C.W. Shelmerdine
Introduction to Greek
2nd edition
(Newburyport, MA: Focus, 2008)
Chapter 27
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Sequence of moods
Purpose (final) clauses
Future participle to express purpose
οἶδα
Irregular strong aorists
Supplementary participles in indirect
statement
7. Indirect statement with ὅτι or ὡς
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Sequence of moods
Purpose (final) clauses
Future participle to express purpose
οἶδα
Irregular strong aorists
Supplementary participles in indirect
statement
7. Indirect statement with ὅτι or ὡς
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
1. Sequence of moods
•
Recall that tenses in Greek can be divided into
“primary” and “secondary.”
–
–
•
Primary tenses are the present and future.
Secondary tenses are the imperfect and aorist.
Recall also that the subjunctive mood uses
primary endings and the optative mood uses
secondary endings.
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
1. Sequence of moods
•
•
Generally the subjunctive mood is associated
with primary tenses and the optative mood with
secondary tenses.
This association is known as the “sequence of
moods.”
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
1. Sequence of moods
•
•
The “sequence of moods” means that if a main
clause has a verb in a primary tense, then clauses
dependent on it will tend to be in the
subjunctive.
Likewise, if a main clause has a verb in a
secondary tense, then clauses dependent on it
will tend to be in the optative.
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Sequence of moods
Purpose (final) clauses
Future participle to express purpose
οἶδα
Irregular strong aorists
Supplementary participles in indirect
statement
7. Indirect statement with ὅτι or ὡς
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
2. Purpose (final) clauses
•
•
This chapter introduces ways to express purpose
in ancient Greek.
A purpose clause (also called a “final” clause),
as its name suggests, refers to an action which is
the purpose of some other action.
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
2. Purpose (final) clauses
•
English has several ways to express purpose:
–
–
–
We sent the messengers so that they would tell the
truth to the king.
We sent the messengers in order to tell the truth to the
king.
We sent the messengers to tell the truth to the king.
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
2. Purpose (final) clauses
•
•
•
Greek likewise has several equivalent ways to
express purpose.
The most basic way is to introduce the purpose
clause with ἵνα, ὅπως, or ὡς.
Different authors prefer different conjunctions,
but there is no difference in meaning or
translation.
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
2. Purpose (final) clauses
•
•
By rule, the verb in a purpose clause changes
mood from the indicative.
There are ways to form purpose clauses with
verbs in the subjunctive/optative, infinitive, and
participle moods.
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
2. Purpose (final) clauses
•
Following the conjunctions ἵνα, ὅπως, or ὡς,
the verb of the purpose clause will become
subjunctive or optative.
–
–
Following a verb in a primary tense, the verb in the
purpose clause becomes subjunctive.
Following a verb in a secondary tense, the verb in the
purpose clause generally becomes optative.
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
2. Purpose (final) clauses
•
πέμπομεν τοὺς ἀγγέλους ἵνα (ὅπως) τῷ βασιλεῖ
τἀληθῆ λέγωσιν.
–
•
We send the messengers to tell the truth to the king.
ἐπέμψαμεν τοὺς ἀγγέλους ἵνα (ὅπως) τῷ βασιλεῖ
τἀληθῆ λέγοιεν.
–
We sent the messengers to tell the truth to the king.
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Sequence of moods
Purpose (final) clauses
Future participle to express purpose
οἶδα
Irregular strong aorists
Supplementary participles in indirect
statement
7. Indirect statement with ὅτι or ὡς
Shelmerdine Chapter 26
3. Future participle to express purpose
•
The future participle also expresses purpose.
Since this is a circumstantial use, it will appear
in the predicate position. Remember that any
participle modifies its own subject.
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
3. Future participle to express purpose
•
πέμπομεν τοὺς ἀγγέλους λέξοντας τῷ
βασιλεῖ τἀληθῆ.
–
•
We send the messengers to tell the truth to the king.
ἐπέμψαμεν τοὺς ἀγγέλους λέξοντας τῷ
βασιλεῖ τἀληθῆ.
–
We sent the messengers to tell the truth to the king.
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Sequence of moods
Purpose (final) clauses
Future participle to express purpose
οἶδα
Irregular strong aorists
Supplementary participles in indirect
statement
7. Indirect statement with ὅτι or ὡς
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
4. οἶδα
•
•
•
The verb οἶδα is, historically, the perfect of the
lost verb *εἴδω “see” but in practice serves as
the present of “know” (“have seen”  “know”).
The regular, but deponent, future of this verb,
εἴσομαι, means “will know.”
The aorist εἶδον (which serves as the aorist of
ὁράω “see,”) comes from this same verb.
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
•
•
•
•
•
•
οἶδα
οἶσθα
οἶδε(ν)
ἴσμεν
ἴστε
ἴσασι(ν)
Present/Perfect Tense
•
•
•
•
•
•
ᾔδη/ᾔδειν
ᾔδησθα/ᾔδεις
ᾔδει(ν)
ᾖσμεν/ᾔδεμεν
ᾖστε/ᾔδετε
ᾖσαν/ᾔδεσαν
Imperfect/Pluperfect Tense
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
•
•
•
•
•
εἰδῶ
εἰδῇς
εἰδῇ
εἰδῶμεν
εἰδῆτε
• εἰδῶσι(ν)
•
•
•
•
•
•
εἰδείην
εἰδείης
εἰδείη
εἰδεῖμεν/εἰδείημεν
εἰδεῖτε/εἰδείητε
εἰδεῖεν/εἰδείησαν
Subjunctive Mood
Optative Mood
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
• imperatives
– ἴσθι, ἴστε
– ἴστω, ἴστων
• infinitive
– εἰδέναι
• participle
– εἰδώς, εἰδυῖα, εἰδός
Other moods
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
4. οἶδα
•
In Moodle is a pdf entitled “Verbs of Seeing and
Knowing in Ancient Greek” which lays out the
various verbs of seeing and knowing in different
tenses.
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Sequence of moods
Purpose (final) clauses
Future participle to express purpose
οἶδα
Irregular strong aorists
Supplementary participles in indirect
statement
7. Indirect statement with ὅτι or ὡς
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
5. Irregular strong aorists
•
Two common verbs are –μι verbs only in the aorist
tense.
–
•
•
This means they add their personal endings (-ν, -ς, *, μεν, -τε, -σαν) directly to their stem.
βάινω “walk” has the aorist stem –βη– (shortened
to βα– in the optative).
γιγνώσκω “know, recognize” has the aorist stem
–γνω– (shortened to γνο– in the optative).
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
• ἔβην
• ἔβης
• ἔβη
• ἔβημεν
• ἔβητε
• ἔβησαν
• ἔγνων
• ἔγνως
• ἔγνω
• ἔγνωμεν
• ἔγνωτε
• ἔγνωσαν
Aorist Indicative
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
• βῶ
• βῇς
• βῇ
• βῶμεν
• βῆτε
• βῶσι
• γνῶ
• γνῷς
• γνῷ
• γνῶμεν
• γνῶτε
• γνῶσι
Aorist Subjunctive
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
• βαίην
• βαίης
• βαίη
• βαῖμεν
• βαῖτε
• βαῖεν
• γνοίην
• γνοίης
• γνοίη
• γνοῖμεν
• γνοῖτε
• γνοῖεν
Aorist Optative
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
• imperatives
• imperatives
– βῆθι, βῆτε
– βήτω, βάντων
– γνῶθι, γνῶτε
– γνώτω, γνόντων
• infinitive
• infinitive
– βῆναι
– γνῶναι
• participle
• participle
– βάς, βᾶσα, βάν
– γνούς, γνοῦσα, γνόν
Other moods
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Sequence of moods
Purpose (final) clauses
Future participle to express purpose
οἶδα
Irregular strong aorists
Supplementary participles in indirect
statement
7. Indirect statement with ὅτι or ὡς
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
6. Supplementary participles in indirect
statement
•
Verbs which mean “show” (e.g., δηλόω) “know”
(e.g., οἶδα), or refer to perception by the senses
(e.g., ὁράω “see,” ἀκούω “hear”) generally set up
indirect statements with participles.
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
6. Supplementary participles in indirect
statement
•
•
As always, the participle modifies its own subject
(the subject of the indirect statement).
οἱ στρατιῶται αἰσθάνονται τάχιστα
ἐρχόμενοι.
–
•
The soldiers sense that they are coming very quickly.
οἱ στρατιῶται αἰσθάνονται τοὺς πολεμίους
τάχιστα ἐρχομένους.
–
The soldiers sense that the enemy come very quickly.
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
6. Supplementary participles in indirect
statement
•
•
Remember that English sometimes backshifts the
tense in indirect statement, but Greek does not.
οἱ στρατιῶται ὁρῶσι τοὺς πολεμίους τάχιστα
ἐρχομένους.
–
•
The soldiers see that the enemy are coming very quickly.
οἱ στρατιῶται ὥρων τοὺς πολεμίους τάχιστα
ἐρχομένους.
–
The soldiers saw that the enemy were coming very quickly.
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Sequence of moods
Purpose (final) clauses
Future participle to express purpose
οἶδα
Irregular strong aorists
Supplementary participles in indirect
statement
7. Indirect statement with ὅτι or ὡς
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
7. Indirect statement with ὅτι or ὡς
• Verbs which mean “say,” (e.g., λέγω,
εἶπον), and sometimes other verbs, set up
indirect statement with the conjunctions
ὅτι or ὡς, much as English uses “that.”
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
7. Indirect statement with ὅτι or ὡς
•
•
The conjunctions ὅτι or ὡς do not require a
change of mood.
οἱ στρατιῶται λέγουσιν ὅτι οἱ πολέμιοι
τάχιστα ἦλθον.
–
The soldiers say that the enemy came very quickly.
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
7. Indirect statement with ὅτι or ὡς
•
•
Remember that English sometimes backshifts
the tense in indirect statement, but Greek does
not.
οἱ στρατιῶται λέγουσιν ὅτι οἱ πολέμιοι
τάχιστα ἔρχονται.
–
•
The soldiers say that the enemy is coming very
quickly.
οἱ στρατιῶται εἷπον ὅτι οἱ πολέμιοι
τάχιστα ἔρχονται.
–
The soldiers said that the enemy came very quickly.
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
7. Indirect statement with ὅτι or ὡς
•
•
•
When a verb in a secondary tense (imperfect,
aorist, pluperfect) sets up indirect statement, the
verb in indirect statement can change to the
optative.
οἱ στρατιῶται εἷπον ὅτι οἱ πολέμιοι
τάχιστα ἔρχονται.
οἱ στρατιῶται εἷπον ὅτι οἱ πολέμιοι
τάχιστα ἔρχοιντο.
–
The soldiers said that the enemy came very quickly.
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
for next class (Tuesday, March 29, 2011):
• Quiz: Chapter 27 Vocabulary.
– omit Ἀριστογόρας
• Biblical Reading
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
Ὡς δὲ οἱ τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἄγγελοι ἀφίκοντο εἰς τὰς
Συρακούσας, τῷ Γέλωνι ἔλεγον τάδε· Ἔπεμψαν ἡμᾶς οἵ τε
Λακεδαιμόνιοι καὶ οἱ Ἀθηαναῖοι καὶ οἱ τούτων σύμμαχοι,
παραληψομένους σε πρὸς τὸν βάρβαρον· οἶσθα γὰρ ὅτι ὁ
Πέρσης ἀνὴρ μέλλει, διαβὰς τὸν Ἑλλήσποντον ἐπαγαγὼν
πάντα τὸν ἑαυτοῦ στρατὸν ἐκ τῆς Ἀσίας, στρατεύσειν ἐπὶ
τὴν Ἑλλάδα. ὡς δέ σοι, τῷ τῆς Σικελὶας ἄρχοντι, μοῖρά
ἐστιν οὐκ ἐλαχίστη τῆς Ἑλλάδος, βοήθει τοῖς τὴν Ἑλλάδα
ἐλευθεροῦσι καὶ ἅμα ἐλευθέρου σεαυτόν· νικθέντων γὰρ
ἡμῶν, καὶ σὺ νικηθήσει.
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
Ὡς δὲ οἱ τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἄγγελοι ἀφίκοντο
εἰς τὰς Συρακούσας,
τῷ Γέλωνι ἔλεγον τάδε·
Ἔπεμψαν ἡμᾶς οἵ τε Λακεδαιμόνιοι
καὶ οἱ Ἀθηαναῖοι
καὶ οἱ τούτων σύμμαχοι,
παραληψομένους σε πρὸς τὸν βάρβαρον·
οἶσθα γὰρ ὅτι ὁ Πέρσης ἀνὴρ μέλλει,
διαβὰς τὸν Ἑλλήσποντον
ἐπαγαγὼν πάντα τὸν ἑαυτοῦ στρατὸν
ἐκ τῆς Ἀσίας,
στρατεύσειν ἐπὶ τὴν Ἑλλάδα.
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
ὡς δέ σοι, τῷ τῆς Σικελὶας ἄρχοντι,
μοῖρά ἐστιν οὐκ ἐλαχίστη τῆς Ἑλλάδος,
βοήθει τοῖς τὴν Ἑλλάδα ἐλευθεροῦσι
καὶ ἅμα ἐλευθέρου σεαυτόν·
νικθέντων γὰρ ἡμῶν,
καὶ σὺ νικηθήσει.
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
ὁ δὲ Γέλων ἀπεκρίνατο· Ἄνδρες Ἕλληνες, ἐτολμήσατε μὲν
δεῦρο ἐλθεῖν, ὅπως ἐμὲ σύμμαχον ἐπὶ τὸν βάρβαρον
παρακαλέσαιτε· αὐτοὶ δέ, ὅτε ἐμοὶ πρὸς τοὺς
Καρχηδονίους πόλεμος ἦν, οὐκ ἤλθετε ὡς βοηθήσοντες.
νῦν δέ ἐπεὶ ὁ πόλεμος ἀφικνεῖται εἰς ὑμᾶς, πρὸς τὸν
Γέλωνα ἔρχεσθε. ἀτιμηθεὶς δὲ ὑφ' ὑμῶν, οὐχ ὑμᾶς
ἀτιμήσω, ἀλλ' ἐτοῖμός εἰμι βοηθεῖν, παρέχων διακοσίας
τριήρεις καὶ δισμυρίοις ὁπλίτας καὶ δισχιλίους ἱππέας
αὐτὸς ὢν στρατηγός τε καὶ ἡγεμὼν τῶν Ἑλλήνων πρὸς
τὸν βάρβαρον· ἐπὶ λόγῳ τούτῳ τάδε ὑφίσταμαι. ἐπ' ἄλλῳ
δὲ λόγῳ οὔτ' ἂν αὐτὸς ἔλθοιμι οὔτ' ἄλλους πέμψαιμι.
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
ὁ δὲ Γέλων ἀπεκρίνατο·
Ἄνδρες Ἕλληνες, ἐτολμήσατε μὲν δεῦρο ἐλθεῖν,
ὅπως ἐμὲ σύμμαχον ἐπὶ τὸν βάρβαρον παρακαλέσαιτε·
αὐτοὶ δέ,
ὅτε ἐμοὶ πρὸς τοὺς Καρχηδονίους πόλεμος ἦν,
οὐκ ἤλθετε ὡς βοηθήσοντες.
νῦν δέ
ἐπεὶ ὁ πόλεμος ἀφικνεῖται εἰς ὑμᾶς,
πρὸς τὸν Γέλωνα ἔρχεσθε.
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
ἀτιμηθεὶς δὲ ὑφ' ὑμῶν,
οὐχ ὑμᾶς ἀτιμήσω,
ἀλλ' ἐτοῖμός εἰμι βοηθεῖν,
παρέχων διακοσίας τριήρεις
καὶ δισμυρίοις ὁπλίτας
καὶ δισχιλίους ἱππέας
αὐτὸς ὢν στρατηγός
τε καὶ ἡγεμὼν τῶν Ἑλλήνων πρὸς τὸν βάρβαρον·
ἐπὶ λόγῳ τούτῳ τάδε ὑφίσταμαι.
ἐπ' ἄλλῳ δὲ λόγῳ οὔτ' ἂν αὐτὸς ἔλθοιμι
οὔτ' ἄλλους πέμψαιμι.
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
9 καὶ εἶπεν τοῖς μαθηταῖς αὐτοῦ ἵνα πλοιάριον
προσκαρτερῇ αὐτῷ διὰ τὸν ὄχλον ἵνα μὴ θλίβωσιν αὐτόν·
10 πολλοὺς γὰρ ἐθεράπευσεν, ὥστε ἐπιπίπτειν αὐτῷ ἵνα
αὐτοῦ ἅψωνται ὅσοι εἶχον μάστιγας. 11 καὶ τὰ πνεύματα
τὰ ἀκάθαρτα, ὅταν αὐτὸν ἐθεώρουν, προσέπιπτον αὐτῷ
καὶ ἔκραζον λέγοντες ὅτι Σὺ εἶ ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ.
ἀκάθαρτος –ον unclean
ἅπτω + gen. touch
ἐπιπίπτω fall on
θεωρέω notice, see
θλίβω crush
κράζω cry out
μαθητής –οῦ ὁ student, disciple
μάστιξ –ιγος ἡ whip, disease
ὅσος –η –ον all who
ὅταν whenever
ὄχλος –ου ὁ crowd
πλοιάριον –ου τό boat
πνεῦμα –ατος τό breath, spirit, life
προσκαρτερέω stand by, be ready
προσπίπτω fall before
υἱός, υἱοὑ ὁ son
ὥστε + inf. with the result that (they)
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
12 καὶ πολλὰ ἐπετίμα αὐτοῖς ἵνα μὴ αὐτὸν φανερὸν
ποιήσωσιν. 13 καὶ ἀναβαίνει εἰς τὸ ὄρος καὶ προσκαλεῖται
οὓς ἤθελεν αὐτός, καὶ ἀπῆλθον πρὸς αὐτόν. 14 καὶ
ἐποίησεν δώδεκα, [οὓς καὶ ἀποστόλους ὠνόμασεν,] ἵνα
ὦσιν μετ’ αὐτοῦ καὶ ἵνα ἀποστέλλῃ αὐτοὺς κηρύσσειν 15
καὶ ἔχειν ἐξουσίαν ἐκβάλλειν τὰ δαιμόνια·
ἀναβαίνω walk to
ἀποστέλλω –στελῶ -έστειλα send off
δαιμόνιον –ου τό demon
ἐκβάλλω throw out
ἐξουσία –ας ἡ authority
ἐπτιμάω order
κηρύσσω proclaim, preach
ὀνομάζω name
ὄρος –ους τό mountain
προσκαλέω call for, invite
φανερός –α –ον clear, revealed
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
16 [καὶ ἐποίησεν τοὺς δώδεκα,] καὶ ἐπέθηκεν ὄνομα τῷ
Σίμωνι Πέτρον, 17 καὶ Ἰάκωβον τὸν τοῦ Ζεβεδαίου καὶ
Ἰωάννην τὸν ἀδελφὸν τοῦ Ἰακώβου, καὶ ἐπέθηκεν αὐτοῖς
ὀνόματα Βοανηργές, ὅ ἐστιν Υἱοὶ Βροντῆς· 18 καὶ Ἀνδρέαν
καὶ Φίλιππον καὶ Βαρθολομαῖον καὶ Μαθθαῖον καὶ
Θωμᾶν καὶ Ἰάκωβον τὸν τοῦ Ἁλφαίου καὶ Θαδδαῖον καὶ
Σίμωνα τὸν Καναναῖον 19 καὶ Ἰούδαν Ἰσκαριώθ, ὃς καὶ
παρέδωκεν αὐτόν.
(Κατὰ Μάρκον 3.9-19)
βροντή -ῆς ἡ thunder
ἐπιτίθημι –θήσω -έθηκα add on
παραδίδωμι –δώσω -έδωκα hand over, betray
Shelmerdine Chapter 27
for next class (Wednesday, March 30, 2011):
• Quiz: parsing on Chapter 27 Biblical Reading
• Read Chapter 28