SS7H1d
Explain the impact
of the Pan-African
movement.
Concepts:
Conflict Creates Change
Continuity and Change
The Pan-African
movement and
Apartheid in South
Africa
Pan-Africanism
• Pan-Africanism is an idea and a
movement that encourages the
solidarity of Africans worldwide.
• It is based on the belief that unity is
vital to economic, social, and political
progress and aims to "unify and uplift"
people of African descent.
Pan-Africanism
• At its core Pan-Africanism is "a belief
that African peoples, both on the
continent and in the Diaspora, share
not merely a common history, but a
common destiny
Think Critically
• This sign and many
others like it were
common in public
places in South
Africa before the
ending of apartheid.
• What do YOU find
wrong about the
message on this
sign?
Think Critically
1. What message is
the artist
communicating in
this political
cartoon?
2. What kind of
barrier did the wall
of apartheid
represent?
3. What role did
Nelson Mandela
play in this
cartoon?
SS7H1c
Explain the creation and
end of apartheid in
South Africa and the
roles of Nelson Mandela
and F.W.deKlerk.
Concepts:
Conflict Creates Change
Continuity and Change
How did the new
government enforce this
new policy?
• The implementation of the
policy of apartheid, later
referred to as "separate
development," was made
possible by the Population
Registration Act of 1950, which
put all South Africans into
three racial categories: Black,
White, or Coloured (of mixed
race). A fourth category, Asian
(Indians and Pakistanis), was
added later.
Apartheid-what was it?
1. Blacks and whites did not interact with
one another unless it was servant to
employer.
2. The best jobs and best education went
to the white South Africans.
3. Persons of color (both black and
colored) were not allowed to hold
office.
4. In 1951, the Bantu Authorities Act
assigned blacks to a homeland
according to their record of origin.
• 5. In order for a black to leave their
homeland a pass book was required - like
a passport. (citizens of these townships could not
enter their own country without a pass book)
• 6. If caught without passbooks, they
could go to jail.
• 7. Life was very hard for the non-whites
in South Africa.
• 8. Apartheid lasted from the 1920’s until
1990.
• 9. Nelson Mandela lead peaceful protests
against the South African government.
A segregated beach in
South Africa, 1982.
A Black South African shows his passbook issued by
the Government. Blacks were required to carry passes
that determined where they could live and work.
Houses in Soweto, a
black township in the
“homelands.”
A girl looking through a
window of her shack in Cross
Roads, 1978.
Segregated public facilities
in Johannesburg, 1985.
Young, black South Africans looking in on a game of soccer at an all-white
school in Johannesburg. Government spending, about 10 times more for
white children than for black, clearly showed the inequality designed to
give whites more economic and political power. Poorly trained teachers,
overcrowded classrooms, and inadequate recreational facilities were
normal for black children, if in fact they had any schooling available at all.
Young coal miners in
South Africa in 1988.
A number of black political groups, often supported by sympathetic whites,
opposed apartheid using a variety of tactics, including violence, strikes,
demonstrations, and sabotage - strategies that often met with severe
consequences from the government.
NELSON MANDELA
• Mandela originally believed in peaceful protest. He
started to doubt that this approach would work and
started up an armed branch of the ANC.
• He was classified as a terrorist by the S.A. gov’t and
sent to prison for inciting rebellion.
• He was in jail for 27 years before being released in
1990 by President F. W. DeKlerk.
• In 1994, Mandela was elected as the first black
president of South Africa.
• Although apartheid ended, South Africa is still
struggling to improve their economy for all groups.
Grave of the young
Black leader, Steve Biko,
in King Williams Town,
South Africa. Biko died
while in prison in 1977.
During the investigation
into his death, strong
evidence was presented
that Biko suffered
violent and inhumane
treatment during his
imprisonment.
Nelson Mandela
The numbers don’t lie . . .
Blacks
Population
19 million
Whites
4.5 million
Land allocation
13%
87%
Share of national income
<20%
75%
Minimum taxable income
360 rands
750 rands
Doctors/population
1/44,000
1/400
Infant mortality rate
20%-40%
2.7%
Annual expenditure on education $45
per student
Teacher/student ratio
1/60
$696
1/22
SS7H1c
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
What role did
Nelson Mandela and
F. W. deKlerk play in
the
end of apartheid?
Concept:
Conflict Creates Change
Continuity and Change
What role did these men play in ending apartheid in
South Africa?
MANDELA
• Led African National congress
(ANC)
• Jailed for 27 years
NELSON
MANDELA
• Chosen
as president
in the first
elections open to all races
DEKLERK
• S. African president in 1990 who
agreed to let ANC operate as a
legal party
F.W. de from
KLERK
• Released Mandela
prison
• Began to repeal apartheid laws
• Led to 1st presidential elections
open to all races in S. Africa