REPHRASING THE FIRST TERM
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
Future Continuous and Perfect
Going to
Contrast Clauses
Cause and consequence
Adjectives and adverbs: comparatives, superlatives,
too/enough
Passive voice
Have something done
Present Perfect
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The last time I went to Brazil was ten years ago.
I … HAVEN’T BEEN TO BRAZIL FOR TEN YEARS.
I … HAVEN’T BEEN TO BRAZIL SINCE 2001.
He hasn’t smoked since 2005.
THE LAST TIME… HE SMOKED WAS IN 2005.
Past Perfect
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The president got elected. Then, she took some
decisions.
AFTER… THE PRESIDENT HAD GOT ELECTED, SHE
TOOK SOME DECISIONS.
BEFORE… SHE TOOK SOME DECISIONS, THE
PRESIDENT HAD GOT ELECTED.
FUTURE CONTINUOUS AND PERFECT
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The football match starts at 20:45 and finishes at
22:30.
AT 21:00, … THE PLAYERS WILL BE PLAYING A
FOOTBALL MATCH.
BY 23:00, … THE MATCH WILL HAVE FINISHED.
BY 23:00, … AJAX WILL HAVE BEATEN THE SUGAR
OUT OF REAL MADRID.
GOING TO
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She has the intention of leaving her husband soon.
SHE IS… GOING TO LEAVE HER HUSBAND SOON.
CONTRAST CLAUSES
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
We alternate “connector + noun” and “connector + phrase” and
connector at the beginning of the sentence structures.
Although it rained, we decided to go camping.
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In spite of the fact he knew all the answers, he failed the exam.
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Despite… the fact it rained, we decided to go camping.
Despite… the rain, we decided to go camping.
Although… he knew all the answers, he failed the exam.
Las Vegas is in the middle of the desert. However, millions of people
go there every year.
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
Although… Las Vegas is in the middle of the desert, millions of people
go there every year.
Despite… the fact that Las Vegas is in the middle of the desert, millions
of people go there every year.
CAUSE AND CONSEQUENCE
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
Three possibilities: Cause to Consequence, Consequence to Cause or Cause
to Cause.
CAUSE TO CAUSE:

I didn’t understand the lesson because the teacher spoke too fast.
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CONSEQUENCE TO CAUSE:

The teacher spoke too fast. Therefore, I didn’t understand the lesson.
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Due to… the fact that the teacher spoke too fast, I didn’t understand the lesson.
As… the teacher spoke too fast, I didn’t understand the lesson.
Due to… the fact that the teacher spoke too fast, I didn’t understand the lesson.
I didn’t… understand the lesson because the teacher spoke too fast.
CAUSE TO CONSEQUENCE:

I didn’t understand the lesson because the teacher spoke too fast.


The teacher… spoke too fast. Therefore, I didn’t the understand the lesson.
The teacher spoke so… fast that I didn’t understand the lesson.
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS:
comparisons
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The soya grows faster than other plants.
Equality : Other plants… don’t grow as fast as the soya.
Inferiority: Other plants… grow less fast than the soya.
Opposite : Other plants… grow more slowly than the soya.
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I speak English better than you do.
You don’t… speak English as well as I do.
You… speak English worse than I do.
Nobody plays better than Iniesta.
Superlative: Iniesta… is the best player (in the world).
No woman is more beautiful than Scarlett Johanson.
Scarlett Johanson… is the most beautiful woman.
ADJECTIVES: too + adjective and
adjective + enough
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He’s too lazy to go to university
He isn’t… hard-working enough to go to university
This hotel is too expensive for me.
This hotel isn’t… cheap enough for me.
Passive voice 1(to be + participle)
1.
2.
3.
The object becomes subject the and vice-versa.
The verb “to be” must be in the same tense and form as the main verb in the
active voice.
The main verb must always be in the past participle.
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I drove a car: A car…
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He cleans the room: The room…
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He’s taking a picture: A picture...
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We have just bought a new house: A new house...
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My students must revise the lesson: The lesson....
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They should have known all the answers: All the answers….
Passive voice 1 (to be + participle)
The object becomes subject the and vice-versa.
The verb “to be” must be in the same tense and form as the main verb in
the active voice.
The main verb must always be in the past participle.
1.
2.
3.
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When we think the passive object can be important we introduce it with
“by”:
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
I drove a car: A car was driven
He cleans the room: The room is cleaned
He’s taking a picture: A picture is being taken.
We have just bought a new house: A new house has just been bought.
My students must revise the lesson: The lesson must be revised.
They should have known all the answers: All the answers should have been
known.
The beach was cleaned by the voluteers.
It’s not generally used when the active subject is “they, people…”
Passive voice 2: double object.

Sometimes, when the active verb has two objects,
either one of them can the passive subject. It’s the
case with verbs like “tell, show, lend, give, send…”.
 He
told me a story:
A

story was told to me
I was told a story.
 They
gave him some money:
 Some
 He...
money...
Passive voice 2: double object.

Sometimes, when the active verb has two objects,
either one of them can the passive subject. It’s the
case with verbs like “tell, show, lend, give, send…”.
 He
told me a story:
A

story was told to me
I was told a story.
 They
gave him some money:
 Some
money was given to him.
 He was given some money.
Passive voice 3: impersonal
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With verbs like “think, know, say, believe…” two
further transformations are possible.
 People
 It
believe that the Internet is essential.
is believed that the Internet is essential.

 The

It ‘s + 1st verb in participle + rest of the sentence.
Internet is believed to be essential.
Object of the original sentence + 1st verb in the passive (to be +
participle) + 2nd verb in the infinitive.
 People
think that bankers stole a lot of money.
 Bankers

are thought to have stolen a lot of money.
When the second verb is in the past, we must use the perfect
infivitive ( to have + participle)
Passive voice 4: the causative or “have something
done” (HAVE + OBJECT + PARTICIPLE)

It’s used when other people do something for us.
The hairdresser will cut my hair.
 I will have my hair cut.
 The plumber repaired my bathroom yesterday.
 I had my bathroom repaired yesterday.
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SUBJECT (person who receives the benefit of the action)
+ HAVE (in the appropriate tense) + OBJECT (the same
as in the active voice) + PAST PARTICIPLE OF THE MAIN
VERB.
The verb “to have” can be substituted by “to get”.

We will get our exams corrected.