英文字彙、片語的有效教學法
英文文章 = Grammar words + Content words
1. Content words 內容單字：名詞、動詞、形容詞、
情態副詞。
2. Grammar words 文法單字：助動詞、冠詞、代名詞、
介系詞、連接詞、限定詞、非情態副詞。
3. 每篇文章 Content words 跟 Grammar words 兩者比
率約莫 1：1。Content words 賦予文章內容，但
Grammar words 撐起篇章架構。這些文法單字具有
值得觀察的文法內涵。
高雄市某國中老師問：
Making a web page is easy for me.
其中 for 可否換成 to 而說：
Making a web page is easy to me.
假如兩者都可以
Making a web page is easy for me.
Making a web page is easy to me.
兩者有何差異?
for me =「in my case 對我而言」強調個人主 觀感受
to me =「 I think 我認為」偏向個人客觀意見
Making a web page is easy for me.
製作網頁對我來說是簡單的。
Making a web page is easy to me.
我認為製作網頁是簡單的。
教師可告訴學生：在此情況 for 跟 to 都可以
因為「主觀感受」跟「客觀意見」是很難分的。
該老師又問：
Making a web page is easy for me.
Making a web page is easy to me.
假如這兩者都一樣，為何用虛主詞 It 改寫時，
只能用 for 而不能用 to ? 而說
It is easy for me to make a web page.
1. 能體會「for me」意涵著「對我而言」，也就能了
解為何改成虛主詞時，只能用「It is + adj. + for人+
to V」的句型。
2. It is easy for Andy to make a web page. 這句話主要
表 達 「 製 作 網 頁 對 Andy 來 說 是 簡 單 的 。 」 而 非
「Andy認為製作網頁是簡單的。」
3. 若要說「Andy認為製作網頁是簡單的。」直接說：
Andy thinks it’s easy to make a web page. 即可。
知道「for 人」是「對某人而言」
可幫學生整理常套用「for 人」的四大句型：
虛主詞 It + be + adj. + to…
 There + be + n.+ to…
 too…(to…)
 enough…(to…)
虛主詞 It + be + adj. + to…
It’s important for children to learn how to eat right.
It’s hard for me to understand what he was saying.
 There + be + n.+ to…
There’s no need for you to get up early tomorrow.
There’s nothing for me to buy here.
 too…to…
The box was too heavy for me to carry.
 enough…to…
The question is easy enough for him to answer.
介系詞
請填入 in , on 或 at
1. Let’s get together ______ the beach.
2. Let’s swim ______ the beach.
3. Where were you last night? I was ______ the bookstore.
4. There’s someone knocking ______ the door.
5. She likes to sleep _______ a soft bed.
6. She kicked me _______ the stomach.
7. Her parents will arrive _______ Heathrow airport today.
8. She’ll arrive _______ New York soon.
9. I used to live in a small village _______ the coast.
10. They have a house _______ the River Thames.
in
•在狀態之中、在某形式中
在裡面
on
•在媒介之上、在文件上
上面
at
點
•針對某一點
in 在其中在某形式之中
 I spoke to him in Chinese.
 We all sat on the floor in a circle.
 Write your name in capital letters.
 He shouldn’t say that in public.
 Do you want to go there in my car?
 The note was written in pencil.
 We’re trying to teach math in a more interesting way.
 He called out in a loud voice.
 The pool is in the shape of a heart.
in 在其中在某狀況中
 Why did they leave in a hurry?
 Alex and Tina are in love.
 We try to help the families in need.
 He exercises every day to keep in shape.
 Let’s keep in touch!
 If I don’t finish the work, I’ll be in trouble.
 He wants to do that while he’s still in good health.
 Their house is in a mess.
 She’s in a good mood today.
 I was in tears by the end of the movie.
on 在表面上 在文件上
 He wrote his phone number on a piece of paper.
 The answer is on page 26.
 Can you find Round Hill on the map?
 I ordered the cheapest thing on the menu.
 Mike did really well on yesterday’s test.
 I’ve already put your name on the list.
on 在表面上在媒介上
 I spoke to Jenny on the phone.
 What’s on TV tonight?
 The game show is on Channel 5.
 I like to listen to the news on the radio when I drive.
 I need to do my homework on the computer.
 You should check out this website on the Internet.
 Why did he put the photo on his blog?
 Please look at me when I’m talking to you.
 He kept glancing at his watch.
 Why are you staring at me like that?
 He didn’t shout. He just glared at me silently.
 All the other children laughed at him.
 She turned around and smiled at us.
 My neighbors were yelling at each other last night.
 I was angry and I shouted at him.
 She screamed at me to stop.
 She threw the book at the wall.
 He pointed at the cake that he wanted to buy.
介副詞
介副詞 on 三大意思：「碰觸」、「開始」、「持續」
碰觸
hand on、hold on
put on、try on
開始
turn on、bring on
持續
carry on、go on
hand on、pass on
up 五大意思：向上、完全地、阻擋、出現、靠近
向上
pick up、hang up、cheer up、put up、speak up
完全地
break up、clean up
阻擋
shut up、hold up
出現
make up、come up with、show up
靠近
keep up、catch up with、fold up
代名詞
it 指抽象事物總整理
 時間
What time is it? It’s 2:15.
It’s getting late.
It’s time for school.
 日期
It’s Wednesday.
It’s December 21.
It was Ted’s birthday yesterday.
 距離
We can walk there. It isn’t far.
How far is it from here to your school?
it 指抽象事物總整理
 天氣
It’s a nice day today.
It was very hot yesterday.
It’s going to rain.
Does it snow here in winter?
 事情
It’s nice to see you again.
It wasn’t easy to find your house.
It takes about 10 minutes to get there.
It costs a lot to fix the car.
1. 能體會 that 本身也是「指示代名詞」(Is that your book?)，
具強烈的指示功能，就能了解在關係代名詞用法中，為
何在非限定的情境下就不宜用that。
2. 因為非限定的關係子句目的在補充更多的資訊，並非在
陳述限定的條件。My brother Rob, who lives in Australia,
is a doctor.
3. 先行詞前若有最高級形容詞，因此時關係代名詞幾乎是
當受格，故常省略。若要寫出，則幾乎都用that，較少
用which/who，因此具強烈指示意味：This is the best
present (that) I’ve ever got. ； This is the most beautiful
place (that) I’ve ever been.
不定詞to
不定詞 to 後面加原形動詞 有五大句型：
表原因 to
當補語 to
 It is + adj. + to…
人 + adj. + to…
 疑問詞 + to
表原因 to
I’m going to Taipei to visit my aunt.
She’s saving her money to buy a car.
當補語 to
It’s time to say goodbye. I have nothing to do.
 It is + adj. + to…
It’s convenient to go there by train.
人 + adj. + to…
I’m surprised to see you.
疑問詞 + to
Show me what to do.
了解to的意思，能通曉六大句型：
不定詞to 英文叫infinitive (in字首表示not；後面的
finitive，表示finished )，中文翻成「不定詞」。
不定詞 to 所接的動作有不確定的意思。
如：He plans to go to college next year.
只是計畫而已，此刻還未上大學。
1. 為何有些動詞只能接 to V?
有些動詞，特別是描述「心理狀態」的動詞，如 hope、
want、decide、plan、would like等，後面接另一個
動詞需用「to V原」型態，因為這只是心中想法，
還沒去做。
 They decide to move next month. 僅是決定而已，
還沒搬，所以用「to move」。
2. 為何有些動詞只接Ving?
這些動詞本身字義就排除不確定性，如： practice、
finish、enjoy、avoid等。
 He finished doing his homework.  都已寫完，就不
會還要去做功課。不能說()*He finished to do his
homework.。
 She practices singing every morning.「練習」某個
動作，肯定是正在做該動作。因此不能接to V原。
3. 有些動詞可以接to V原或Ving，但意思不同：
這些動詞(如stop、remember、forget)本身字義，接
to V原或Ving兩者都解釋得通。「Ving」可視為動名
詞，「to V原」可視為「要去做某事」。
 I forgot writing the letter.  信有寫，但忘了這件
事。
 I forgot to write the letter. 還沒去寫信。
 We stopped taking pictures.  把拍照的動作停
止。
 We stopped to take pictures. 開始拍照的動作。
4. 有些動詞可以接to V原或Ving，但意思相同：
這些動詞(begin 、hate 、like)接「to V」或「Ving」
兩者解釋起來，意思大致相同。「to V」可視為「要
去做某事」；「Ving」可視為動名詞。
 I love fishing.  喜歡「釣魚這件事」。
 I love to fish. 喜歡「將要去釣魚」。
 I hate going to the dentist.  討厭「看牙醫」這
件事。
 I hate to go to the dentist.  討厭「即將去看牙
醫」。
5. 感官動詞：
感官動詞(see看到、hear聽到、watch看著、notice注意
到、feel感覺) 接受詞後，再接的動作須用「V原 」或
「Ving」。因為用感官動詞陳述事情，肯定是你聽到
或看到某件事發生，沒有不確定性，不能接不定詞to。
()*I heard Tom to sing the song last night. 都被聽到
了，就無不確定性，因此不能有不定詞 to。
6. 使役動詞：
使役動詞(let讓、make使；命令、have吩咐)，顧名思
義就是使人勞役的動詞，具有強制意味。因為這強制
性，因此接了受詞之後不能放不定詞to。
 He asked me to work on the weekend. 僅是「要求」
而已，還可以說不。
 He made me work on the weekend. make是使役動
詞，有強制意味，不能說不。
結語與展望
1. 了解一城市，不能只走幾條主幹道。主幹道旁的較
小道路也可能是別有洞天、另有一番風情。
2. 學習英語也不能靠幾個時態的大句型、大文法。由
「文法單字Grammar words」所衍生出的規則型態
也是值得我們關注的。
3. 「小字大文法」的語言學習方式，為傳統 [文法/單
字] 的二分法提供了連結，給與學生另一嶄新、自
然的學習體驗。先挑選常見文法小字，再整理其常
見型態，之後再鼓勵學生以字塊來記憶學習。
Thanks for your attention and
participation!
Q&A