be an achiever too but his lack of sense
of time urgency helps him much in not feeling stressed
while doing his tasks.
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Personal Effectiveness
• Johari Window
• Arena-Blind-Closed-Dark
• Known to others and Not known to Self
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Personality TRAIT
• LOCUS OF CONTROL- It is a dimension
of personality that explains the degree to
which people believe that they , rather
than external force determine there lives
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• Authoritarianism –
• It is the degree to which a person
believes that status and power
differences are appropriate in an
organisation
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• Dogmatism – It refers to the degree of
flexibility or rigidity of a persons views
• Machiavellianism – It is a personality
attribute that describe the extent to which
a person manipulate others for personal
gain
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• Risk Propensity – This refers to a person
willingness to take risk
• Self Esteem- It is the judgment one
makes about ones own worth
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HOME WORK
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Four Type of Problem Solving Behaviour
Sensation thinker – ST
Intuitive Thinker – IT
Sensation Feelers- SF
Intuitive Feeler - IF
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