
An adult human skeleton consists of 206 bones.

These include:
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-
22 Cranial and Facial Bones
6 Ear Bones
1 Throat Bone
4 Shoulder Bones
25 Chest Bones
26 Vertebral Bones
6 Arm and Forearm bones
54 Hand Bones
2 Pelvic Bones
8 Leg Bones
52 Foot Bones


The functions of the skeletal system
The movement possibilities at hinge and ball & socket joints



Knee/Elbow
Shoulder
Understand how regular exercise benefits the skeletal
system
Movement
Support
Functions
of the
skeletal
system
Protection
 Read
through the example of
Tom Daley on pg 153.
 Make
up your own sporting
example that shows all three
functions of the skeletal system
in action
A joint is a place where two or
more bones meet
Joints

The human skeleton is jointed to
allow movement.

Muscular contraction causes the
bones to move about the joints.

The bones act as levers with the
joints acting as pivots.
A joint is where two or more bones meet and
muscles act together to cause movement.



Freely Moveable joints are also known as Synovial Joints.
They are freely moving and occur where 2 or more bones meet.
There are about 70 freely moveable joints in the human skeleton.
A typical synovial joint has the following characteristics:
1. Cartilage – A material which covers the end of each bone, and
which helps prevent friction between the joint.
2. Joint Capsule – The outer covering of the joint that holds
the bones together and protects the joint.
3. Synovial Membrane – The inner lining of the joint
capsule which also produces synovial fluid.
4. Synovial Fluid – The fluid which surrounds the joint and
acts like an ‘oil’, lubricating it to allow easy movement.
5. Ligaments – These are elastic straps which join bone to
bone, holding the joint together.
6. Tendons – These are non-elastic straps which join muscle to bone.
Elbow Joint
Knee Joint
These joints can be moved in the following ways:


Flexion
Extension
(Bend)
(Straighten)
Hip Joint
Shoulder Joint
These joints can be moved in the following ways:





Flexion
Extension
Rotation
Abduction
Adduction
(Bend)
(Straighten)
(Circle)
(Move away from the body)
(Move towards the body)

Bones continue to grow until about the age of 18
Exercise can increase bone density
 Ligaments and tendons become thicker and
stronger aiding flexibility and power in
movement
 Young people must be careful not to do too much
of certain types of exercise (long distance
running/weight lifting) as this can can bones to
grow irregularly


As people age their bones
become lighter, less dense
and can become weaker

In extreme cases they can
break easily, this condition
is known as osteoporosis
 To
avoid onset, appropriate activities such as
walking, running, skipping and
aerobics put pressure on
bones increasing their
strength.
Other activities for
more senior citizens that
are not weight-bearing but
are beneficial include
swimming, cycling or aqua- aerobics
 Eating
a balanced calcium rich diet
helps the bones grow & increase in
density.

Found in Milk, Cheese & Yoghurt
 Vitamin
D is essential to growth
and maintenance of healthy bones
and helps with the absorption of
calcium.

It is made by the body when the skin
is exposed to sunlight
 Smoking
& too much alcohol have a
toxic effect on bones
 Research
& make notes on the following using
pages 158-160
 Injuries

to Bones
Fractures


What is a fracture?
What are the different types of fracture?
 Injuries
to Joints
 Tennis & Golfer’s Elbow
 Dislocations
 Sprains
 Torn Cartilage
A

broken or cracked bone.
Occurs as a result of direct or indirect force.
Simple
Closed
Fractures
Stress
Compound
 Overuse
injuries to the tendons at the elbow
joint.
 The main symptom is pain on the elbow


Tennis – outside
Golf – inside
You can develop
these conditions
even if you do
not play these
sports.
 Where
a bone at a joint is forced out of its
normal position.

Often as a result of a hard blow which causes the
bone to be displaced.
Symptoms include:
•Deformity and swelling
at the joint which is
locked in position
•If in any doubt, treat as
a fracture
A
damaged ligament caused by wrenching or
twisting.
 One of the most common sprains in sport is a
twisted ankle.
Symptoms:
•Pain around the joint
•Swelling
•Visible bruising
 Cartilage
is a firm elastic substance found at
the ends of the bones of a synovial joint.
 Torn piece of cartilage moves in the joint and
can become caught or wedged between the
bones.
Symptoms:
•Pain around the knee
joint
•Swollen knee
•Difficulty in moving