Reformation Ideas Spread
Mr. Divett
Martin Luther
Martin Luther
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Wrote the 95 Theses
Condemned the selling of indulgences
Started an revolt against the Catholic church
Translated the Bible into German
Wanted all to have equal access to God and
the Bible
John Calvin
John Calvin
• French born
• Published a book explaining his belief
• The book also outlined how to start and run a
Protestant church
• Preached predestination
• Calvin was asked to a religious community in
Geneva
• It was a theocracy, a government run by church
leaders
Ulrich Zwingli
Ulrich Zwingli
• Stressed importance of the Bible
• Rejected elaborate church rituals
• From the Swiss city of Zurich
The Spread of Reformation
• The Catholic church fought back against the
Protestants
• They wanted to keep the church unified
• They wanted to stop the spread of Protestant
ideas
• The Protestant movement carried on
An Explosion of Protestant Sects
• Hundred of Protestant sects started
• A sect is a religious group
• Most sects followed in the teachings of Luther,
Calvin, and Zwingli
• Many sects adopted even more radical beliefs
• Those who rejected infant baptism were
known as Anabaptists
Anabaptists
• Some Anabaptist sects sought after social
change
• This included:
– The abolishment of private property
– Violence to speed up God’s day of judgment
– Anabaptist once over took Munster, Germany
(against the wishes of Luther)
Here is where the
dead bodies of the
Anabaptist leaders
were displayed.
The cages still hang
from St. Lambert’s
Church in Munster,
Germany
Peaceful Anabaptists
• Not all Anabaptists were violent
• These modern-day sects trace their religious
ancestry to the Anabaptists:
– Baptists
– Mennonites
– Amish
English Reformation
• Henry VIII was a loyal
Catholic and opposed
the Protestant revolt
• That was until he
wanted an annulment
and the pope said no
Henry VIII
• Henry VIII had
been married to
Catharine of
Aragon for 18
years
• They only had a
daughter together,
Mary Tudor
• Henry quit the Catholic church and started his
own so he could get an annulment and marry
Anne Boleyn
• He hoped that she would have a son
• Thomas Cranmer was appointed archbishop
and annulled Henry VIII’s marriage
• Henry and Anne have another daughter,
Elizabeth
• Act of Supremacy
– Passed 1534 by Parliament
– King was supreme head of the church
• Catholics did not like this
• Those who stood up to it were executed
• Sir Thomas More used to work for Henry but
resigned
• He was later canonized, or made a saint
• Anne then has three miscarriages
• Henry has her tried for treason and beheaded
• Henry then marries Jane Seymour
– She finally has him a son, Edward VI
– She dies two weeks later
• Henry keeps marrying…
Growth of the Church of England
• The church of England (now the Anglican
church) practiced most of the same forms of
worship as the Catholic church
• Henry started shutting down Catholic
churches and seizing their property
Edward VI
• Henry VIII died in
1547
• Edward VI took the
throne
– He was nine
– He was a devout
Protestant
– He died at age 15
Mary Tudor
• Half sister to
Edward VI
• She took over
when he died
(against Edwards
wishes)
• Wanted the
country to return
to Catholic faith
Elizabeth I
• Mary died in 1558
• Elizabeth took over
• Elizabeth made a compromise:
– England would keep a lot of Catholic traditions
– The Church of England hierarchy would remain
– She would not be the divine ruler
• England avoided religious war
The Catholic Reformation
• Pope Paul III wanted to
reassert Catholic authority and
power
• 1530s and 1540s
• The pope called the Council of
Trent:
– Met off and on for 20 years
starting in 1545
– Reaffirmed Catholic doctrine
– Provided harsh penalties for
corruption in clergy
Inquisition Revisited
• The pope strengthened the Inquisition:
– It used torture to strengthen the church
– It weeded out the heretics
– It forbade books, including books by Luther and
Calvin
Jesuits
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Established 1540
Strict Catholics
Helped combat heresy
Left a legacy behind
– The majority of Europe remained Catholic in 1600
Persecution
• Both Catholics and Protestants were intolerant
• Witch hunts- tens of thousands died between
1450 and 1750 as victims of witch hunts
• Jews were expelled to live in ghettos or
separate parts of the city