Test Review
AP World History
Chapters 8,9 & 10
Islam
• Why did Muhammad
flee from Mecca?
• The leaders of Mecca
feared that accepting
Muhammad as the
sole agent of the one
true god would
threaten their power
and prosperity
• What is “Shari’a”?
• Law of Islam
• Foundation of Islam
society
Split between Sunni and Shi’ite
• What caused the split
between Sunni and
Shi’ite Muslims?
• A difference between
Muslims about who
should be Islam’s leader
after Abu Bakr
(Muhammad’s father-inlaw) died. Some thought
it should be a
descendant/relative of
Muhammad’s, others
thought the leader should
be elected from the
people who best
understood the teachings
of the Prophet
What are the achievements during
the Abbasid Golden Age?
• Rise of literary works from Greek, Iranian,
Central Asian and African sources
EX. “The Arabian Nights”, Arabic poetry
• House of Wisdom-repository of works of history,
politics, literature etc.
• Translations of Greek & Roman works by Plato,
Aristotle
• Medical research flourished
• Algebra and other mathematical advancements
• http://www.nmhtthornton.com/mehistorydatabas
e/abbasid_golden_age.php
S.E. Asia
• Describe impact of
trade
• Describe impact of
religion
What about the issue of slavery in
Islamic communities?
• Muslims did not make slaves of Jews or
Christians or Zoroastrians because they were
considered “People of the Book” (those who
revered holy books respected by Muslims)
• It was only allowed if the slave was a prisoner of
war.
• Did not develop a hereditary slave society. If a
slave converted to Islam, he was usually freed
• Offspring of slave women and Muslim men were
free
What are the 5 pillars of faith in
Islam?
• Avowal of faith-”Allah is the only god, and
Muhammad is his messenger”
• Pray five times a day
• Fast during Ramadan
• Give alms to the poor
• Make a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once
in your life
What is the role of “Umma” in
Islamic society?
• A community defined by acceptance of
Islam and Muhammad.
• Combined Meccan and Medina residents
and calmed the tension between them
Name the five major religions of the
world in the order in which they
developed
•
•
•
•
•
Hindu
Judaism
Buddhism
Christianity
Islam
• http://www.mapsofwar.com/ind/history-ofreligion.html
How was the Islamic religion
spread?
• Through conquest
• Through trade
How were the teachings of Islam
shared with the community?
• What is a Madrasa?
• What is a Ulama?
• A religious college,
begun in Iran’s urban
centers that became
popular throughout
the Islamic world.
• A Muslim religious
scholar, a primary
interpreter of Islamic
law and the social
core of Muslim urban
society
How were the caliphs instrumental
in the spread of Islamic empires?
• They used the concept of “umma” to unite
Muslims of many different ethnic societies
and social customs as they gradually
expanded the Islamic empires
How did the Muslims relate to the
peoples they conquered?
• In general….
• The caliph, Umar, forbid
Muslims from owning
property in conquered
lands. This permitted the
residents to go on with
their lives without
interruption but nonMuslims had to pay a tax
which was used to
support the Muslim
armies
• To Christians and Jewish
subjects…
• Considered them to be
“people of the book” so
they could not be
converted to slaves, and
usually were treated
somewhat as equals.
Converts to Islam usually
migrated to cities so they
would not be
discriminated against in
their religious community
• Who is Abu Bakr?
• Father-in-law to
Muhammad
• Became successor to
Muhammad when he
died
• What are Bedouins?
• Nomadic herders of
the Middle East and
north Africa
Explain the importance of Baghdad
in the Muslim world
• Built by the Abbasids.
• Most beautiful city of the time
• Became the center for trade, artists and
scholars
Women in Muslim society
• How did the practice of
veiling and secluding
women begin?
• Began in the Byzantine
and Sasanid periods.
Interpretation of the
Quran said that women
should be secluded
from the view of men
• What was the position
of women in Islamic
society during the
period of 600-1200
C.E.?
•
•
•
•
Islamic women had greater
status than Christian or Jewish
women.
They could inherit property
Influential at home but barred
from public office
Could testify, go on pilgrimage
and practice birth control
What happened to the Western
Roman empire after the 5th century
C.E.?
• Fragmented into a handful of kingdoms under
Germanic rulers
• Rome lost political influence but was still
influential as a religious center
• Latin dissolved into dialects-Portuguese,
Spanish, French, Italian and Romanian
• Fear and physical insecurity led communities to
seek protection from local strongmen
Treaty of Verdun
• Why was it signed?
• When Louis the Pious
(Charlemagne’s son)
died, the Treaty split
the Carolingian
Empire (Gaul, parts of
Germany & Italy) into
3 parts.
• This was because of
the Germanic tradition
of splitting property
among sons.
• They never re-united
Feudalism
• What was the social
hierarchy during the
feudal period?
• King
• Nobles/Lords
• Knights
• Merchants/Craftsmen
• Peasants
• Serfs
• Explain how the feudal
system worked
• The King gave a “fief” to a
noble (vassal) in return
for “fealty”
• The Noble promised
loyalty and “knights
service” to the king
• The noble then offered a
small piece of his land to
knights in return for
loyalty
• The fief provided financial
support to the knight
What is chivalry ?
• The Code of Honor expected of a knight.
He was to be virtuous, honest,
courageous, loyal and a devout Christian
• A knight was expected to defend the weak,
protect the realm and obey his king.
• “A knight without honor is dead”
Describe manorialism
• A manor was the economic backbone of the
Middle Ages. It was granted to a lord by the king
• The manor was self-sufficient and selling the
produce of the manor supported the lord and his
family
• The work on the manor was done by serfs
(attached permanently to the manor) and
peasants who might work in the village as a
craftsman.
What is the difference between
feudalism and manorialism ?
• Feudalism is the system of nobles
(vassals) swearing “fealty” to the king, to
help him fight in the king’s wars in
exchange for a “fief” of land.
• Manorialism is the system of economic
structure where a lord pays taxes and
possibly knight’s service to the lord or king
who granted him the manor and makes his
living from the produce of the manor
How did religion impact medieval
society?
• Politically?
• Socially?
• Economically?
• Literacy?
• Kings depended on the
Church for financial and
spiritual aid
• The Church depended on
the King for protection
and support
• The Church was the
center of social life
• Priests were literate so
taught the sons of nobles
• Monks copied books by
hand
The monks, friars and priests
provided many services to the
people such as…
• Hand copying texts of liturgical books
• Travelling to small villages and manors to
provide religious sacraments
• Repository of accumulated knowledge and
history such as that of the Greeks and
Romans
• Hospitals
What was the controversy over the
investiture of priests?
• The Church resented the kings appointing
church officials who appointed the
Bishops. It gave the kings some control of
the clergy and put the clergy square
between the orders of the Pope and the
orders of the King.
• The King wanted to choose church
officials who would be compliant with his
goals
Crusades
• What was the
purpose of the
Crusades?
• To regain the Holy
Lands (Jerusalem)
from the Muslims.
• To bring Christianity
to those who were
“infidels”
• In what ways did the
Crusades impact
Europe?
• Opened trade
connections between
Europe and Middle
East
• Eventually led to the
fall of feudalism and
the growth of cities
Explain how the schism in the
Catholic church developed.
• Split of Roman empire
Split the church down language lines, cultural
lines
• Debate over head of the churchHead of the Roman church, seat of Saint Peter
Head of the Constantinople church, seat of St.
Andrew
• Debate over doctrine
How is the Schism in the church
related to the rise of Russia under
Peter the Great?
• The Pope tried to heal the schism by
arranging a marriage between Peter the
Great of Russia (Roman Catholic) and
Sophia Paleologue, the niece of the last
Byzantine Emperor (Eastern Orthodox)
• However, Peter adopted the Eastern
Orthodox faith
What is this language?
Where was it used?
• Cyrillic
• Russia, Slavic
Christians
What is the legacy of Emperor
Justinian of the Byzantine empire?
• Corpus Juris Civilis- Justinian had his legal
experts completely re-work the Roman
laws, streamline them and separate them
into books. The laws were more uniform
and reflected more rights for women
(Thanks, Theodora! )
• Our word justice comes from Justinian
• He built the beautiful Hagia Sophia
This represents the typical art that
characterizes the Byzantine Empire.
What is it called?
Iconoclasm
Icons are the formal, stately
representations of holy figures usually
painted or done in mosaics.
Characteristic of the Byzantine empire
Constantinople
• Describe the fall of
this important city
• It was under siege by
the Ottoman Turks
because it was a very
desirable, profitable
port city. Eventually,
the overwhelming
numbers of the
Ottomans won the
city.
• What long term
significance did the
fall have?
• It led to Europeans
needing to find a new
route to Asia since the
Silk Road was cut off,
and thus discovered
the New World!
Explain the rise and importance of
the Mediterranean Italian city trade
powers.
• Located on the rivers and seaways of Italy
• Dominated the maritime trade in the
Mediterranean
• Cities became independent through the
power of trade
• Gold coinage became prolific due to trade
increase
Describe Justinian’s plague
• The Bubonic plague (Black Death) that
was spread through the crowded port
cities and eventually to densely populated
areas through trade.
Tang period of China
• Buddhists?
The ruler was responsible for making society
into a harmonious Buddhist society
• Faith in bodhisattvas-those who postpone
nirvana in order to help others achieve it
• Tang princes tried to get monastic leaders to
pray and preach for them to get contributions to
their war chests
• In return, the monasteries got tax exemptions,
land privileges and gifts
• Expansion of empire expanded Buddhism too
Economy in Tang China
• Describe the tribute
system of China
• Independent
countries
acknowledged the
Chinese emperor’s
supremacy by
sending money and
goods
• What is “flying
money”?
• To improve trade
Chinese merchants
developed a form of
uniform money or
credit that could be
used all over the
empire
China’s economy
• What is the Grand Canal
? Why is it important?
• It was designed to
connect the Yangtze and
Yellow river and make
trade faster and easier
• How did the invention of
moveable type impact
Asia?
• Increased literacy
• Allowed many more to
study for the civil service
exams
• Spread knowledge of
farming and other tasks.
Expanded agriculture
China’s economy
• What is this?
• A Chinese “junk”
• What is a Uighur ? How is
it related to the Silk Road
?
• Turkic group that moved
in and took over much of
inner Asia. (Silk Road)
• Brought a literate culture
with ties to Islam
• Great merchants and
scribes who spoke many
languages
How did the renewal of the civil
service exams in Tang China
impact the country?
• Spread Confucian ideals
• Allowed many young men to take the
examinations so appointments were based
on ability rather than family lineage
• Government became more efficient
because of more competent officials
How did Tang China affect Japan?
• Japanese rulers adopted key features of
Tang government:
• Legal code
• Official variety of Confucianism
• Official reverence for Buddhism
• Centralized government
What are some technological
achievements of the Tang and
Song dynasties?
• Tang
• Song
• http://www.chinaknowl • http://www.chinaknowl
edge.de/History/Tang/
edge.de/History/Song
tang-tech.html
/song-tech.html
Now go on to Part II !!