ICS 442
Software Project Management
Unit 2
- Software development
life cycle
- Project planning
approach
Software development process
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a structure imposed on the development of
a software product
There are several models for software
development process
- process model
- Capability maturity model (CMM)
- Software Process Improvement Capability
Determination (SPICE)
- Six sigma, etc.
Software development steps
Software elements analysis
Specification
Software architecture
Implementation (or coding)
Testing
Documentation
Maintenance
Software development life cycle
(SDLC)
Requirements
specification
Requirements
analysis & design
Coding & testing
Development & support
Software Project Management
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a sub-discipline of project management in which
software projects are planned, monitored and
controlled
SPM
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Project planning
Project monitoring & control
Software requirements
Risk management
Software process
Problems in software project
Project Planning
Source: Ian ridley, university of Sunderland
Why need to plan?
 To
eliminate or reduce uncertainty
 To improve efficiency of the
operation
 To obtain a better understanding of
the objectives
 To provide a basis for monitoring and
controlling work
The consequences of poor planning
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premature project initiation
wild enthusiasm
disillusionment
chaos
search for the guilty
punishment of the innocent
promotion of the non-participants
definition of the requirement
Project planning
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Identify scope of a project
Estimate the works involved
- budget & cost
- time, etc.
Resource allocation
Project schedule
Planning components
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Objectives
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Programme
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strategy and major action to achieve objectives
Schedule
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a goal, target or quota to be achieved
a plan to show when milestones will be reached
Budget
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planned expenditure for the project
Planning components
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Forecast
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Organisation
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a projection of what will/may happen when
the projects management and personnel
structure
Policy
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a general guide to decision making and
individual actions
Planning components
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Procedures
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a detailed method for carrying out policy
Standards
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a level performance defined as adequate
and/or acceptable
Project planning approaches
There are many frameworks for
project planning.
Two examples are
Step Wise
PRINCE 2
Step wise
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Has 10 defined steps
Step 0
Select project (it’s outside main project planning
process)
Step 1
Identify project scope and objectives
Step 2
Identify project infrastructure
Step 3
Analyse project characteristics
Step 4
Identify project products and activities
Step 5
Estimate effort for each activity
Step 6
Identify activity risk
Step 7
Allocate resources
Step 8
Review / publicise plan
Step 9
Execute plan
Step 10
Lower levels of planning
More details of Step Wise
# Step 1:Identify project scope and objectives
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Identify objectives and measures of effectiveness in
meeting them
Establish a project authority
Identify all stakeholders in the project and their
interests
Modify objectives in the light of stakeholder analysis
Establish methods of communication with all parties
# Step 2: Identify project infrastructure
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Establish relationships between project and strategic
planning
Identify installation standards and procedures
Identify project team organisation
# Step 3: Analyse project characteristics
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Distinguish the project as either objective or product
driven
Analyse other project characteristic's
Identify high level project risk
Take into account user requirements concerning
implementation
Select general life-cycle approach
Review overall resource estimates
# Step 4: Identify project products and
activities
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Identify and describe project products (or
deliverables)
Document generic product flows
Recognise product instances
Produce ideal activity network
Modify ideal to take into account need for
stages and checkpoints
# Step 5: Estimate effort for each activity
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Carry out bottom-up estimates
Revise plans to create controllable activities
# Step 6: Identify activity risk
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Identify and quantify activity-based risks
Plan risk reduction and contingency measures
where appropriate
Adjust plans and estimates to take account of
risk
# Step 7: Allocate resources
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Identify and allocate all resources
Revise plans and estimates to account for
resource constraints
# Step 8: Review/publicise plan
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Review quality aspects of project plan
Document plans and obtain agreement
# Step 9: Execute plan
# Step 10: Lower levels of planning
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There are no sub-sections for steps 9 & 10
PRINCE 2
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Projects IN Controlled Environments
a set of project management standards
Sponsored by OGC (the Office of
Government Commerce)
Suit for large organizations; a number of
software & other projects being executed
at the same time
PRINCE2 approach to planning
PL1; Design a plan
PL2; Define and analyze products
PL3; Identify activities and their dependencies
PL4; Estimate effort for each activity
PL5; Schedule
PL6; Analyze risk
PL7; Complete plan
3 key elements of PRINCE 2
1. Processes
2. Components
3. Techniques
1.PROCESS
PRINCE2 defines 45 separate subprocesses and organizes these into eight
processes as follows:
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Starting Up a Project (SU)
Planning (PL)
Initiating a Project (IP)
Directing a Project (DP)
Controlling a Stage (CS)
Managing Product Delivery (MP)
Managing Stage Boundaries (SB)
Closing a Project (CP)
PRINCE 2 processes diagram
2.Components
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Business Case
Organization
Planning (also a Process and Technique)
Controls
Management of Risk
Quality In A Project Environment
Configuration Management
Change Control
3.Techniques
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Product-Based Planning
(planning is also a Process and
Technique)
Change Controls
Quality Reviews
Conclusion of planning approach
Planning approach’s elements
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The establishment of project objectives
The analysis of the characteristics of the
project
The establishment of an infrastructure
consisting of an appropriate organization
and set of standards, methods and tools
The identification of the products of the
project
Continue…
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The identification of the activities
needed to generate those products
The allocation of resources to activities
The establishment of quality controls