SECTION 1.2.3
LESSON TWENTY TWO
A HEALTHY, ACTIVE
LIFESTYLE AND YOUR
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
1.2.3a:Understand the immediate and short-term effects of
exercise and physical activity on the RESPIRATORY system
1.2.3b : Understand the long-term effects of exercise and
physical activity on the RESPIRATORY system
1.2.3c : Understand the impact of recreational drugs on the
RESPIRATORY system
LESSON OBJECTIVES
•WALT
• 1.2.3a: Understand the immediate and shortterm effects of exercise and physical activity
on the RESPIRATORY system
1.2.3b : Understand the long-term effects of
exercise and physical activity on the
RESPIRATORY system
1.2.3c : Understand the impact of recreational
drugs on the RESPIRATORY system
LESSON OUTCOMES
WILF
•
All of you – will understand the immediate and short-term
effects of exercise and physical activity on the R system and the
long-term effects of exercise and physical activity on the R system
•
Most of you– will understand the immediate and short-term
effects of exercise and physical activity on the R system and the
long-term effects of exercise and physical activity on the R system
and be able to answer exam questions/complete worksheets with
help from teacher
Some of you
- – will understand the immediate and short-term effects of
exercise and physical activity on the R system and the long-term
effects of exercise and physical activity on the R system
and be able to answer exam questions/complete worksheets
independently.
•
•
•
•
starter
What is EPO and
OXYGEN DEBT ?
answer
• EPO =ERYTHROPOIETIN – A type of
peptide hormone that increases the
red blood cell count
• OXYGEN DEBT= the amount of
oxygen consumed during recovery
above that which would have
ordinarily been consumed in the same
time at rest ( this results in a
shortfall in the oxygen available ).
The Respiratory System
The purpose of the respiratory system is to…
“bring the air we breathe into close contact
with the blood so that oxygen can be
absorbed and carbon dioxide removed.”
Basically it consists of:

A pair of lungs connected
to the mouth via the
trachea and bronchi.

The ribs and intercostal
muscles of the chest which
protect the lungs, trachea
and bronchi.
The Thoracic Cavity
This chest X-ray shows the organs within the thoracic cavity.
Ribs
Air-filled
lung
Position
of
the heart
Position of the diaphragm
The lungs are in the thoracic cavity
and are also protected by 12 pairs
of ribs that articulate with the
vertebrae towards the back
of the body. The sternum
(breastbone) is at the
front of the rib cage.
The portions of the ribs
that articulate with the
breastbone are made
of cartilage rather
than bone.
Sternum
Cartilage
Cartilage is softer
and more pliable
than bone and this
helps the movement
of the rib cage during breathing.
Sets of
antagonistic
muscles are found
between the ribs the intercostal muscles.
The trachea or windpipe is
about 10 cm long and is
supported by C-shaped
rings of cartilage to
prevent the tube from
collapsing during
breathing.
The trachea
subdivides into
the left and right
bronchus.
The bronchi are
also strengthened
by cartilage.
The two bronchi
subdivide to form
an extensive
network of
Bronchioles that
deliver air to the
gas exchange
surfaces – the alveoli.
Air enters the body through
the nasal passages and
mouth, and passes via the
pharynx and larynx
to the trachea.
Air is delivered to
the alveoli as the
trachea branches
into bronchi and
bronchioles.
The respiratory system
The respiratory system works with
the cv system
• when we breathe in, the muscles
between our ribs contract causing
the chest to expand upwards and
outwards
•At same time diaphragm contracts;
it flattens and lowers, changing
from a dome to a flat shape
•When ribs lift upwards and
outwards lungs are also pulled
outwards
•As pressure inside lungs is reduced,
air rushes in through nose and
mouth.
Inspiration - Breathing In
When inhaling…

The intercostal muscles contract
and pull the rib cage up and out.

The diaphragm contracts
causing it to flatten.

The chest cavity gets
larger causing pressure
in the lungs to fall.

Air moves into the lungs
from the higher outside
pressure.
Air
flowing
in
Expiration - Breathing Out
When exhaling…
Air
flowing
out

The intercostal muscles relax
and so the rib cage returns
to normal.

The diaphragm relaxes
pushing it up.

The chest cavity gets
smaller and so pressure
in the lungs increases.

Air flows out of the lungs.

During periods of exercise, expiration becomes an active process,
involving the forced expulsion of air.
• As air passess through nose it
is filtered by hairs, warmed
by blood vessels and
moistened by water vapour
before passing through the
trachea tube
• The trachea branches left
and right into the bronchi
which take air into the left
and right lung
• The trachea and bronchi
contain microscopic hairs,
which are covered with mucus
to ensure air is cleaned
• Bronchi branch off into
smaller bronchioles that
reach tiny sacs called alveoli.
The Exchange of Gases within the Lungs

The 2 bronchi, which lead to each lung divide into many bronchioles.

These are less than 1mm in diameter and terminate in grape-like
clusters of tiny sacs called alveoli.
Thorax
Section of
lung
Single alveolus
alveoli
• The lining of the
alveoli is very thin
and moist and clean
to enable gas
exchange to work
effectively
Gas exchange
• Alveoli are surrounded by many tiny
capillaries
• O2 in the alveoli diffuses into the
deoxygenated blood
• Haemoglobin then carries O2 around body
• At same time CO2 diffuse out of blood into
alveoli and is breathed out i.e. gas
exchange.
The Difference between Inhaled
and Exhaled Air
Inhale
air into the lungs (%)
Exhale
air out of the lungs (%)
Oxygen 20.95 %
Oxygen 16%
Nitrogen 79%
Nitrogen 79%
Carbon Dioxide 0.04%
Carbon Dioxide 4.0%
Water vapour 0.01%
Water vapour 1%
Breathing - Key Terms

Tidal Volume

Respiration Rate
The volume of air you breathe in
and out with each breath.
The number of times you breathe
in one minute.
Tidal volume is larger
during exercising.
The lowest rates are found
during sleep, or at rest.
Breathing - Key Terms

Vital Capacity – the maximum amount of
air you can breathe out after breathing in
as much air as possible.


Residual Volume – the air left in the
lungs after you have breathed out as
hard as possible.
VO2 Max – the maximum amount of oxygen your body can take in
and use in one minute.
EPO
• Fitter people will
cope better with gas
exchange – getting
more O2 in and CO2
out per breath.
• EPO helps produce
more red blood cells
so attracts more O2
during gas exchange.
• Epo is an illegal drug
in sports.
What is EPO?
EPO (short for erythropoietin) is a
hormone secreted by the kidney that
stimulates the bone marrow to increase red
blood cell production. The primary benefit
of altitude training is an increase in the
natural production of EPO which increases
the hemoglobin content of the blood.
Oxygen is transported in the blood
attached to hemoglobin. An increase in
EPO, therefore, leads to an increase in the
oxygen carrying capacity of the blood.
More oxygen in the blood means more
oxygen reaches the muscles for aerobic
energy production, which enhances
performance for long distance runners,
cyclists, and other endurance athletes.
How does the Respiratory System
contribute to Performance in Sport?
The respiratory system is the means by which…

Oxygen is brought into the body.

Carbon dioxide is removed.
As a result, it is the respiratory system
which enables…

Blood to become rich in oxygen and…

The blood to supply the body with oxygen and to remove the
carbon dioxide from every cell.
The Respiratory System is vital
to Performance in Sport.
Volleyball
The aim of volleyball is to make the ball
touch inside the court area of the opposing
team, while keeping it from touching yours.
Players need to be constantly on the move in
order to achieve this, and so the respiratory
system needs to…

Increase the supply of oxygen to the
muscles which are now working harder, so
they can continue to contract and create
movement.

Increase the removal of carbon dioxide
and heat from the muscles, again so they
can work harder.
To achieve this, respiration rates and diffusion of gases
in the lungs increases in line with exercising.
• THE IMMEDIATE AND SHORT
TERM EFFECTS OF
PARTICIPATION IN EXERCISE
AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ON THE
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Immediate effects of exercise
•BREATHING
BECOMES FASTER,
DEEPER AND
STRONGER
An increased breathing rate helps
get more O2 to the working
muscles
Oxygen debt
Oxygen debt = a shortfall in o2 available
during the recovery period after exercise
• Intense exercise – such as 200m race requires more glucose and O2, and so more
waste product is produced
• Your heart beats faster, and you breathe
more deeply, in an attempt to provide more
O2 and nutrients to working muscles
• If muscles cant get enough O2 from
breathing body reverts to ANAEROBIC
RESPIRATION BUT this leads to build up
of LACTIC ACID and an OXYGEN DEBT
that needs to be repaid.
Oxygen debt
• = the amount of oxygen consumed during
recovery above that which would have
ordinarily been consumed in the same time
at rest .
• If lactic acid cant be dispersed, muscles
ache and cramp can occur which stops
performer.
• To repay oxygen debt you breath deeper
and quicker to take in more O2. you will
need to rest until the blood can bring
sufficient O2 to the muscles.
Effects of regular participation and long term
benefits of exercise on the respiratory system
• Regular training leads to a more efficient respiratory
system , which can cope with the effects of exercise more
easily.
increases lung capacity and lung efficiency
• increases tidal volume i.e. the amount of air breathed in and
out of the lungs with each breath
• increases vital capacity i.e. the largest amount of air that
can be breathed in and out of the lungs by the most forceful
inspiration and expiration.
• It increases the amount of alveoli available for gaseous
exchange so more oxygen is available for the working
muscles and the process becomes more efficient.
Complete the mind map
What are the effects of
regular participation and
long term benefits of
exercise on the respiratory
system?
Damages
lungs and
alveoli –
become
less
stretchy
so cannot
take in as
much O2
or get rid
of CO2
The effects of
smoking on the
respiratory
system
Gaseous
exchange
is less
efficient
Person becomes short of
breath and heart has to
pump harder to get O2
body needs
Effects of smoking on sports
performers
= recovery in endurance athletes is
slower as a reduced amount of oxygen
gets to the muscles due to carbon
monoxide in cigarette smoke
Test yourself
• Complete questions 1 a, b, c, d on page
61
Complete past paper questions
(h) Which of the following is a long-term effect of
participation in exercise and
physical activity on the respiratory system?
(1)
A Increase in blood flow to the lungs
B Increase in oxygen debt
C Increase in vital capacity
D Increase in breathing rate
• C
• An increase in vital capacity
Although not illegal, smoking can have dangerous side effects on the body.
In the table:
• name the two body systems that can be seriously damaged by cigarette smoke
(2)
• state a health risk associated with smoking for each of these systems.
(b) Apart from the obvious health risks, why are sports performers advised not to
smoke?
(1)
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(Total for Question 9 = 5 marks)
10 An oxygen debt can occur when working hard during physical activity. Explain the
term ‘oxygen debt’.
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(Total for Question 10 = 3 marks)
Both activities require the boys to work aerobically and anaerobically. For each of
the following statements, state whether the activity is aerobic or anaerobic.
(i) Rob kept a steady pace for the first mile and a half of the race.
(1)
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(ii) At one point near the end of the race Rob had to sprint to prevent the runner
behind overtaking him and going into the lead.
(1)
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(iii) During the fifth minute of the game Imran had a chance to score a goal,
he struck the ball hard and gave his team an early lead.
(1)
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(iv) In the second half of the game Imran spent a lot of time slowly jogging back
into position.
(1)
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Example of a six mark question - complete
A healthy, active lifestyle will have an impact on the body systems.
A)Describe some of the effects of participation on the body’s
respiratory system
In your answer you may consider:
• the immediate and short-term effects of participation on each
system
• the effects of regular participation and long-term effects on each
system.
B) Describe the effects of smoking on the respiratory system