World War I
1914-1919
http://www.historyofwar.org/Maps/ww1_a_prewar.gif
Causes of WWI- M.A.I.N
• MILITARISM
• ALLIANCES
• IMPERIALISM
• NATIONALISM
Nationalism- Germany & France
• Germany was feeling
strong  military and
new industrial growth
• France wanted to regain
power as was before
Congress of Vienna
• Regain pride/territory lost
during Franco-Prussian War
in 1870
Austria-Hungary Empire
Nationalism- Eastern Europe
• Russia- supported
nationalism called PanSlavism
• Russia  defend all Slavs
(Serbia)
• Threatened Austria-Hungary
and Ottoman Empires
“POWDER KEG OF EUROPE”
Militarism- Glorification of Military
• Part of Social
Darwinism
• Increase in size of
armies and navies
• Germany V. Britain
expanded funding for
navies (Why Britain?)
http://www.mrswallace.com/Alliances/empiremap.jpg
Standing Armies in Europe
1914
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Standing Armies in Europe,
1914
Great Britain
France
Russia
Austria-Hungary
Germany
Alliances- Central Vs. Allies
Two Big Alliances:
1. Triple Alliance (1882) =
Germany, Italy, and
Austria-Hungary
(Ottoman)
2. Triple Entente (1904) =
France, Russia, and
Britain (Japan)
http://www.historyofwar.org/Maps/ww1_a_prewar.gif
Italy’s
Irredenta
Assassination- Immediate Cause
• Archduke Francis
Ferdinand of AustriaHungary was killed in
Bosnia (nephew of
Emperor)
• Who/Why? Serbian
(Slavs) nationalists
wanted self-rule and end
foreign government
http://clio.rediris.es/udidactica/IGM/images/assassination_a
rchduke_ferdinand.gif
Chain Reaction
• Austria-Hungary got Germany’s support
(declared war on Serbia)
• Serbia got help from Russia (Germany declared
war on Russia)
• Russia asked for help from France (Germany
declared war on France)
• Italy and Britain remain neutral at first
http://www.johndclare.net/images/Alliances.GIF
The “Great War”
“One out of every four
men who went out to
the World War did not
come back again”
A Multi-Front War
•German –
vonSchleifen
Plan
•Will it
work?
The Western Front
The Western Front
• Russia won small
victories at first 
led Germany to move
troops from the west
to the east
• Stalemate deadlock
http://www.uark.edu/campus-resources/mbracy/WesternFront.jpg
Trench Warfare
• Dug out trenches
• Hot summers, cold
winters
http://occawlonline.pearsoned.com/bookbind/pubbooks/divine5e/
medialib/images/div0093.jpeg
• “No man’s land”
 in between
enemy trenches
Trench Warfare
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWtrenchsystem.JPG
Trench Warfare
Trench Warfare
“No Man’s
Land”
Verdun – February, 1916
 German offensive.
 Each side had 500,000
casualties.
The Somme – July, 1916
 60,000 British soldiers killed in one
day.
 Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.
War Is HELL !!
Sacrifices in War
Krupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun
Battles- Takes a Toll
• 1916- attacks to break
the stalemate
• 11 month struggle that
cost ½ million deaths on
both sides (Verdun)
• 1 million killed at
Somme River with no
side gaining an
advantage
http://www.bergoiata.org/fe/digit/Digital%20Art%20%20Chess%20board%20by%20Joe%20Wallis%20%202002.jpg
The
Eastern
Front
The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915
Turkish Cavalry in Palestine
T. E. Lawrence
& the “Arab Revolt”, 1916-18
T. E. Lawrence & Prince
Faisal at Versailles, 1918-19
The Tsar with General Brusilov
The
“Colonial”
Fronts
Sikh British Soldiers in India
Fighting in Africa
Black Soldiers in the
German Schutztruppen
[German E. Africa]
British Sikh
Mounstain Gunner
Fighting in Africa
3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade
Fighting in Salonika, Greece
French colonial marine infantry from
Cochin, China - 1916
New Technology
1. Machine guns
2. Poison gas/gas
masks (wind became
problem)
3. Armored tank
4. Aircraft (zeppelins)
5. German U-Boats
6. Convoys
Machine Guns
http://freepages.military.rootsweb.com/~worldwarone/WWI/Weapons/images/machinegun-grenades-sm.jpg
Poison Gas
http://www.firstworldwar.com/photos/graphics/ww_gas_train_01.jpg
Armored Tank
http://www.nysl.nysed.gov/library/features/featmo/images/wwi_tank.jpg
Aircraft
http://rwebs.net/avhistory/bluemax/wwiimgs.htm
http://catalog.chaosium.com/images/zeppelins.gif
U-Boats
http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images/view?back=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.search.yahoo.com%2Fsearch
%2Fimages%3Fp%3DWWI%2Bu-boats%26ei%3DUTF-8%26fr%3Dyfp-t501%26x%3Dwrt%26js%3D1%26ni%3D18&w=855&h=623&imgurl=www.dutchsubmarines.com%2Fboats%2Fi
mages%2Fsubmarines%2Fboat_o7_ozd_baracks_den_helder_wwi.jpg&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dutchsubmar
ines.com%2Fboats%2Fboat_o7.htm&size=70.4kB&name=boat_o7_ozd_baracks_den_helder_wwi.jpg&p=WWI+
u-boats&type=jpeg&no=10&tt=38&oid=d968a776b4da5bbe&ei=UTF-8
Total War
• Using a nation’s entire
resources into the war
struggle
• Conscription- “draft”
• Raised taxes and
rationed food supplies
Propaganda
• Controlling public
perspective
• Censored the press
• Propaganda- spreading
of ideas to promote a
cause or to damage an
opposing cause
• Tales of atrocities
http://www.firstworldwar.com/posters/images/pp_uk_08.jpg
http://www.firstworldwar.com/
posters/images/pp_uk_04.jpg
Australian Poster
American Poster
Financing the War
Women
• Took over men’s
jobs
• Nurses
• Helped lead to
women’s suffrage
http://frank.mtsu.edu/~kmiddlet/history/women/gif/wwi-seeds2.gif
Russian Revolution
• Russians left the war
for revolution at home
• Overthrew the Russian
monarchy
• Signed the BrestLitovsk Treaty with
Germany (pulled out of
war)
http://www.digitalbrain.com/roztru/web/AF/Russian%20Revol
ution.db_psc-tvl-path-baseX5fmainimg-u-5077-z-f.jpg
America
Joins
the
Allies
U.S. Enters War, 1917
• Sinking of Lusitania in
1915 (128 Americans)
• Most Americans
supported the allies for
cultural reasons
http://www.usgennet.org/usa/mo/county/stlouis/ww1music/sinking-lusitania.jpg
• Zimmerman Note
(1917)- German note
that was intercepted on
route to Mexico
The Sinking
of the Lusitania
The Zimmerman Telegram
The Yanks
Are Coming!
Americans in the Trenches
Wilson- Fourteen Points
• List of terms for resolving
the war and future wars
• Freedom of seas, free trade,
reduction of arms, and end
to secret treaties, est. fair
peace, est. League of
Nations
• Armistice- 11/11 at 11 AM
in 1918  ended WWI
http://visualhistory.freewebpages.org/_webimages/14%20Points.gif
The Effects of War
• 8.5 – 9 million
people died
• Over 17 million were
wounded
http://firstworldwar.com/photos/graphics/cpe_gas_effects_01.jpg
• Pandemic (1918)- flu
that killed 20 million
9,000,000 Dead
Effects of War
• Europe was destroyed
(infrastructure)
• Pay of national debt
and rebuilding was a
problem
• Reparations- payments
for war damage
(Germany)
Effects of War
Governments
collapsed:
1. Russia
2. Germany
3. Austria-Hungary
4. Ottoman Empire
http://www.uiowa.edu/~c016003a/versailles.gif
Treaty of Versailles (B.R.A.T.)
• Germany had to take
full Blame for war
• Had to pay Reparations
(leads to rise of Hitler)
• $30 billion
• Reduced Army and
took away German
Territory
Map Changes
http://www2.bc.edu/~heineman/maps/Versailles.jpg
•Treaty of BrestLitovsk strips
Russia of land
New nations are
formed in
Eastern Europe
Not all ethnic
groups are
satisfied
Deaths and Responsibilities
11 a.m., November 11, 1918
The Somme American
Cemetary, France
116,516 Americans Died
World War I Casualties
10,000,000
9,000,000
8,000,000
7,000,000
6,000,000
5,000,000
4,000,000
3,000,000
2,000,000
1,000,000
0
Russia
Germany
Austria-Hungary
France
Great Britain
Italy
Turkey
US
Turkish Genocide Against Armenians
A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!
Turkish Genocide Against Armenians
Districts & Vilayets of Western
Armenia in Turkey
1914
1922
Erzerum
215,000
1,500
Van
197,000
500
Kharbert
204,000
35,000
Diarbekir
124,000
3,000
Bitlis
220,000
56,000
Sivas
225,000
16,800
Western Anatolia
371,800
27,000
Cilicia and Northern Syria
309,000
70,000
European Turkey
194,000
163,000
73,390
15,000
2,133,190
387,800
Other Armenian-populated Sites
in Turkey
Trapizond District
Total