Benchmark-based
Whole-Building
Energy Performance Targets
for UC Buildings
Rashmi Sahai
Sustainability Specialist
University of California Office of the President
October 8, 2013
rashmi.sahai@ucop.edu
Reasons to Move to Whole-Building
Energy Performance Targets
1. California Energy Code Going to net zero
2. Static Baseline
3. Includes all building loads
4. Can carry design targets through to
operations
5. Better integration with climate action goals
Benefits of Whole-Building Energy Performance Targets
Building Energy Use Compared to 1999 Benchmark
100%
90%
2013 Code Change
80%
70%
60%
50%
Level of Energy Efficiency
Needed to Meet 2030 Title
24 Net- Zero Policy Goal
40%
30%
Base Load Energy Not
Regulated by Title 24
20%
10%
0%
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022
2024
2026
2028
2030
Impact of Title 24
Projected Impact of Title 24
Impact of All-inclusive Benchmark-based Targets (UCM)
Projected Impact of All-inclusive Benchmark-based Targets
UC Policy: 20% Below Title 24
Projected Impact of UC Policy if Based on Title 24
Method
• Developed for UC Merced in 1999
• Collected whole-campus energy use and floor area
data from eight UC and CSU campuses
(UC Berkeley, UC Davis, UC Irvine, UC Riverside, UC San
Diego, UC Santa Barbara, CSU Fresno, CSU Stanislaus)
• This building energy load data correlated reasonably
well with climate parameters and with density of
buildings containing complex space (e.g., labs) –
regression created
• Regression equation used to develop climate-adjusted
benchmarks for all other UC campuses.
Building Energy Performance Metrics
Energy Use
Intensity (EUI)
(BTU/sf/yr)
Annual
Electricity Use
(kWh/sf/yr)
Annual Thermal
Use
(therms/sf/yr)
Maximum
Building Load
(BTU/hr/sf)
Maximum
Power Load
(W/sf)
Max Chilled
Water (tons/ksf)
Maximum
Thermal Load
(therms/hr/ksf)
UC Building Energy Benchmarks by Campus
Academic / Administrative Non-complex Space
Annual Electricity
Maximum Power
Max. Chilled Water
Annual Thermal
Max. Thermal
kWh/gsf/yr
W/gsf
tons/kgsf
therms/gsf/yr
therms/hr/kgsf
Includes prorated part of
plant use and site lighting
Includes prorated part of
small peak (pumping) load
at plant
Load on plant
Includes prorated part of
plant use
Includes prorated part of
plant use
Berkeley
11.2
3.1
N/A
0.21
0.12
Davis
13.3
3.3
2.5
0.20
0.12
Irvine
13.0
2.6
1.93
0.16
0.12
Los Angeles
12.3
2.3
1.72
0.17
0.12
Merced
14.3
3.5
2.6
0.20
0.12
Riverside
13.9
3.3
2.5
0.18
0.12
San Diego
12.2
2.2
1.66
0.16
0.12
11.1
2.0
1.51
0.21
0.12
11.4
3.1
N/A
0.21
0.12
Santa Barbara
11.5
2.2
1.66
0.19
0.12
Santa Cruz
11.1
3.2
N/A
0.23
0.12
Campus
San Francisco
Parnassus
San Francisco
Mission Bay
UC Building Energy Benchmarks by Campus
Housing Non-complex Space
Annual Electricity
Maximum Power
Max. Chilled Water
Annual Thermal
Max. Thermal
kWh/gsf/yr
W/gsf
tons/kgsf
therms/gsf/yr
therms/hr/kgsf
Includes prorated part of
plant use and site lighting
Includes prorated part of
small peak (pumping) load
at plant
Load on plant
Includes prorated part of
plant use
Includes prorated part of
plant use
Berkeley
7.8
2.1
N/A
0.30
0.18
Davis
9.3
2.3
1.75
0.29
0.18
Irvine
9.1
1.79
1.35
0.23
0.18
Los Angeles
8.6
1.60
1.20
0.24
0.18
Merced
10.0
2.4
1.82
0.28
0.18
Riverside
9.7
2.3
1.75
0.26
0.18
San Diego
8.6
1.55
1.17
0.23
0.18
7.8
1.40
1.06
0.30
0.18
8.0
2.1
N/A
0.30
0.18
Santa Barbara
8.0
1.55
1.17
0.28
0.18
Santa Cruz
7.8
2.2
N/A
0.32
0.18
Campus
San Francisco
Parnassus
San Francisco
Mission Bay
UC Building Energy Benchmarks by Campus
Lab/Complex Space
Annual Electricity
Maximum Power
Max. Chilled Water
Annual Thermal
Max. Thermal
kWh/gsf/yr
W/gsf
tons/kgsf
therms/gsf/yr
therms/hr/kgsf
Includes prorated part of
plant use and site lighting
Includes prorated part of
small peak (pumping) load
at plant
Load on plant
Includes prorated part of
plant use
Includes prorated part of
plant use
Berkeley
36
7.6
N/A
1.83
0.43
Davis
38
6.3
4.7
1.83
0.43
Irvine
38
5.6
4.2
1.78
0.43
Los Angeles
37
5.4
4.1
1.79
0.43
Merced
39
6.4
4.8
1.82
0.43
Riverside
38
6.3
4.7
1.80
0.43
San Diego
37
5.3
4.0
1.78
0.43
36
5.2
3.9
1.84
0.43
36
7.6
N/A
1.84
0.43
Santa Barbara
36
5.3
4.0
1.81
0.43
Santa Cruz
36
7.6
N/A
1.85
0.43
Campus
San Francisco
Parnassus
San Francisco
Mission Bay
Implementation at UC Merced
• Used in build-out of new campus
• Started with a target of 80% of benchmark, and
decreased this to 65% of benchmark
• Design performance has been verified with
measured data.
• Now design goal is 50% of benchmark
• All Buildings have gotten maximum points on
LEED EA credit 1.
UC Santa Barbara Life Sciences Building
Occupied in 2005, Certified LEED-EBOM Silver in 2010
100%
Current Usage Compared to Benchmark
90%
80%
70%
Merced’s Target for
New Construction
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Annual Electricity
Annual Thermal
Max. Power
Max. Chilled Water
Max. Thermal
UC San Francisco Health Sciences West
Occupied in 1966, Energy upgrades in last couple years
Current Usage Compared to Benchmark
100%
90%
80%
70%
Merced’s Target for New
Construction
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Annual Electricity
Annual Thermal
Max. Power
Max. Chilled Water
Max. Thermal
UC Davis Lab Buildings
Current Usage Compared to Benchmark
180%
160%
140%
Merced’s Target for New
Construction
120%
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Life Sciences
Plant & Env
W. Human Equest. Athlet. Earth & Phys.
(1997)
Sciences (2002) Nutrition Res Perf. (2005)
Sci. (2009)
Cent (2003)
Annual Electricity
Annual Thermal
Max Power
Thurman
(1988)
Max Chilled Water
Vet Med (2007)
Max Thermal
References
•
Brown, K., A. Daly, J. Elliott, C. Higgins, and J. Granderson. 2010. “Hitting the Whole
Target: Setting and Achieving Goals for Deep Efficiency Buildings.” Proceedings of
the 2010 ACEEE Summer Study of Energy Efficiency in Buildings. 3:28-39.
Washington D.C.: American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy.
•
Brown, K. 2002. "Setting Enhanced Performance Targets for a New University
Campus: Benchmarks vs. Energy Standards as a Reference?" Proceedings of the
2002 ACEEE Summer Study of Energy Efficiency in Buildings. 4:29-40. Washington,
D.C.: American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy.
•
NBI. 2009a. “Measured Performance Case Study: Classroom and Office Building,
UC Merced.” Available online: http://uc-ciee.org/buildings/ucmerced.html or
http://www.newbuildings.org/document-library. New Buildings Institute.
•
NBI. 2009b. “Measured Performance Case Study: Science and Engineering Building
I, UC Merced.” Available online: http://uc-ciee.org/buildings/ucmerced.html or
http://www.newbuildings.org/document-library. New Buildings Institute.