Chapter 19 – The Great Depression
and the Rise of Totalitarianism
Miss Hickey
Hilliard Davidson High School
World Studies II
The Postwar War
Chapter 19 – Section 1
• The Main Idea: The work of artists, musicians,
and writers in the postwar ear reflected global
anxieties.
• The Tangent Idea: The postwar ear provided
super-sweet slang.
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“the cat’s meow” = something wonderful
“glad rags” = fancy clothing
“in a pig’s eye” = something that will never happen
“doll,” “dame,” “babe,” “broad,” “dish” and “skirt”
The Postwar War
Chapter 19 – Section 1
• Explain how scientific theories affected
thinking in other areas of life.
• Identify ways in which writers, musician,
painters and architects experimented with
new forms.
• Describe how popular culture and
consumerism affected societies.
The Effects of Scientific Events and
Ideas
• Influenza pandemic
– killed many in 2-3 days
– killed 20 million (more people than WWI)
– Showed how little doctors understood about
disease
• Explanations for Frightening World
– Sigmund Freud (unconscious trumped rational
mind)
– Albert Einstein (everything is relative)
Influenza
Pandemic
Lost Generation of Writers
• showed dissatisfaction with traditional ideas
• offered a new vision
• Lost Generation of Writers
– Ernest Hemingway
• The Sun Also Rises
– F. Scott Fitzgerald
• The Great Gatsby
– John Dos Passos
Lost Generation
Experimenting with Form
• Marcel Proust (French writer)
– Remembrance of Things Past (1913; after WWI)
• Thomas Mann (German)
– The Magic Mountain (1924)
• Franz Kafka (Czech writer) used surrealism (brings conscious and
unconscious ideas together to portray life in a dreamlike way)
– The Castle (1926)
– The Metamorphosis
• James Joyce (Irish writer) used stream on consciousness (attempts
to record everything that comes into a character's mind)
– Ulysses (1922)
• T.S. Eliot (American poet)
– The Waste Land (1922)
stream on consciousness (attempts to record
everything that comes into a character's
mind)
surrealism (brings conscious and
unconscious ideas together to
portray life in a dreamlike way)
Postwar Music
• Igor Stravinsky (Russian composer) – see class Web site
– The Rite of Spring (1913) - ballet
• Arnold Schoenberg (Austrian composer)
– Quartet for Violin, Clarinet, Tenor Saxophone, and Piano.
• Radio
– helped give rise to the popularity of new music such as
jazz, which originated in New Orleans and fused styles
from West Africa and Latin America with sounds from
African American folk music and some European styles.
• Louis Armstrong
• Billie Holiday
• “Jelly Roll” Morton
Postwar Painting
• Cubism
– influenced by traditional African art, emphasized geometric designs, using
shapes such as cubes, flat planes, and spheres
– showed objects from several different viewpoints at the same time.
• Pablo Picasso
• Georges Braque
• Surrealism
– represented the unconscious
– featured objects that did not relate
• Dadaists
– Used random images to reflect what they considered the insanity of war
• Wassily Kandinsky (Russian)
• Piet Mondrian (Dutch)
• Traditional Chinese art
– Ch’i Pai-shih
Pablo Picasso and Cubism
Postwar Architecture
• Functionalism
– building designed for specific used instead of to a
specific style
– structural steel
• Louis Sullivan (American)
• Frank Lloyd Wright (American, student of Sullivan)
Frank Lloyd Wright
Postwar Consumerism
• Credit
– People became focused on the present and less
focused on the future
• Automobile
– No longer a luxury good
– Changed society
• Radio
– Advertising
• Flappers (ladies)
– Reaction: 18th Amendment – Prohibition
• Made alcohol illegal in 1920; overturned in 1933
Chapter 19 – Section 2 Questions
• How did Freud’s notion of the irrational and
the subconscious influence postwar
literature?
• How did technology lead to advances in
architecture?
Postwar Prosperity Crumbles
Chapter 19 – Section 2
• Identify the weaknesses that appeared in the
global economy during the postwar era.
• Describe how nations initially responded to
the Great Depression.
• Explain how the New Deal marked a shift in
the U.S. government’s relationship with its
citizens and the economy.
Signs of Economic Troubles
• Farmers - overextended
• Protectionism – economic nationalism
• Speculation and panic
– Market speculation
– Black Tuesday, October 29, 1929
• bankruptcy
– different types
The Great Depression
• Reading and understanding statistics
– 30 million people unemployed throught the
industrialized world
• Violence and unrest
• Table on p. 544 of the textbook
The New Deal
• Herbert Hoover – “just around the corner”
– Hoovervilles
• 1932 – Franklin D. Roosevelt
– New Deal
• Social Security Act (1935)
• 40 hour work week
• alphabet soup
Chapter 19 – Section 2 Questions
• What was the effect of
the U.S. stock market
crash in 1929?
• What New Deal
programs led to
reforms in the
American economy?
Political Tensions After WWI
Chapter 19 – Section 3
• Describe the difficulties that France faced
during the postwar years.
• Explain how the British government dealt with
its domestic problems.
• Identify the problems that weakened eastern
European governments.
France’s Postwar Difficulties
• The economy
– debts
– Maginot Line (200 mile-long defense)
• Germany had invaded France 2x in 50 years
• International affairs
• Political unrest
– Left
• General strike
• Popular Front
– Leon Blum (1936)
– Right
• riots (1934)
• Wanted dictatorship (end republic)
Great Britain After WWI
• Labor troubles
– Ramsay MacDonald
• helped maintain democracy
• set tight government budgets
• helped construction industry
• Ireland
– Easter Rising
– Sinn Fein (Irish Nationalist Part)
• Michael Collins
• Irish Republican Army (IRA)
• Split in Two (1922)
– Northern Ireland (Protestant)
– Republic of Ireland (Catholic)
Eastern Europe
• Geography
• Austria
– Wanted to join Germany (forbidden)
– Vienna vs. Country People
– Rise of authoritarian government and decline of
democracy
• Hungary = a giant hot mess
– 1918 republic
– 1919 Bela Kan
– Miklos Horthy (admiral – military class)
Chapter 19 – Section 3 Questions
• What economic and political problems did
France face after World War I?
• What economic and political problems did
eastern European nations face after World
War I?
Fascist Dictatorships in Italy and
Germany
Chapter 19 – Section 4
• Describe how Benito Mussolini transformed
Italy into a fascist state.
• Explain why the Weimar Republic failed.
• Trace how Adolf Hitler became an important
figure in Germany.
• Describe how the Nazis used power in
Germany.
The Rise of Fascism in Italy
• Benito Mussolini
– Rise to power (anti-communism; protection of private property)
– suspended:
• Freedom of speech
• Freedom of the press
• Trial by jury
• Fascism
– Fascist doctrine
• Corporatist State
– Area of economic activity
• Communism & Fascism (means of control: force &
censorship)
The Weimar Republic
• Kaiser abdicated
• The Weimar Republic
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Weak
Signed the Treaty of Versailles
Crazy-high inflation
Both communists and fascists wanted to overthrow
Bier Hall Putsch
• Adolf Hitler
• Nazis
The Nazis and Hitler
• Adolf Hitler
– Promised to restore the power and glory of Germany
– Emergency powers (Fire of Reichstag)
• Dictator in 1933 (like Octavian/Augustus)
• Der Fuhrer (the leader)
• Gestapo (secret police) – persecuted “inferior races”
– Ghettos, Star of David
• Nazi Party (Nationalist Socialist German Workers Party)
– Anti-Semitic
– Anticommunist
– Nationalistic (extremely)
• Third Reich (Third Empire)
– 1st: Holy Roman Empire
– 2nd: Hohenzollerns
Chapter 19 – Section 4 Questions
• What role did communism play in Mussolini’s
rise to power?
• How did Hitler turn Germany into a police
state after 1933?
Dictatorship in the Soviet Union
Chapter 19 – Section 5
• Identify the terms of the New Economic
Policy.
• Describe how Stalin shaped the Soviet
economy.
• Explain why Stalin imprisoned and executed
millions of Soviet people.
Russia Under Lenin
• 1922 Russia  Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
• New Economic Policy (NEP)
– Nepmen (businessmen)
• Women’s Roles – 1917
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equal to men
equal pay for equal work
easier to obtain a divorce
maternity leave
• Education
– focused on higher education (at expense of elementary)
• Most people had fewer than 3 years of education
– poorly funded
– promoted communist doctrine
5-Year Plan
• Vladimir Lenin – died in 1924
• Leon Trotsky
– Exiled in 1928
– Murdered in 1940 (in Mexico)
• Joseph Stalin – came to power in 1928
• Command economy
• Impact on soviet life
Lenin
Trotsky
Stalin
Stalin’s Dictatorship
• Government
• Foreign policy
Chapter 19 – Section 5 Questions
• What was the goal of the first Five-Year Plan?
• How did Stalin insure loyalty from government
and the party officials and from the Soviet
people?
Chapter 19 – Reviewing Themes
• Why did western European nations and the
United States fail to respond to Germany’s
violations of the Treaty of Versailles?
• How did Hitler use Germany’s democratic
system to gain control over the country?
• How did the work of Feud and Einstein
influence culture during the 1920s?
Chapter 19 – Thinking Critically
• Why were the Allied nations in western Europe
more successful at remaining democratic after
World War I?
• Why did nations practice economic nationalism if
this policy only prolonged the depression?
• Why might there be a relationship between
communist or fascist doctrines and the
development of the police state?
• What was life like for the average Soviet citizen
during the 1930s?
Chapter 19 Review
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Igor Stravinsky
cubism
economic nationalism
Franklin D. Roosevelt
general Strike
popular front
fascism
third Reich
collective farms
command economy