Sectional Differences
Chapter 7: Section 2
Objectives
 Analyze why industrialization took root in the
northern part of the US.
 Describe the impact of industrialization.
 Analyze the reasons that agriculture and slavery
became entrenched in the South.
North vs. South
 Industrialization occurred most in the Northeast
 Changed the structure of society
 In the South, cotton production boom helped to
deepen the region’s commitment to slavery
 The 2 parts of the country developed in different
ways this would complicate politics in the US
North Embraces Industry
 Thomas Jefferson’s Plan
 Maintain farmers
 1815-1860, industrial boom
 Democratic Republican policies contributed to
industrial development
Spread of Industrialization
 Embargo of 1807 and the War of 1812 cut off access
to British manufactured goods
 Americans built their own factories in NE
 British goods threaten American factories
 Tariff of 1816
 Tariff on imports designed to protect American goods

Increased the price on imports by 20-25%

Tariff helped industry but hurt farmers who had to pay
higher prices for consumer goods
Sad farmer… paying too
much for consumer goods
Why the Northeast?
 Factories emerged in the northeast because…
 1. greater access to capital
2. Had more cheap labor in factories
3. Rivers water power
Question
 What factors contributed to industrialization in the
early 1800s?
 In the Northeast, a supply of labor, power, and
capital contributed to industrialization
Social Change in the
North
 Arrival of industry…
 Not as much skill needed for jobs
 Hurt highly paid artisans (blacksmiths, shoemakers,
and tailors)  could not compete with low-cost
laborers
 Artisans suffer from declining wages
Workers Organize
 Political change
 1820 elections (Local and State elections)


Workingmen’s Party

Sought free public education and laws to limit working
day to 10 hours vs. 12 hours

Labor unions

Unions could strike for higher wages, reduce hours,
or to improve conditions

Helped skilled tradesmen

“Lowell mill girls” 1834, 1836
Neither union movement or Workingmen’s Party
prospered during 1800s
Middle Class Emerges
Emigration from Ireland and
Germany
Emigration
 1840s, working class comprised of immigrants

Surge of immigrants came from Ireland and Germany

Political upheavals, economic depression, rural famines

Boosted share of nation’s population

Promoted urban growth

40% of NYC population

Went wherever there were factory jobs

Rapid influx of people caused social and political strains


Poverty and Job competition
Nativists

Campaigned for laws to discourage immigration or to deny
political rights to newcomers
Irish Immigration
Irish Famine
Irish Famine
Question
 How did industrialization change the experience
of working people?
 Industrialization create new job opportunities, but it
also reduced the wages previously earned by
artisans. It also created a more rigid division of
social classes.
Southern Agricultural
Economy and Society
 1780s, hope that slavery would become
unpopular
 Switch from tobacco to wheat cultivation
 Deep South cotton leading crop
 Slavery heightens
Cotton Production
Surges
 Boost of cotton industry
 3 factors: cotton gin, western expansion,
industrialization

1793, invention of cotton gin
 Separated cotton seed from white fiber
 Supplied Northern factories with cotton
 Cotton and cotton textiles accounted for over half
the value of all American exports
Cotton Boom Spreads
Slavery
 Slavery flourished and became more deeply
entrenched in the South
 Needed more workers and more land
 Cotton was very profitable slaves became more
valuable to owners
 Overseas trade banned in 1808
 Illegal trade and interstate trade
Interstate Slave Trade
Economic Consequences
 Limitation of regional development with cotton
production
 Issue of relying on one crop
 No urban growth
 North grew faster than the South gave North
political power
 South had limited consumer demand
 More profitable to buy a plantation
Cultural Consequences
 A dispersed population and slavery affected the
South
 Planters opposed education for slaves/poor
whites
 Poor whites also got very little/no education
 Illiteracy 15%
Defending the Slave
System in the South
 Common farmers wanted to acquire their own
slaves and plantations
 Dread of freeing slaves revenge on owners
 All whites felt racially superiority
 Felt they had more rights than those in the North
 Felt more independent
 1850s, proslavery
 The institution of slavery
 Said slavery was kinder to African Americans than
industrial life was to white workers