REFORMATION
IDEAS SPREAD
Chapter 14.4
RADICAL REFORMERS
 Hundreds of protestant sects created
 More radical ideas than Luther, Calvin
… “Anabaptists”
 Rejected infant baptism
 Abolish private property
 Speed up judgment day by violent means
 Luther united with Catholics to put down the rebellion
 Most were peaceful
 Called for religious toleration, separation of church and state
 Today: Baptists, Quakers, Mennonites, Amish trace their ancestry
to the Anabaptists
ENGLISH REFORMATION
 John Wycliffe called for Church reform in 1300s
 By 1520, English clergy toying with Protestant ideas
 Break with Catholic Church
…
Henry VIII
 At first, against Protestant revolt
… Got the name “Defender of the Faith” from the pope- wrote a
pamphlet denouncing Luther
 1527: Wished to divorce Spanish wife of 18 years -Catherine of Aragon
… One child: Mary Tudor
… Wanted a male heir
… Wanted to marry Anne Boleyn
… Catholic law doesn’t permit divorce, so he asked the pope to annul
the marriage
… Pope refused
BREAK WITH ROME
 Henry decided to take over the English church
 Series of laws passed
 Took English church from pope’s control
 1534: Act of Supremacy
…
Made Henry “the only supreme head on Earth and of the Church of
England”
…
Many Catholics executed for treason
…
Sir Thomas More- great English humanist

Later canonized: recognized as a saint by the Catholic Church
… Henry’s marriage was then annulled
…
Married Anne Boleyn- she bore a second daughter (Elizabeth)
…
Henry was married 4 more times after this

Only had one son (Edward) with Mary Boleyn
CHURCH OF ENGLAND
 Henry closed convents and monasteries
 Confiscated their lands and wealth
 Granted lands to nobles
 Secured support for Anglican Church
 Kept most Catholic forms of worship
RELIGIOUS TURMOIL
 10-year-old son Edward VI inherited throne
… Protestant reforms
 Book of Common Prayer
… Sparked uprisings
 When Edward died, sister Mary Tudor became
queen
… Return England to Catholic faith
… Hundreds of protestants burned at the stake
ELIZABETHAN SETTLEMENT
 Mary died in 1558
 Throne passed to Elizabeth
 Series of cautious reforms
…
Called Elizabethan Settlement
…
Compromise
… Kept: Catholic ceremony and ritual, hierarchy of bishops
…
Reaffirmed: Monarch is head of the Anglican Church and restored Book of
Common Prayer
 Restored unity in England
 Made England a firmly Protestant nation
 Escaped religious wars that tore apart France
CATHOLIC REFORMATION
 Vigorous reform movement within Catholic Church
 Pope Paul III
 1530s and 40s
 Revive moral authority of the Church
 End corruption
 Council of Trent
…
1545
…
Met off and on for 20 years
…
Reaffirmed Catholic views

Salvation through faith and good works

Bible source of truth, but not only source

End abuses in Church

Stiff penalties for corruption

School to create better-educated clergy
INQUISITION
 Pope Paul III strengthened Inquisition
… Church court
… Used torture and execution to root out
heresy
… Index of Forbidden Books
 List of works considered too immoral or
irreligious for Catholics
… Included books by Luther, Calvin
CATHOLIC REFORMERS
 Ignatius of Loyola
… 1540: Pope recognized new religious order
 Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
 Founded by Ignatius of Loyola
 Combat heresy and spread Catholic faith
 Spanish knight
 Teresa of Avila
… Reformed convents and monasteries in Spain
… Canonized
RESULTS
 By 1600, Rome farm more devout city than it had
been 100 yrs earlier
 Piety and charity
 Reforms slowed Protestant tide, returned some
areas to Catholic Church
 Still, Europe remained divided into
… Catholic south
… Protestant north
PERSECUTION
 Catholic and Protestant mobs killed each other
 Both persecuted Anabaptists
 Witch Hunts
… Usually women
… Between 1450-1750 thousands died
… At the time, most believed in spirits and magic
… Scapegoats
… Social outcasts- beggars, poor widows, midwives blamed
for infant death, herbalists
… Most in German states, Switzerland, France
JEWS
 1516: Venice ordered Jews to live in separate
ghetto in city
 Restrictions increased through Europe
 Luther called for them to be expelled from
Christian lands and for Synagogues and books
burned
 German princes expelled Jews
 Wearing yellow badges
 Poland-Lithuania-permitted to prosper under
Ottoman Empires