PAD190
PRINCIPLES OF PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION
LESSON 2
HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
THE OBJECTIVES OF THIS LESSON
After attended this lecture student should be
able to:1. Outline the development of public
administration
2. Identify the political scholars and leaders
that contribute to the development of
public administration
3. Explain the development of public
administration in Malaysia.
INTRODUCTION
The study on the history and
development of public administration is
actually focus on three major issues.
• The major scholarly movements that contribute
to the formation and establishment of public
administration.
• The institutional development of public
administration
• The factors that are shaping the discipline.
THE MAJOR SCHOLARLY MOVEMENTS IN USA
1. Early 16 century -The classic scholars such as Plato,
Aristotle and Machiavelli. The birth of national state.
The governors principally emphasized on moral and
political human nature. The first Western expressions
on the methodology of government. Max Weber
(1864 – 1920) Theory of Bureaucracy.
2. Mid – 1800s to 1930s - Lorenz von Stein (1815 –
1890) the founder of the science of public
administration. Wodroow Wilson (1856 – 1924) the
farther of public administration. The congressional
government and of the major concept is Separation of
politics and administration (political and
administrative dichotomy).
• 1940s - Luther Halsey Gulick, III (1892 – 1993)
summarized the duties of administrators with an
acronym; POSDCORB, which stands for planning,
organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating,
reporting, and budgeting .
• Post- World War II - 1970s - The mid-1940s theorists
challenged Wilson and Gulick. The politicsadministration dichotomy remained the center of
criticism in the third generation. In addition to this
area of criticism, government itself came under fire
as ineffective, inefficient, and largely a wasted effort.
• 1980s - In the late 1980s, yet another generation of
public administration theorists began to displace the
last. What was called New Public Management was
proposed by David Osborne and Ted Gaebler . The
new model advocated the use of private sector
innovation, resources, and organizational ideas to
improve the public sector.
• 1990s - In the late 1990s, Janet and Robert Denhardt
proposed a new public service model. This model's
chief contribution is a focus on Americans as
"citizens" rather than "customers". Accordingly, the
citizen is expected to participate in government and
take an active role throughout the policy process.
• Year 2000 - New public management (NPM)
focusing on themes of reintegrating
government responsibilities, needs-based
holism (executing duties in cursive ways), and
digitalization (exploiting the transformational
capabilities of modern IT and digital storage).
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REFORMS IN
MALAYSIA
• Pre-colonial Period ( before 1500) – The Malay Rulers
dominated the state administration (Feudal System).
Sultan appointed the administrative officials among
the people to implement the Rulers’ Orders and
Instructions. Maintaining law and Collecting taxes.
• British Colonial Period (1874 – 1957) – British colonial
introduced British administration by following the
Westminster (England) style of public service. British
Colonial appointed British Residents to implement
British Colonial Policy. British Colonial Civil Servants
(MSC & MAS) played important roles in administering
the Federated and Non-Federated Malaya States.
• Post-Independent Period (1957 – 1970) – The
first Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman
established government of The Federation of
Malaya and the formation of Malaysian in
1963. Parliamentary Democracy and
Constitutional Monarchy by maintaining the
British style of administration. The Federal
Constitution and till now is the supreme law.
Two types of Malaysian Civil Service was
established to implement the government
policy. The Diplomatic Service (PTD) and
General Service (PTA). The government was
the main provider of public services.
• NEP Period (1971 – 1990) – The Mei 1969
tragedy. Tun Abdul Razak (1971 – 1976) took
over the Premiership from Tunku Abdul Rahman
and established MAGERAN. Under Tun Razak
NEP was formulated. Public administration
played very important role in social and
economic development. Look East Policy and
BCA the motto of public administrative. (Red
Book) Rural development was the focus eg:
FELDA & FELCRA. MAMPU Modernization and
Manpower Planning Unit (1977) . Continued by
Tun Hussain Onn (1976 – 1981) & & Tun Dr.
Mahathir. Development Era
• 1990s – Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohammad (1981 – 2003)
became the fourth Prime Minister. He introduced the
Vision 2020, Malaysian incorporated, privatisation and
Islamization policy to change and improve the
government. Several government agencies were
privatized eg; Telekom and TNB. He established many
government company (GLCs) to run government business
(PROTON). MAMPU - Modernization and Manpower
Planning Unit was established. The major government
activities was on development of mega projects such as
(development of KLIA). Public administration has become
the major provider and facilitator of private activities.
1996 the government introduced MSC and e-government
as the new initiative to increase the application of ICT in
the public sector. PFI source of financing of government
projects (development highways PLUS).
• Year 2000 – Tun Abdullah Ahmad Badawi
(2003 – 2009) as the fifth Prime Minister. Not
many policy changes was introduced. The
principles of Islam Hadhari, Concept of good
governance and integrity (NIP) in the public
sector was also introduced. The enhancement
of ICT applications in the public sector.
Government website as the online media to
disseminate information and deliver services.
• 2009 - Datuk Seri Mohd Najib Tun Razak
became the sixth Prime Minister. After the
appointment, he Introduced 1Malaysia
concept. Najib is also introducing KPI to
ensure that every government agencies
achieve the targets set by the government in
delivering public services to citizens. The
slogan “Rakyat didahulukan Pencapaian di
utamakan”
CONCLUSION
• The development or evolution of public
administration in a particular country is
significantly related to the social and
economic development of the state. The
government and public administration is
transforming themselves to maximize public
value. The existence of contemporary public
administration is significantly related to the
past and present scenario to ensure that
citizens get the best assistance from the
government.
TUTORIAL DISCUSSION
• How the evolution and development of public
administration in Malaysia?
• Who are the leaders that involve in designing
the formations of the Malaysian public
administration?
• What are the main institutional features of
public administration in Malaysia?
THAT ALL FOR TODAY
SEE YOU AGAIN NEXT LECTURE
LESSON 3
“THEORIES OF PUBLIC
ORGANISATION”
THANK YOU